Wikipedia

Vladimir Potanin

This article is about Vladimir Potanin. For other uses, see Potanin.
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Olegovich and the family name is Potanin.
Not to be confused with Vladimir Putin.

Vladimir Olegovich Potanin (Russian: Владимир Олегович Потанин; born 3 January 1961) is a Russian oligarch.[1] He acquired his wealth notably through the controversial loans-for-shares program in Russia in the early to mid-1990s.[2][3][4]

Vladimir Potanin
Владимир Потанин
Potanin in 2021
Born
Vladimir Olegovich Potanin

(1961-01-03) 3 January 1961 (age 63)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
CitizenshipRussian
Alma materMoscow State Institute of International Relations Masters in Finance (MGIMO) with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
OccupationChairman of Interros
Spouses
Natalia Potanina
​
​
(m. 1983; div. 2014)​
Yekaterina Potanina
​
​
(m. 2014)​
Children5
Awards
First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
In office
14 August 1996 – 17 March 1997
Served alongside Viktor Ilyushin and Alexey Bolshakov
PresidentBoris Yeltsin
Prime MinisterViktor Chernomyrdin
Preceded byOleg Lobov
Succeeded byAnatoly Chubais
Boris Nemtsov
WebsiteInterros website

As of February 2024, he is the wealthiest man in Russia and the 57th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $31.5 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[5] In the 2023 Forbes ranked him as the second-wealthiest person in Russia, with an estimated net worth of $23.7 billion.[6]

His long-term business partner was Mikhail Prokhorov until they decided to split in 2007. Subsequently, they put their mutual assets in a holding company, Folletina Trading, until their asset division was agreed upon.[7]

In January 2018, Potanin appeared on the US Treasury's "Putin list" of 210 individuals closely associated with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[8][9] In June 2022, the UK has imposed sanction on Potanin for being one of the major oligarchs in "President Vladimir Putin’s inner circle."[10][11][12][13]

Early life and education

edit

Potanin was born in Moscow, in the former USSR, into a high-ranking Russian communist family.[14] In 1978, he attended the faculty of the International economic relations at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), which groomed students for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Upon graduating MGIMO in 1983, he followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for the all-union foreign trade organization (FTO) Soyuzpromexport, which was an arm of the Ministry of Foreign Trade.[15][16]

Career

edit

Beginnings (1991–1998)

edit

During perestroika, Potanin quit the State's structures of Foreign trade and in 1991 created the private association Interros using his knowledge gathered at Ministry of Foreign trade and his previous professional network. In 1993, Potanin became president of the newly formed United Export Import Bank (ONEKSIMbank) (Russian: "ОНЭКСИМ-банк") (akas: Uneximbank; Onexim Bank; Oneksimbank).[17][18] Oneksimbank is the financial twin of MFK and was also known as the ONEKSIMbank-MFK banking group which was also close to Andrey Vavilov.[19][20]

Potanin was a close supporter of Anatoly Chubais who introduced Potanin to Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin.[21]

In 1995, Potanin was instrumental in the creation of the "loans for shares" auctions that became a pillar of Russia's post-Soviet economic reform.[22] The auctions allowed the selling-off of Russian firms' assets at below market prices and are regarded as the founding moment of Russia's oligarchy.[23][24] According to the New York Times, the auctions plan was regarded in 1999 "almost universally as an act of colossal criminality."[22]

From 14 August 1996 until 17 March 1997, he worked as First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation.

In 1997, Boris Jordan introduced George Soros to Potanin which led to the Soros Group supported by Potanin, Anatoly Chubais, and Alfred Koch to have the controlling stake in the Russian communications monopoly over the Berezovsky-Gusinsky group. One year later Soros admitted that his large investment in Svyazinvest was a mistake.[25]

Since August 1998, Potanin has held the positions of both president and chairman of the board of directors of the Interros Company.[26]

On November 25, 1998, Potanin recommended Boris Jordan to be Chairman of Sidanko which Jordan held until February 1999 when he stepped down.[27]

Norilsk Nickel

edit

Potanin and his long-term business partner Mikhail Prokhorov acquired Norilsk Nickel (or Nornickel) in the early 1990s under the "loans for shares" scheme, owning between them 54% of the firm.[28] Potanin owned as of 2018 a 34% stake in the company.[29] They streamlined operations and turned Norilsk Nickel into a modern corporation.[28]

Dispute with Mikhail Prokhorov

edit

In 2007, Potanin split with Prokhorov, citing Prokhorov's brief detention by French police over soliciting prostitution as the reason and announced the intent to acquire Prokhorov's Norilsk Nickel assets for a reported $1 billion.[30] Prokhorov offered to sell his 25% stake for $15 billion.[28] However, Potanin refused the deal and it never came to pass.[28][31]

According to a report published by investigative platform Meduza in 2016, Prokhorov turned to Valentin Yumashev, former Russian president Boris Yeltsin's chief of staff, to appeal to president Vladimir Putin. Reportedly, Putin "phoned Potanin in Prokhorov's presence and chewed him out, saying, 'It's dishonest to cheat on partners.'"[32] Prokhorov ultimately decided to sell his 25% Norilsk stake to RUSAL's Oleg Deripaska instead.[31]

In March 2009, he sued Prokhorov for $29 million over a property disagreement in Moscow.[33]

Ownership dispute with Oleg Deripaska

edit

In 2008, Deripaska reached an agreement with Prokhorov for the acquisition of his Norilsk Nickel stake, against Potanin's wishes. In return, Prokhorov acquired 14% of RUSAL.[34]

This sparked an ownership conflict between Deripaska and Potanin that was halted in 2012, when Roman Abramovich stepped in as a peacemaker by acquiring 6.5% of Norilsk and thereby maintaining the balance of power between Deripaska and Potanin.[35] The truce also barred the parties to sell or acquire new stakes. The deal made Potanin CEO of the company, as he owned roughly 30% of Norilsk, about 2% more than Deripaska.[36][37]

In February 2018, Potanin offered to buy 4% of Abramovich's stake.[38] A provisional acquisition agreement was reached in March for Potanin to buy a 2% stake in Norilsk from Abramovich.[39] The purchase was not yet officially approved as of March 2018, pending a court ruling in May that will decide whether the acquisition would breach the 2012 stakeholder agreement.[39][40] If the purchase is approved, Potanin would own 32.9% of Norilsk against Deripaska's 27.8%.[39] In April, Deripaska called off the deal citing sanctions as the reason.[clarification needed][41]

On 28 June 2018 the court ruled against the sale of Abramovich assets to Potanin. It was unknown at the time whether Deripaska would exercise a contingent right to purchase shares.[42]

Environmental pollution

edit

Throughout Potanin's tenure as CEO, Norilsk Nickel has been consistently criticized for its environmental record. The company was named as one of the biggest polluters in the Russian Arctic,[43] and the city of Norilsk was named among the most polluted places on Earth.[44] According to a 2013 report, Norilsk Nickel's operations "discharge some 500 tons of copper and nickel oxides per year and release another 2 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere annually", accounting for a life expectancy of local residents 10 years below the Russian national average.[44][45] According to reports from journalists who visited the city, Norilsk is surrounded by "1.2 million acres of dead forest",[46] or that "nature in a radius almost the size of Germany is dead from severe air pollution",[45] depending on the source.

As a result, pressure has been mounting on Potanin from Putin to clean up Norilsk Nickel's operations. In 2010, Putin stated that solving ecological problems in the Norilsk area must be one of the company's leadership's main tasks.[47]

In September 2016, the local Daldykan river ran red after a suspected break of a Norilsk Nickel slurry pipe released industrial waste into the water.[48] Norilsk Nickel was subsequently fined an undisclosed amount by the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources (Rosprirodnadzor).[49]

During a meeting with Putin in January 2017, Potanin promised to solve environmental problems by 2023 through the modernization of capacities.[43] Briefing Putin on Norilsk Nickel's development and performance, Potanin promised to invest $17 billion over a seven-year period on measures to modernize the company's facilities and reduce pollution from its operations.[50] Potanin said that the company planned to reduce its emissions by 75% as part of its long-term development programme through 2023.[51] In the Norilsk area, emissions were reduced by 30–35% in 2017 alone, according to company data.[52] However, another $2 billion environmental clean-up project is supposedly still outstanding.[53]

In May 2020, a major oil spill occurred at a power plant owned by Norilsk Nickel, flooding rivers with up to 21,000 cubic metres of diesel oil, in what has been described as the second-largest oil spill in modern Russian history.[54]

Moving copper plant to China

edit

In the spring of 2024,[55] representatives of Norilsk Nickel, headed by Potanin, announced the upcoming transfer of copper production from Russia to China. This plan was motivated both by the need to circumvent Western sanctions[56] when exporting copper to foreign markets, and by China's significantly less stringent environmental standards than those in Russia.[57][58] According to Potanin's representatives, further modernization of the existing outdated production to comply with Russian environmental standards turned out to be completely unprofitable for Norilsk Nickel, and the company preferred to carry out new construction in a country with less expensive environmental requirements.

Other investments

edit

Potanin also owns a stake in Petrovax Pharm, a pharmaceutical company.[59]

Rosa Khutor ski resort

edit

Potanin was inspired to develop the Rosa Khutor ski resort in the Mzymta valley near Sochi after skiing with Putin in Austria in 2003.[60] He invested more than $2 billion into the resort after Sochi was picked for the 2014 Olympic Winter Games in 2007.[60][61]

He allegedly urged Putin to approve expansion in the area to create a "Russian Courchevel", despite oppositional pressure from environmental groups who claimed it would further damage the region.[62]

Following Potanin's complaint about a cost overrun of at least $530 million during the construction of hotels and chalets in Sochi and the Rosa Khutor ski resort (as required by the International Olympic Committee), Potanin sought compensation from the Russian government for the extra costs incurred.[62][63]

It was later shown that construction of the Rosa Khutor resort had resulted in a vast patch of forest being cut down, although Potanin had announced that construction would require "little excavation and zero logging".[64] This was strongly criticized by environmental conservation groups, such as Environmental Watch on North Caucasus.[65][66]

Between 2005 and 2010, Potanin invested $500,000 in starting a leopard breeding initiative in the Mzymta valley. In 2015, he asked president Putin to allow for permits to double the size of the ski resort, an expansion that will threaten the leopard program he contributed to.[67]

Iran

edit

Potanin became the first major Russian investor to acquire assets in Iran after the sanctions against the country over its missile program were lifted in 2016.[68] Through his investment fund New Winter Capital Partners (NWCP), he bought shares of the Swedish Pomegranate (firm), which is a shareholder in a number of Iranian internet companies, such as Digikala, the country's largest online retailer.[69] The investment in Digikala was estimated to be $300 million.[70]

Cryptocurrency

edit

Potanin is a member of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), a lobby group that sent Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev a proposal for alternative cryptocurrency regulations in October 2018.[citation needed]

Vneshekonombank

edit

In May 2015, Potanin was named a co-defendant in a case in which state-owned Vnesheconombank (VEB) was looking for damages for losses from the liquidation of Roskhlebprodukt, in which he indirectly owned a stake. In total, VEB sought $68 million in damages from Potanin and others.[71]

Rosbank

edit

In April 2022 owing to the International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, French banker Societe Generale had stranded Rosbank assets and was seeking a quick exit from Russia. Interros bought the distressed assets. The French banker had paid an estimated $4.3 billion to Interros over the period between 2006 and 2014 to amass nearly all the shares in the Russian bank and its subsidiaries. As a result of this transaction the French banker wrote off its balance sheet $3.3 billion.[72] Four months later Potanin announced his intention to transfer 50% of Rosbank's shares to his own charitable foundation. Another 7.5% of the shares were sold to a subsidiary of Rosbank – the investment company Rusfinance.[73]

Tinkoff Bank

edit

In April 2022 Oleg Tinkov sold his shares in Tinkoff Bank to Potanin-controlled Interros. According to Tinkov, he was offered a price of about 3% of the real value of his shares, but was forced to accept the offer as officials of the Putin administration threatened to nationalize the bank after he publicly criticized the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[74]

Awards

edit

In March 2003, he took charge of the National Council on Corporate Governance (NSKU), whose main goal is to improve the legislative regulations in Russia and to introduce professional and ethical standards of corporate governance in Russian companies. The goal is to boost the reputation and investment appeal of the Russian businesses.[75]

In April 2003, Potanin was elected chairman of the board of trustees of the State Hermitage, the most renowned Russian art museum.[76]

He was a member of the Civic Chamber of Russia until 2014.[77]

In 2016, Potanin's charitable organization, the Vladimir Potanin Foundation, donated works of art to be displayed at the Centre Pompidou's exhibition of Russian and Soviet art [78] along with another 40 donors including Vladimir Semenikhin, the Tsukanov Family Foundation and others.[79] For his efforts, Potanin was awarded the French Legion of Honour later that year.[80]

Potanin was a member of the board of trustees of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in New York.[81] In March 2022, shortly after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he stepped down as a trustee following outrage directed at Russian oligarchs closely associated with Putin.[82]

Sanctions

edit

Sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to Russo-Ukrainian War. [83] [84]

On 6 April 2022, the Trudeau government added Potanin to its sanctions list over the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[85]

On 15 December 2022, the US Treasury joined others by adding Potanin to its sanction list.[86]

Investigations

edit

Byte Grid

edit

The FBI announced in July 2018 that ByteGrid, a data solutions provider contracted to store Maryland State Board of Elections data, was owned by a private equity firm in which Potanin is an investor.[87] A retroactive investigative report issued by the US Department of Homeland Security's National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center found no indication that the MDSBE corporate network had been compromised.[88] The contract has since been transferred to Intelishift as a precaution.[89]

Charles McGonigal

edit

In August 2023, former FBI special agent Charles McGonigal pleaded guilty in connection to a scheme to place Potanin on a U.S. sanctions list on behalf of sanctioned Russian oligarch, Oleg Deripaska.[90]

Personal life

edit

Potanin's first marriage was to Natalia Potanina, with whom he has three children.[91] They married in 1983 and divorced after 31 years of marriage.[92][93] In 2014, Potanin married for a second time, to Ekaterina,[94] with whom he has two children.[95]

These three luxury motor yachts built by Oceanco were built for him:[96]

  • The 89 m (292 ft) Barbara, built in 2016.
  • The 88.5 m (290 ft) Nirvana, built in 2012.
  • The 76 m (249 ft) Anastasia, built in 2008.

Potanin is the only Russian to have signed The Giving Pledge, with a promise to donate at least half of his wealth to charity.[97]

On December 24, 2021 he played a friendly chess match with grandmaster Ian Nepomniachtchi. The game ended with victory for the professional in the 38th move, though not with checkmate – Potanin conceded as a result of Nepomniachtchi’s superior position. Chess experts rate Potanin’s ability highly.[98][99][100]

Divorce proceedings with Natalia Potanina

edit

In 2016, Natalia Potanina filed a $15 billion lawsuit claiming profits of Norilsk Nickel as well as Interros International, in what would have been the world's largest divorce settlement.[101] A Moscow district court rejected her claim in July 2017, arguing that the lawsuit's limitation period had expired.[102]

The claim was preceded by a smaller claim of $7 billion in 2015, after Potanin had offered a divorce settlement including a monthly allowance of $250,000 as well as real estate in Moscow, London and New York.[103] The claim was struck down in 2016.[102] Natalia argued that Russian law demands that wealth accumulated during a marriage is split evenly between the divorcees.[103]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "The A-Z of oligarchs". The Independent. 25 May 2006.
  2. ^ "From oligarchy to philanthropy". Financial Times. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  3. ^ Wilson, Tom (24 March 2022). "Oligarchs, power and profits: the history of BP in Russia". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  4. ^ Schimpfössl, Elisabeth (2018). A Short Story of Enrichment. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677763.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-067776-3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index". Bloomberg.
  6. ^ "20 богатейших российских бизнесменов в глобальном рейтинге Forbes". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 4 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Potanin sued Prokhorov over office". The Moscow Times. 5 May 2009.
  8. ^ Sheena McKenzie; Nicole Gaouette; Donna Borak. "Full list of Russian oligarchs released by US". CNN. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  9. ^ "Russia's elite dismiss U.S. list as 'telephone book' of the wealthy". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  10. ^ "UK imposes sanctions on Russian oligarch Vladimir Potanin". Financial Times. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  11. ^ James, William (29 June 2022). "Britain sanctions Russian oligarch Vladimir Potanin". Reuters. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  12. ^ Hart, Robert. "U.K. Sanctions Mining Magnate Vladimir Potanin—Russia's Wealthiest Oligarch". Forbes. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  13. ^ "UK Sanctions Russia's Richest Man, Mining Tycoon Potanin". Bloomberg.com. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  14. ^ "Frontline World, PBS, October 2003". Pbs.org. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  15. ^ "Public Servant, Private Empire". The Moscow Times.
  16. ^ "Потанин Владимир Олегович : База данных – www.flb.ru – Агентство федеральных расследований "FreeLance Bureau"". 9 December 2000. Archived from the original on 9 December 2000.
  17. ^ "Vladimir Olegovich Potanin: Executive Profile & Biography". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Потанин Владимир Олегович : База данных – www.flb.ru – Агентство федеральных расследований "FreeLance Bureau"". Archived from the original on 2 September 2000.
  19. ^ ""Справка Сорокина" о залоговых аукционах 1995 года и их последствиях // Методы и последствия приватизации "Норильского никеля" – Компромат.Ру / Compromat.Ru". www.compromat.ru. 9 December 2023.
  20. ^ ""Умный, хваткий, с авантюрной жилкой" – Компромат.Ру / Compromat.Ru". www.compromat.ru. 11 December 2023.
  21. ^ "Объединенный экспортно-импортный банк "ОНЭКСИМ-банк": аналитический обзор 1997 год". Archived from the original on 2 September 2000. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  22. ^ a b Lloyd, John (15 August 1999). "The Russian Devolution". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  23. ^ Belton, Catherine; Clover, Charles (2 February 2010). Written at Moscow. "Potanin plans charitable legacy". Financial Times. London: Nikkei, Inc. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  24. ^ Whitmore, Brian (8 April 2008). "Russia: The End Of Loans-For-Shares". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  25. ^ "Тихий американец или 5 российских скандалов из жизни Бориса Йордана : Информационные войны : www.flb.ru – Агентство федеральных расследований "FreeLance Bureau"". 22 November 2001. Archived from the original on 22 November 2001.
  26. ^ "Vladimir Potanin". Interros.
  27. ^ "Йордан Борис Алексеевич : Персоналии. База данных : www.flb.ru – Агентство федеральных расследований "FreeLance Bureau"". 19 July 2001. Archived from the original on 19 July 2001.
  28. ^ a b c d "The meaning of Norilsk". The Economist. 13 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  29. ^ Lowe, Polina Devitt and Christian (19 November 2018). "INTERVIEW-Nornickel aims to boost output to tap electric car boom". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  30. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (8 July 2007). "The Kremlin Flexes, and a Tycoon Reels". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  31. ^ a b "Potanin, Prokhorov Conclude Property Split". Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  32. ^ "The man who cared too little: How Mikhail Prokhorov tried (and failed) to reshape Russian politics and media". Meduza. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  33. ^ "Potanin Sues Prokhorov Over Office". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  34. ^ Brown, Heidi. "Deripaska Spending Many Nickels On Norilsk Stake". Forbes. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  35. ^ "Deripaska plans to step down as president of En+ and UC Rusal as sanctions and corporate battles loom". Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  36. ^ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index – Vladimir Potanin". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  37. ^ "Russian tycoon becomes Norilsk CEO in board peace deal". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  38. ^ "Russian billionaires risk 'shootout' in battle over nickel giant". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  39. ^ a b c "Russian billionaire Potanin buys 2 percent of Nornickel from..." Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  40. ^ "Abramovich Allowed to Sell $1.5 Billion Nornickel Stake, for Now". Bloomberg.com. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  41. ^ "Kremlin's control of Russian riches is shaky". Financial Times. London: Nikkei, Inc. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  42. ^ "London court rules in favour of sanctioned Deripaska in Norilsk Nickel oligarch showdown". Intellinews. 28 June 2018.
  43. ^ a b "Potanin tells Putin he will make nickel industry greater, cleaner". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  44. ^ a b "Russia boasts two of 10 most polluted cities on Earth in 2013 tally – Bellona.org". Bellona.org. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  45. ^ a b Buder, Emily. "A Toxic, Closed-Off City on the Edge of the World". The Atlantic. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  46. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (12 July 2007). "For One Business, Polluted Clouds Have Silvery Linings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  47. ^ "Norilsk Nickel must modernize or pay fines – Putin". Barents Observer. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  48. ^ Luhn, Alec (7 September 2016). "Investigation ordered as Russian river turns red". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  49. ^ "Nickel giant fined by eco-watchdog for 'river of blood' in Arctic". Siberian Times. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  50. ^ "Does Norilsk Nickel deserve to be Russia's environmental gold standard? - Bellona.org". Bellona.org. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. [verification needed]
  51. ^ "Meeting with Norilsk Nickel CEO Vladimir Potanin". President of Russia. Retrieved 10 October 2017. [verification needed]
  52. ^ "Norilsk Nickel Hosts 2017 Annual Strategy Day: Investing in Sustainable Development". www.nornickel.com. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  53. ^ "London Brawl Between Pro-Putin Tycoons Tests Kremlin's Patience". Bloomberg.com. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  54. ^ Ivan Nechepurenko (5 June 2020), "Russia Declares Emergency After Arctic Oil Spill", New York Times
  55. ^ "Nornickel to move Copper Plant facilities to China, form JV with access to battery tech". interfax.com. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  56. ^ Russia's Nornickel moves closer to biggest buyer with plan for copper plant in China. By Anastasia Lyrchikova and Alexander Marrow. April 22, 2024. Reuters.
  57. ^ Digges, Charles (12 June 2024). "Major Russian polluter Norilsk Nickel to move some production to China, circumventing sanctions". Bellona.org. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  58. ^ "Nornickel moves production to China to circumvent sanctions". The Independent Barents Observer. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  59. ^ "Vladimir Potanin". Forbes. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  60. ^ a b Sandford, Daniel (7 February 2013). "Putin's Olympic steamroller in Sochi". BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  61. ^ "Olympics Investors Get More Honor than Profit". Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  62. ^ a b Oliphant, Roland (17 June 2016). "Rare leopards returning to Russian mountains at mercy of Kremlin split". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  63. ^ "Special Report: Russia's $50 billion Olympic gamble". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  64. ^ O'Hara, Molly. "2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi: An Environmental and Human-Rights Disaster" (PDF).
  65. ^ "Environment loses out in Russia's race to Sochi". Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  66. ^ "Sochi 2014: independent environmental report" (PDF). Environmental Watch on North Caucasus.
  67. ^ "Vladimir Putin Doesn't Actually Care About Saving Leopards". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  68. ^ "After-sanction era: Russian businessmen invest in Iranian digital markets". East-West Digital News. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  69. ^ "Russian Billionaire Potanin First in Iranian Investment Race". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  70. ^ "How Russia Doubled Non-Energy Exports to Iran in 2016". Financial Tribune. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  71. ^ "Russia's Potanin named co-defendant in arbitration case". Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  72. ^ Hyatt, John (12 April 2022). "Russia's Richest Oligarch Bails Out Société Générale In "Fantastic Deal" For Himself". Forbes.
  73. ^ "Потанин продал 7,5% акций Росбанка инвесткомпании «Русфинанс»" (in Russian). Kommersant. 24 September 2022.
  74. ^ Anton Troianovski; Ivan Nechepurenko (1 May 2022). "Russian Tycoon Criticized Putin's War. Retribution Was Swift". The New York TImes.
  75. ^ "Corporate Governance: "Russian Model" in Progress". Russia In Global Affairs.
  76. ^ "The Board of Trustees". Hermitage Museum.
  77. ^ "OPRF – Council (2012–2014)". www.oprf.ru. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  78. ^ "Russian oligarch leads art donation to Paris museum". San Diego Union-Tribune. 13 September 2016.
  79. ^ "The Vladimir Potanin Foundation wins The Art Newspaper Russia Award | News and Events » The Vladimir Potanin Foundation". english.fondpotanin.ru. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  80. ^ "Potanin receives French Legion of Honour". Interros.
  81. ^ "The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation". Guggenheim. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  82. ^ Bowley, Graham; Stevens, Matt (2 March 2022). "Vladimir Potanin, Russian Oligarch, Steps Down as Guggenheim Trustee". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  83. ^ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  84. ^ Neate, Rupert; Jolly, Jasper (29 June 2022). "UK imposes sanctions against 'Nickel King', Russia's second richest person". Guardian News & Media Limited.
  85. ^ Schmidt, Blake (6 April 2022). "Russia's Two Richest Tycoons Face First Western Sanctions". Bloomberg LP.
  86. ^ "U.S. sanctions Russian oligarch Potanin and Rosbank -Treasury Dept. website". Reuters. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  87. ^ Broadwater, Luke (16 July 2018). "Data firm says Russian investors had no access to Maryland's voting system". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018.
  88. ^ "Engagement Report INC00001021672 Maryland State Board of Elections" (PDF). Elections.maryland.gov. 30 November 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  89. ^ Broadwater, Luke (4 February 2019). "Company with Russian investment no longer owns firm that hosts Maryland election data". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  90. ^ del Valle, Lauren (15 August 2023). "Former high-level FBI official pleads guilty in connection to scheme working for sanctioned Russian oligarch". CNN.
  91. ^ Harding, Luke; Nagapetyants, Dina (20 June 2016). "'I'm hoping for justice': former wife of Russian oligarch fights for £5bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  92. ^ Taylor, Joanna (13 May 2021). "Russian businessman faces £5bn divorce battle after UK court ruling". The Independent. London. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  93. ^ Browning, Jonathan (13 May 2021). "Russia's Richest Man Faces U.K.'s Largest Divorce Fight". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  94. ^ "Natalia Potanina tells us what it's like fighting one of Russia's richest men – a friend of Putin – for the world's largest divorce settlement". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  95. ^ Sandler, Rachel (4 August 2019). "Ex-Wife Wants New $7 Billion Divorce From Russian Oligarch Vladimir Potanin". Forbes. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  96. ^ "75m Anastasia sold in fleet turnover". Yacht Harbour. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  97. ^ "Vladimir Potanin". Giving Pledge. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  98. ^ "Непомнящий обыграл Потанина в товарищеском матче по шахматам" (in Russian). 24 December 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  99. ^ "Ход гроссмейстера: как глава "Норникеля" поддержал шахматиста Непомнящего" (in Russian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  100. ^ "Президент ФШР высоко оценил шахматный талант Владимира Потанина" (in Russian). 24 December 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  101. ^ "Natalia Potanina tells us what it's like fighting one of Russia's richest men — a friend of Putin — for the world's largest divorce settlement". Business Insider France (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  102. ^ a b "Potanina loses $15 bln claim against billionaire ex-husband". RAPSI. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  103. ^ a b Chance, Matthew. "Russia's richest man in $7 billion divorce fight". CNNMoney. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Potanin&oldid=1254911348"