Viktor Nikolaevich Zemskov (Russian: Ви́ктор Никола́евич Земско́в, 30 January 1946 – 22 June 2015) was a Soviet and Russian historian, doctor (habil.) of historical sciences (2005), and research associate of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[1][2] He was a specialist on the Gulag.[3] Zemskov revealed in detail the secret-police statistics about the Gulag, resolving many disputes among Western historians about the number of people affected by political repression in the Soviet Union.[4]
Viktor Nikolaevich Zemskov | |
|---|---|
| Виктор Николаевич Земсков | |
| Born | 30 January 1946 |
| Died | 22 July 2015 (aged 69) |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Citizenship | Russia |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University |
| Known for | His studies on political repression in the Soviet Union |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | History |
| Institutions | the Institute of Russian History |
Education and career
editIn 1981, Zemskov defended his candidate's (PhD) thesis "Contribution by working class to strengthening the material-technical base of agriculture in the USSR in the 1960s".[1] In 1989, he joined the commission of the History Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences led by its corresponding member Yuri Polyakov to determine population losses and received access to statistical reports made by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD and kept in the Central State Archive of the October Revolution (CSAOR) renamed the State Archive of the Russian Federation.[5][6] According to Leonid Lopatnikov, Zemskov was the only historian admitted to the archives for the reports, and later the archives were again "closed."[7]
Between 1990 and 1992, he published the first precise statistical data on the Gulag which were based on the Gulag archives.[8] His papers were criticized by Sergei Maksudov. In Maksudov's opinion, Lev Razgon and his followers including Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn did not envisage the total number of the camps very well and markedly exaggerated their size. At the same time, from their experience, they knew something extraordinarily important about the Archipelago, its diabolical anti-human nature. On the other hand, Zemskov, who published many documents by the NKVD and KGB, is very far from understanding of the Gulag essence and the nature of socio-political processes in the country. Without distinguishing the degree of accuracy and reliability of certain figures, without making a critical analysis of sources, without comparing new data with already known information, Zemskov absolutizes the published materials by presenting them as the ultimate truth. As a result, his attempts to make generalized statements with reference to a particular document, as a rule, do not hold water.[9]
In response, Zemskov wrote that the charge that Zemskov allegedly did not compare new data with already known information could not be called fair. In his words, the trouble with most western writers is that they do not benefit from such comparisons. Zemskov added that when he tried not to overuse the juxtaposition of new information with "old" one, it was only because of a sense of delicacy, not to once again psychologically traumatize the researchers whose works used incorrect figures, as it turned out after the publication of the statistics by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD.[5]
In 2005, Zemskov defended his doctoral thesis "Special settlers in the USSR. 1930–1960".[1]
Publications
edit- Getty, Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597.
- Getty, Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Les victimes de la répression pénale dans l'U.R.S.S. d'avant-guerre : une première enquête à partir du témoignage des archives" [Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence]. Revue des études slaves (in French). 65 (4): 631–670. doi:10.3406/slave.1993.6134. JSTOR 43270097.
- ГУЛАГ (историко-социологический аспект) // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 7. С. 3–16.
- ГУЛАГ (историко-социологический аспект) // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 6. С. 10–27.
- Демография заключенных, спецпоселенцев и ссыльных (30-е — 50-е годы) // Мир России. 1999. Т. VIII. No. 4. С. 114–124.
- К вопросу о масштабах репрессий в СССР // Социологические исследования. 1995. No. 9. С. 118–127.
- Об учете спецконтингента НКВД во всесоюзных переписях населения 1937 и 1939 гг. // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 2. С. 74–75.
- Репатриация советских граждан и их дальнейшая судьба (1944–1956 гг.) // Социологические исследования. 1995. No. 6. С. 3–13.
- Репатриация советских граждан и их дальнейшая судьба (1944–1956 гг.) // Социологические исследования. May 1995. No. 5. С. 3–13.
- Рождение «Второй эмиграции» (1944–1952) // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 4. С. 3–24.
- Спецпоселенцы (по документам НКВД-МВД СССР) // Социологические исследования. 1990. No. 11. С. 3–17.
- Судьба «кулацкой ссылки» в послевоенное время // Социологические исследования. 1992. No. 8. С. 18–37.
- «Кулацкая ссылка» накануне и в годы Великой отечественной войны // Социологические исследования. 1992. No. 2. С. 3–26.
- Политические репрессии в СССР (1917–1990 гг.). // Россия XXI, 1994, No. 1–2. С. 107–124.
Books
edit- Спецпоселенцы в СССР, 1930–1960. — Москва: Наука, 2005. — 306 страниц, ISBN 5-02-010315-2
- Сталин и народ. Почему не было восстания. — Москва: Алгоритм, 2014. — 239 страниц, ISBN 978-5-4438-0677-8
- Народ и война: Страницы истории советского народа накануне и в годы Великой Отечественной войны. 1938–1945. — Москва, 2014. — 288 страниц.
Video
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Viktor Zemskov on the website of the Institute of Russian History
- ^ "ВИКТОР НИКОЛАЕВИЧ ЗЕМСКОВ. Некролог". Institute of Russian History. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ Klimkova, Oxana (Winter 2007). "Special Settlements in Soviet Russia in the 1930s–50s". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 8 (1): 105–139. doi:10.1353/kri.2007.0009. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 161377890.
- ^ "A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Critical Compassion to the Russian Revolution". The Economist. Vol. 346. 1998. p. 85.
- ^ a b Земсков, Виктор (1995). "К вопросу о масштабах репрессий в СССР". Социологические исследования (9): 118–127. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Земсков, Виктор (1994). "Политические репрессии в СССР (1917–1990 гг.)" (PDF). Россия XXI. No. 1–2. pp. 107–124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ^ Лопатников, Леонид (2009). "К дискуссиям о статистике "Большого террора"". Вестник Европы. No. 26–27. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ Rousso, Henry; Golsan, Richard (2004). Stalinism and nazism: history and memory compared. U of Nebraska Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-8032-9000-4.
- ^ Максудов, Сергей (1995). "О публикациях в журнале "Социс"". Социологические исследования (9): 114–118. Retrieved 17 August 2011.