The War Crimes Act of 1996 is a United States federal statute that defines a war crime to include a "grave breach of the Geneva Conventions", specifically noting that "grave breach" should have the meaning defined in any convention (related to the laws of war) to which the United States is a party. The definition of "grave breach" in some of the Geneva Conventions have text that extend additional protections, but all the Conventions share the following text in common: "... committed against persons or property protected by the Convention: willful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments, willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health."
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| Long title | An Act To amend title 18, United States Code, to carry out the international obligations of the United States under the Geneva Conventions to provide criminal penalties for certain war crimes |
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| Enacted by | the 104th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 104–192 (text) (PDF) |
| Statutes at Large | 110 Stat. 2104 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 18 |
| U.S.C. sections created | 18 U.S.C. § 2441 renumbered from §2401 through the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 §605(p)(1) |
| Legislative history | |
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| Major amendments | |
| Military Commissions Act of 2006 | |
The law applies if either the victim or the perpetrator is a national of the United States or a member of the U.S. Armed Forces. The penalty may be life imprisonment or death. The death penalty is only invoked if the conduct resulted in the death of one or more victims.
The Act was passed with overwhelming majorities by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton.
Legislative history
editThe law criminalized breaches of the Geneva Conventions so that the United States could prosecute war criminals, specifically North Vietnamese soldiers who imprisoned and tortured U.S. military personnel during the Vietnam War. The Department of Defense "fully support[ed] the purposes of the bill,"[1] recommending that it be expanded to include a longer list of war crimes. Because the United States generally followed the Conventions, the military recommended making breaches by U.S. military personnel war crimes as well "because doing so set a high standard for others to follow."[1] The bill passed by unanimous consent in the Senate and by a voice vote in the House,[1] showing that it was entirely uncontroversial at the time.
Ten years later, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld[2] that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions applied to the War on Terrorism, with the unstated implication that any interrogation technique that violated Common Article 3 constituted war crimes.[3] The possibility that American officials and military personnel could be prosecuted for war crimes for committing the "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment"[4] prohibited by the Conventions led to a series of proposals to make such actions legal in certain circumstances, which resulted in the Military Commissions Act of 2006.
Potential application
editWhite House officials were concerned that they and other U.S. officials could be prosecuted under the War Crimes Act of 1996 for the U.S. treatment of detainees after the September 11 attacks for violations of the Geneva Conventions. In a January 2002 memorandum to the president, then-White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales authored a controversial memo that explored whether Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions applied to Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants captured during the war in Afghanistan and held in detention facilities around the world, including Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The memo made several arguments both for and against providing Common Article 3's protections to Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants. He concluded that Common Article 3 was outdated and ill-suited for dealing with captured Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants. He described as "quaint" the provisions that require providing captured Al Qaeda and Taliban combatants "commissary privileges, scrip, athletic uniforms, and scientific instruments". He also argued that existing military regulations and instructions from the President were more than adequate to ensure that the principles of the Geneva Conventions would be applied. He also argued that undefined language in the Geneva Conventions, such as "outrages upon personal dignity" and "inhuman treatment", could make officials and military leaders subject to the War Crimes Act of 1996 if mistreatment was discovered.[5]
The adoption of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 marked grave abuses of Common Article 3 to only include torture, cruel or inhumane treatment, murder, mutilation or maiming, intentionally causing serious bodily harm, rape, sexual assault or abuse, and the taking of hostages, thereby limiting the scope of the original law.
On December 6th, 2023, the first charges under this law were unsealed by the Department of Justice in a press conference by Attorney General Merrick Garland. The charges are against four Russian soldiers. The charges are based around a case as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War, in which an American citizen living in Ukraine was detained by Russian soldiers for a period of 10 days in April 2022, during which he was allegedly tortured.[6][7] However, the American government has no means to arrest the people charged.
See also
edit- Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
- Command responsibility
- Human rights in the United States
- The International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Nuremberg Trials
- The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder
- United States and the International Criminal Court
- Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files
- War crimes committed by the United States
References
edit- ^ a b c Smith, R. Jeffrey (July 28, 2006). "Detainee Abuse Charges Feared". Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved October 4, 2006.
- ^ 548 U.S. 05-184 (2006)
- ^ Brooks, Rosa (June 30, 2006). "Did Bush Commit War Crimes?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2006.
In other words, with the Hamdan decision, U.S. officials found to be responsible for subjecting war on terror detainees to torture, cruel treatment or other 'outrages upon personal dignity' could face prison or even the death penalty.
- ^ Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War (August 12, 1949). "Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. I, a. 3, 1(c). Archived from the original on October 1, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2006.
- ^ Gonzales, Alberto. Decision Re Application of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War to the Conflict with Al Qaeda and the Taliban, Memorandum for the President, January 25, 2002. (PDF file provided by MSNBC/Newsweek)
- ^ "Four Russia-Affiliated Military Personnel Charged with War Crimes in Connection with Russia's Invasion of Ukraine". justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. December 6, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Wendling, Mike (December 6, 2023). "Four Russian soldiers charged with war crimes for torturing US citizen in Ukraine". bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
External links
edit- Federal Law 18 USC Sec. 2441 Archived November 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine known as the "War Crimes Act"
- US Code, Part I, Title 18, Chapter 118, section 2441
- Human Rights First; Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality Archived March 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, August 2007