The Bull of Navan is a prominent stone sculpture in the town of Navan, in county Meath, Ireland. The statue was sculpted by Galway sculptor Colin Grehan and depicts a large bull being restrained by two men. The image of the bull has historic significance for the town for the town of Navan, where many livestock fairs were held. The "Bull of Navan" was erected in 2011 in the Market Square following 6 years controversy over the cost of the project and the proposed location of the Bull.^[1] The scope of the project also included a largeregeneration of Navan town centre with the planting of trees and grass, the placing of new lighting at a ground level, as well as the provision of stone benches for seating.

The body of the Bull is sculpted out of limestone, a rock indigenous to the east of Ireland, and it stands 1.6 meters tall with a weight estimated at 16 tonnes. The bull is both lifelike in terms of appearance and accurate in terms of size, as are the men restraining it. The men are dressed only in trousers and boots. They are muscular and bare-chested, and are likely labourers or vendors from the livestock fairs. ^[2]

The statue rests on a plinth of black granite at an elevation of approximately 2 meters at its highest point. The whole structure has a total height of between 3.2 and 3.6 meters as the it is on a hill. The with of the bull is 0.6m and the plinth measures 2.5m at its base. The statue features in the middle of the market square and is accompanied by stone benches, also made from limestone. The statue sits at the centre of a cross road with Trimgate street, Watergate street and Ludlow Street, and Navans main road converging in the square. It is traditional in Norman towns that 3 streets converge in the market square. The front of the bull however is only visible from the main road, a fact which prompted significant criticism.

The image of the bull and its location is significant to the history of Navan. Navan, from the 17th century onwards was an important market town and commercial centre. It was in the market square that livestock fairs were held. On a predetermined day every week local farmers would sell their animals and other country produce in the market square. This activity was a significant part of the Navan economy. The town supplied much of the food in Meath and indeed was the corn depot of the County.^[3]

The scale of the economic activity in the market square is reflected in this 19th century editorial of the Meath People, a local paper. Commenting on the state of the locality on market days it reads "It is a literal fact that from the Commons Road down to the Railway Bridge there are fully two inches of horse manure, saturated hay and sludge of every description, covering the streets from one side to the other to the great enjoyment of pigs and geese". However during the late 19th century and early 20th century Navans importance declined. The market became far less significant in terms of the food supply and eventually was phased out to later be replaced with open space and public toilets in the 1970s. The Bull was commissioned with a view to commemorating the history of the square, which was not otherwise acknowledged in the vicinity.^[4]

The whole project of The Bull of Navan caused controversy since when it was first proposed in 2002 until the bulls installation in 2011. The bull had been commissioned in 2003 but objections to the statue delayed its erection by 8 years. It was held in storage during this period. The main sources of disagreement were the price of the project, the prosed location for the bull and the originality of the bull in general. A petition was signed by over 4500 people as part of the "Navan against the Bull" campaign prior to the bulls erection. Even after its erection controversy persisted over issues that arose due to its position.^[5]

The location of the bull was a major source of the controversy that surrounded the project. The campaign against the bull led by townsman Paddy Pryle particularly objected to the proposed location. Pyrle noted the issue of the crossroad and the fact that the bull could only face in one direction saying "While it is a fine bit of art, anybody coming up Timmons Hill, which is one of the main entrances into the town, will be entering Navan via the bull's arse. It is one of the most crazy things I have seen put up yet,". Councillor Shane Cassells defended the location of the bull stating "I am delighted that, after such a long time, it is finally in place. It is a striking feature in the historical heart of the town and I am confident it is going to become a popular meeting place for the people of the town." Others however pointed out the safety hazard of the bull being placed in the centre of Navans night-life district, in close proximity to 3 nightclubs and a number local pubs. Pryle noted sarcastically that the monument would "keep the casualty (unit) at Navan Hospital open" on account of people climbing it.^[6]

The cost of the sculpture caused a similar magnitude of controversy. The whole project had an estimated cost of €8.7 million, which critics suggested could have been better spent on other facilities such as the local hospital. Councillor Cassells, a proponent of the bull, noted however that it had been fully funded by the Irish Government through Per Cent Art Scheme, and thus local rate-payers were not affected. Pryles campaign did not focus on the cost. The final source of controversy was the charge that the bull was not even an original piece of work. Paddy Pyrle noted that the bull was very similar to another sculpture on the Nenagh bypass, also designed by the sculptor Colin Grehan. Pyrle commented that a lot of money had been spent on a piece of art that was a "copy". Councillor Brennan complemented the bull, describing it as a "master piece", while Councillor Cassells praised the artist and described his work as a "striking feature". All three points of controversy remain unresolved.^[7][8]

• 26th of March 2011- A fake bull used as the mascot of the Dunderry Fair was placed on the granite plinth, much to the confusion of locals. It turned out to be a publicity stunt.^[9]

• 30nd of March 2011- The real limestone sculpture was placed on the plinth and was officially revealed by the towns Lord Mayor.

• 15th of February 2013- The "Navan version" of the Harlem shake is filmed around and on top of the bull.^[10]

The Vegas bomb is a mixed bomb shot drink consisting of a variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. The Vegas bomb is typically made with Red Bull, Coconut Rum, Whiskey and peach schnapps however variations can involve Cranberry juice, Butterscotch Schnapps and less commonly vodka. This drink is often served in Las Vegas, its namesake, and New York however it served in other places such as Ireland and the UK.

The Vegas bomb is typically sold with one pub glass containing red bull and a shot glass containing pre-mixed whiskey, Coconut rum and schnapps, depending on the variation.

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Sex noises are the vocalizations and other sounds that are heard when people have sex.

In humans, sex noises may come from a variety of sources. It may be a result of vocalizations accompanying pleasure. These vocalisations are most often described as moaning and groaning.^[11] However, such vocalization does not always indicate pleasure, but may be adopted by a sex partner to fake pleasure.^[12] Other reasoning for such noises may indicate pain during intercourse. Another noise that is less audible is the panting that occurs after somebody has orgasmed.^[13] A non-oral sound that is percussive usually pertains to the striking between bodyparts during sexual intercourse, usually the pubic region, perineum, scrotum, labia majora and upper thighs which sounds like clapping and is most audible during sex positions such as doggy style or piledriver.^[14][15] Another source of sex noise may come from the bed creaking during rhythmic lovemaking.^[16] Other noises includes squelching during intercourse due to the vaginal lubrication, queefing if a pocket of air gets trapped, and gagging during fellatio.^[17][18]

Sex noises are also a phenomenon that exists among non-human animals. This can be divided among instances of mating calls, which occur before any sexual interaction or sex noises during intercourse. The blue whale's mating call can be heard from a distance of more than a hundred kilometers.^[19] However analysts remain unsure if growling, snarling and snashing noises during mating among animals indicate protest or pleasure.^[20] The tortoise in particular is noted for its loud grunts, which can be heard from a distance of 100 meters.^[21]

Loud sex is usually frowned upon if immediate family or extended family members can hear it. For this reasons, some couples may lodge at an inn, hotel, hostel or an outdoor accomodation in order to ensure privacy, especially if they plan on being loud instead of at home where others may hear. In instances where one can overhear an acquaintance or relative having sex it may result in feelings of awkwardness, disrespectfulness, inappropriateness or discomfort, depending on the culture or level of openness in the household.^[22] Some people find the sound of neighbours having sex obnoxious, and some jurisdictions have laws against such incidents when they get too loud.^[23]

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