Valve trombone

The valve trombone emerged concurrently with the invention of valves in the early 19th century. Most early instruments retained the shape and form of the slide trombone, employing three valves with the tubing arranged in place of the slide; others used the new valve mechanism as an opportunity to explore different configurations while retaining the overall cylindrical bore and bell profile.^[1]

It enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 19th century, when the technology of valves was developing rapidly. They became popular in European orchestras particularly in Italy and Austria, where composers wrote with a section of three valve trombones in mind.^[6] Among the first French valve trombones was the clavicor, configured upright with three Stölzel valves, briefly replacing the quinticlave in bands until it was itself replaced by saxhorns.^[7][8]

Valve trombones were made in many configurations for marching bands, and in particular for mounted bands.^[9] A type of cavalry trombone invented by Adolphe Sax in the 1860s has six valves, instead of the usual three, one for each position on the trombone slide. Instead of adding tubing, these valves isolate different amounts of tubing from the total length.^[10] Their unusual shape was designed to make it easier for players in cavalry bands to hold and use while mounted.^[3] They were included in the curriculum at the Conservatoire de Paris in the last half of the 19th century, and used in French orchestras for a time despite the large amounts of tubing which made the instruments heavy and unwieldy to play.^[10][11] In Austria-Hungary in the 1860s, instrument makers V. F. Červený & Synové invented a family of Armeeposaune (lit. 'army trombone') in sizes from E♭ alto to B♭ contrabass, also designed for use in mounted and marching bands.^[12]

The valve trombone was popular in American brass bands and military bands in the mid to late 19th century. In New Orleans the slide trombone did not appear until the "tailgate" style of playing emerged around 1904.^[13]

Valved alto trombones in E♭ were occasionally built but remain rare instruments; a few survive in museums.^[14]

A contrabass valve trombone known as the trombone basso Verdi was developed in the late 19th century and is used mainly in operas by Verdi and Puccini. This instrument was the prototype for the modern cimbasso, which has seen a 21st century revival in video game music and film scores.^[15]

By the beginning of the 20th century, mass production of reliable instruments with high quality slides led to a return to popularity of the slide trombone. Despite this, valve trombones still remain popular in parts of eastern Europe and Italy, in Banda music, military and brass bands in South America and India, and in jazz, often as a doubling instrument for trumpet players.

Some passages, particularly fast musical figures, are easier to execute on a valve trombone than on a slide trombone. Italian composers in particular, such as Verdi and Rossini, made use of its agility. The valve trombone is also useful for situations when the movement of a slide can be impractical, such as when marching, mounted, or playing in a cramped orchestra pit. Many players consider the tone of a valve trombone to be stuffier and less open, and it is no longer common in orchestras.

As the B♭ tenor valve trombone uses the same fingering as the B♭ trumpet, it is occasionally a doubling instrument for jazz trumpeters. Notable jazz musicians who play the B♭ tenor valve trombone include Maynard Ferguson, Bob Brookmeyer, Clifford Thornton, Juan Tizol of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, Rob McConnell and Bob Enevoldsen.

In the 1920s a valve trombone reconfigured into a saxophone shape was developed in Germany, called the normaphone (German: Normaphon). It was later taken up by American jazz musicians, including William "Hicky" Kelly in the 1960s and Scott Robinson in the 70s.^[16]

Trombones that combine both a slide with a set of valves were built in the late 19th century by Besson and C.G. Conn.^[17][18] In the 1940s, jazz musician and machinist Brad Gowans invented a "valide" (a portmanteau of "valve" and "slide") with three piston valves and a short four-position slide.^[19] In the 1970s, jazz trumpeter Maynard Ferguson and Larry Ramirez of Holton Musical Instruments developed and patented the Holton TR-395 "Superbone" for Ferguson to use in his band.^[20] Similar to the 19th century instruments, it has a very narrow bore of 0.484 inches (12.3 mm), three piston valves, and adds a slide lock which frees the player to operate the valves or the slide with either hand. Holton manufactured it between 1974 and 2004.^[21] Subsequent models developed in the early 21st century by British instrument maker Wessex and Australian jazz musician James Morrison use a larger 0.525-inch (13.3 mm) bore. Morrison's model, built by Austrian instrument manufacturer Schagerl, has three rotary valves built into the bell section.^[22][23]