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Tuqa-Timur

Tuqa-Temür (also Toqa-Temür and Toghai-Temür, in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered Tūqā-Tīmūr or Tūqāy-Tīmūr) was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde.

Tuqa-Timur
Diedafter 1257
IssueBay-Timur
Bayan
Urung-Timur
Kay-Timur
DynastyBorjigin
FatherJochi
MotherKaghri Khatun
ReligionIslam

Career

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Tuqa-Timur's mother is identified as Jochi's concubine Kaghri Khatun (Kaghrī Khātūn), a woman from the Merkit tribe.[1] As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing or significance, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor.[2]

Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Left Wing (i.e., eastern portion) of Batu's possessions, that is to say east of the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and perhaps under the intermediate authority of another brother, Orda.[3] Tuqa-Timur participated in Batu's Western Campaign, but does not seem to have played a very distinguished role in it; he is also credited with a leading role in campaigns against the Bashkirs and Alans.[4] He was among the Jochid princes participating in the qurultai at which the great khan Güyük was formally proclaimed and enthroned, in 1246, Batu having refused to attend.[5] After Batu's quriltai that resulted in the proclamation of Möngke as great khan in 1250, Berke and Tuqa-Timur escorted Möngke to Mongolia with an army, and were generously rewarded by the new great khan for their support.[6] Tuqa-Timur appears to have survived Batu and to have died some time after Berke's accession as khan of the Golden Horde in 1257; it is presumed that he was already dead by 1267, when his son Urung-Timur received lands from the new khan Mengu-Timur.[7] The Mongol prince ("tsarevich") Toktemir, who attacked Tver' in Russia in 1294/1295, is a distinct individual, bearing the same or similar name.[8]

Following the example of his older brother Berke, Tuqa-Timur converted to Islam,[9] sometime after Berke's conversion in 1251–1252.[10] Unlike his brothers Batu, Orda, and Shiban, Tuqa-Timur does not appear to have headed an autonomous and lasting territorial polity, something brought up as a negative comparison in disputes between his descendants and those of Shiban in the late 14th century; the Shibanids argued that this made the Tuqa-Timurids substantially inferior.[11] Some of Tuqa-Timur's descendants appear to have remained in the Left Wing (eastern portion) of the Golden Horde,[12] while others were settled in the Right Wing (western portion) when Khan Mengu-Timur gave the Crimea to Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur.[13]

Family

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Rashīd ad-Dīn Faḍlallāh [14] and the genealogical compendium Muʿizz al-ansāb [15] attribute four sons to Tuqa-Timur as follows:

  • Bāy-Tīmūr
  • Bāyān
  • Ūrungbāš or Ūrung-Tīmūr (also Ürüng-Temür, sometimes conflated with Ūz-Tīmūr)
  • Kay-Tīmūr (also Ked-Temür, elsewhere Ūz-Tīmūr)

Descendants

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Apart from his involvement in the affairs of the Golden Horde and his actions as representative of his older brothers, Tuqa-Timur is important as the progenitor of some of the most prolific and historically significant lines of Jochid and Chinggisid descent. From the 1360s, Tuqa-Timur's descendants vied with those of his brother Shiban for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde,[16] starting with the probable Tuqa-Timurid Ordu Malik, who overthrew the Shibanid Timur Khwaja in 1361.[17] A Crimean branch of Tuqa-Timur's descendants furnished the beglerbeg Mamai with a succession of three puppet khans in 1361–1380.[18] Several families descended from Tuqa-Timur ensconced themselves in the former Ulus of Jochi's eldest son Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai in 1360, then Urus Khan in 1369, and finally Tokhtamysh in 1379. The descendants of Urus and Tokhtamysh subsequently disputed possession of the Golden Horde mostly among themselves. Among the successor states of the Golden Horde, the khanates of Kasimov, Kazan, Astrakhan, and the Crimea were all founded by princes descended from Tuqa-Timur.[19] This was also the case with the Kazakh Khanate and, after 1599, the Khanate of Bukhara in Central Asia.[20]


Reigning Descendants of Tuqa-Timur
  • Tūqā-Tīmūr (d. after 1257), son of Jöchi, son of Chinggis Khān
    • Bāy-Timur [a]
      • Tūqānchar
        • Sāsī
          • Qarā Nūqāy of the Ulus of Orda 1360–1363 [b]
          • Būchqāq
            • Tughluq-Tīmūr of the Ulus of Orda 1363–? [c]
          • Qutluq-Khwāja of the Ulus of Orda 1369 [d]
        • Būrqūlāq
    • Bāyān [f]
      • Dānishmand
        • Īl-Tūtār
        • Beg-Tūt
          • Beg-Ṣūfī = ? Beg-Ṣūfī claimant in Crimea 1419–1421 (identification disputed) [h]
            • Sayyid-Aḥmad II claimant in Crimea 1432–1437, Podolia 1433–1452 (d. 1465?) (identification disputed) [i]
    • Ūrung-Tīmūr (Ūrungbāsh, sometimes conflated with Ūz-Tīmūr) [j]
      • Achiq
        • Tāqtaq [k]
          • Tīmūr-Khwāja
            • Bādiq
              • Urūs of the Ulus of Orda 1369–1377, of the Golden Horde 1373, 1374–1375 [l]
                • Qutlū-Būqā of the Ulus of Orda 1374–1375 [m]
                • Tūqtāqiyā of the Ulus of Orda 1377 [n]
                • Tīmūr-Malik of the Ulus of Orda 1377–1379 [q]
                • Qūyūrchuq of the Golden Horde 1395–1397
                  • Barāq of the Ulus of Orda 1419–1421; of Sibir 1421–1426; of the Golden Horde 1423–1428 [r]
                    • Jānī-Beg Abū-Saʿīd of the Kazakhs 1470–after 1490 (the listing of his ruling descendants is selective and incomplete) [s]
                      • Qāsim of the Kazakhs 1513–1521 [t]
                      • Adīk
                        • Ṭāhir of the Kazakhs 1522–1532 [x]
                        • Būydāsh of the Kazakhs 1532–1559 [y]
                        • Khwāja-Muḥammad (Qujāsh) Kazakh claimant 1535 [z]
                      • Usāq
                        • Pūlād Kazakh claimant 1537
                      • Ūsāk
                        • Būlākāy
                          • Bahādur of the Kazakhs 1652–1680
                          • Aychuwāq
                            • Irīsh
                              • Khwāja-Sulṭān [aa]
                                • Abu'l-Khayr Muḥammad of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1718–1748 [ab]
                                  • Nūr-ʿAlī of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1748–1786, previously 42nd khan of Khwarazm 1742 (d. 1790) [ac]
                                    • Pīr-ʿAlī claimant 1770–1805 [ad]
                                      • Īsh-Muḥammad (Īshīm) of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1794–1797 [ae]
                                      • Būkāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1801–1815 [af]
                                        • Jahāngīr Girāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1823–1845 [ag]
                                          • Ṣāḥib Girāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1845–1847 [ah]
                                      • Shighāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1815–1823 [ai]
                                    • Yār-Muḥammad of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1786–1790
                                    • Īr-ʿAlī of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1791–1794 [aj]
                                      • Būlākāy, 52nd khan of Khwarazm 1770; rival khan of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1797–1809 [ak]
                                    • ʿĀdil-Sulṭān [al]
                                      • Aqīm, 53rd and 57th khan of Khwarazm 1770–1772 and 1773–1774 (d. after 1790) [am]
                                      • Tugīn [an]
                                        • Yādigār, 58th, 60th, and 62nd khan of Khwarazm 1774–1775, 1779–1781, and 1783–1790 (d. before 1803) [ao]
                                          • Abū'l-Ghāzī V, 64th and 66th khan of Khwarazm 1802–1804 and 1806 (d. 1815?)
                                    • Aychuwāq of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1797–1805 (d. 1810) [ap]
                                      • Jān-Tūra of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1805–1809 [aq]
                                        • Shīr-Ghāzī of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1809–1824 (d. 1845) [ar]
                                • Tūqtāmish [as]
                                  • Sarī-Aygīr (Mamāy), 38th khan of Khwarazm 1727 [at]
                      • Jādik
                        • Tūgum Kazakh claimant 1552–1556 [au]
                        • Shighāy of the Kazakhs 1580–1582 [av]
                          • Andān-Sulṭān
                            • Abūlī of Tashkent (d. 1650) [aw]
                            • Uraz-Muḥammad of Kasimov 1600–1611
                            • Kīchīk-Sulṭān
                              • Būkāy
                                • Khudāmanda
                                  • Tursūn I of Tashkent (d.1717) [ax]
                                    • Kīchīk-Sulṭān of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1748–1750 [ay]
                                    • Sulṭān-Barāq of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1748–1750 [az]
                                      • Nūr-ʿAlī II, 50th khan of Khwarazm 1768–1769 [ba]
                          • Tawakkul (Tawka) of the Kazakhs 1582–1598 [bb]
                          • Amān-Būlān
                            • Bahādur
                              • Tursūn II of Tashkent (d. 1720) [bc]
                                • Yulbārs of Tashkent and the Kazakh Greater Jüz 1720–1740 [bd]
                          • Īsh-Muḥammad (Īshīm) of the Kazakhs 1598–1613, 1627–1628 [be]
                            • Khudābanda
                              • Sīrdāq
                                • Khusraw
                                  • Qayʾip of the Kazakhs 1715–1718[bf]
                                    • Bahādur Jānī-Beg, 39th khan of Khwarazm 1727–1728, rival khan of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1748–1771 [bg]
                                      • Qayʾip, 44th khan of Khwarazm 1747–1757, rival khan of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1786–1791 [bh]
                                        • Jahāngīr, 51st khan of Khwarazm 1769–1770 [bi]
                                        • ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz, 54th khan of Khwarazm 1771–1772 (d. 1815?)
                                        • Abū'l-Fayḍ, 59th khan of Khwarazm 1775–1779
                                      • Qarā-Biy (ʿAbd-Allāh), 45th and 56th khan of Khwarazm 1757, 1773 (d. after 1810) [bj]
                                        • Abū'l-Ghāzī IV, 63rd khan of Khwarazm 1790–1802 (d. before 1806) [bk]
                                      • (?) Khudāyār
                                        • Tawakkul (Ḫudāydād), 47th khan of Khwarazm 1763–1764 [bl]
                            • Jānī-Beg of the Kazakhs 1628–1644 [bm]
                            • Jahāngīr of the Kazakhs 1644–1652 [bn]
      • Sārīcha
    • Kay-Tīmūr (Ūz-Tīmūr), son of Tūqā-Tīmūr
      • Abāy
        • Nūmqān[ft]
          • Qutluq-Tīmūr = ? Qutluq-Tīmūr named as rival of ʿAbdallāh Khan in 1361 by Ibn Khaldun [fu]
            • Tīmūr-Beg = ? Ūljāy-Tīmūr of the Golden Horde 1368 (d. 1369) [fv]
              • Tīmūr-Qutluq of the Golden Horde 1397–1398, 1398–1399 [fw]
                • Pūlād of the Golden Horde 1406–1409, 1409–1410 [fx]
                • Tīmūr of the Golden Horde 1410–1412 [fy]
                  • Kīchīk Muḥammad of the Golden Horde 1434–1459 [fz]
                    • Maḥmūd of the Golden Horde 1459–1465; of Astrakhan 1465–1471 [ga]
                    • Aḥmad of the Golden Horde 1459–1481 [gg]
                    • Bakhtiyār-Sulṭān [gu]
                      • Shaykh-Awliyār of Kasimov 1512–1516 [gv]
                        • Shāh-ʿAlī of Kasimov 1516–1519, 1537–1567; of Kazan 1519–1521, 1546, 1551–1552 [gw]
                        • Jān-ʿAlī of Kasimov 1519–1532; of Kazan 1531–1533 (d. 1535) [gx]
                    • Yaʿqūb of Khwarazm 1461–1462 [gy]
                    • Jawāq (Chuwāq) of Khwarazm 1462 [gz]
                      • Māngishlāq [ha]
                        • Yār-Muḥammad 1st Ashtarkhanid khan of Bukhara 1599–1600 (d. 1612) [hb]
                          • Jānī-Muḥammad (or Jānī-Beg) of Bukhara 1600–1603 [hc]
                            • Bāqī-Muḥammad of Bukhara 1603–1606 [hd]
                            • Walī-Muḥammad of Bukhara 1606–1611, 1611 [he]
                              • Rustam-Muḥammad rival at Balkh 1613 (d. after 1641) [hf]
                                • Muḥammad-Raḥīm [hg]
                                  • ʿAbd-Allāh of Balkh 1711–1712 [hh]
                                    • Sanjar of Balkh 1712–1717 [hi]
                                • Muḥammad-Ṭāhir, 41st khan of Khwarazm 1739–1740 (d. 1742) [hj]
                                • Walī-Muḥammad
                                  • Muḥammad of Balkh 1717–1720 [hk]
                            • Dīn-Muḥammad [hl]
                              • Imām-Qulī of Bukhara 1611, 1611–1641 (d. 1642) [hm]
                              • Nadhr-Muḥammad of Bukhara 1641–1645 (d. 1651) [hn]
                                • ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz of Bukhara 1645–1681 (d. 1684) [ho]
                                • Subḥān-Qulī of Bukhara 1681–1702 [hp]
                                  • ʿUbaydallāh I of Bukhara 1702–1711 [hq]
                                  • Abu'l-Fayḍ of Bukhara 1711–1747 [hr]
                                    • ʿAbd al-Muʾmin of Bukhara 1747–1750 [hs]
                                    • ʿUbaydallāh II of Bukhara 1750–1753 (adopted; biological son of Shāh-Tīmūr of Khwarazm)
                                    • (Khānim) married Muḥammad-Ḥājjī-Sulṭān
                                      • Abu'l-Ghāzī of Bukhara 1758–1789; Khiva 1767–1768 (d. 1796) [ht]
                                  • Iskandar of Balkh 1681–1683 [hu]
                                    • Muḥammad-Muqīm of Balkh 1697–1707 [hv]
                                  • Abu'l-Manṣūr of Balkh 1683 [hw]
                                  • Ṣaddīq-Muḥammad of Balkh 1683–1686 [hx]
                          • Tursūn-Muḥammad [hy]
                            • Muḥammad-Ibrāhīm possibly the ruler of Balkh in 1601 [hz]
            • Qutlū-Beg
              • Shādī-Beg of the Golden Horde 1399–1407 [ia]
                • Ghiyāth ad-Dīn II of the Golden Horde 1421, 1423–1426 [ib]
                  • Muṣṭafā claimant at Astrakhan 1431–1433; in the Ulus of Orda 1440–1446; of Khwarazm 1447–1464 [ic]
        • Mīnkāsar
          • ʿAbdallāh of the Golden Horde 1361–1370 [id]
          • Tughluq-Khwāja
            • Tawakkul = Tūlāk of the Golden Horde 1379–1380 [if]
          • Āqmīl
            • Chekre khan of Sibir and Bolghar 1413, of the Golden Horde 1415–1416 [ig]
          • Mamkī
            • Sayyid-Aḥmad I of the Golden Horde 1416 (disputed identification) [ih]
            • Altī-Qurtuqā

An annotated genealogical list of the known reigning descendants of Tuqa-Timur, son of Jochi, son of Genghis Khan. The list includes khans and rival khans, as well as the princes through whom the line of descent passed. The main sources for the Medieval and Early Modern generations are the major genealogical compendium Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, supplemented by other sources and secondary literature. For consistency, the names are given in the standard scholarly transcription used in English-language scholarship (e.g., Bosworth 1996) for Perso-Arabic sources such as these.

References:

Bibliography

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  • Bennigsen, A., et al., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée de Palais de Topkapı, Paris, 1978.
  • Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
  • Bregel, Y. (transl.), Firdaws al-Iqbāl: History of Khorezm by Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Leiden, 1999.
  • Burton, A., The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702, Richmond, 1997
  • Desmaisons, P. I. (transl.), Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân, St Petersburg, 1871–1874.
  • Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • Jackson, P., The Mongols and the Islamic World, New Haven, 2017.
  • Judin, V. P., Materialy po istorii kazahskih hanstv XV-XVIII vekov, Alma Ata, 1969.
  • Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.
  • May, T., The Mongol Empire, Edinburgh, 2018.
  • Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., "K voporosu o genealogii zolotoordynskogo hana Bek-Sufi," in Krim: vìd antičnostì do s'ogodennja, Kiev, 2014: 63-74.
  • Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
  • Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.
  • Sidorneko, V. A., Monetnaja čekanka Krymskogo hanstva (1442–1475 gg.), Simferopol', 2016.
  • Stokvis, A. M. H. J., Manuel d'Histoire, de Généalogie et de Chronologie de tous les États du Globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 1, Leiden, 1888.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
  • Vásáry, I., "The beginnings of coinage in the Blue Horde," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62 (2009) 371-385.
  • Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
  • Welsford, T., Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqūy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605, Leiden, 2013.
Notes:
  1. ^ Počekaev 2010: 372 conflates him with his brother Bāyān and gives their descendants jointly.
  2. ^ Gaev 2002: 52; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  3. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 286.
  4. ^ Gaev 2002: 52; Sabitov 2008: 286.
  5. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Vásáry 2009; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Howorth 1880: 221 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
  6. ^ Počekaev 2010: 372 conflates him with his brother Bāy-Timur and gives their descendants jointly.
  7. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  8. ^ Identification preferred by Sabitov 2008: 288, 295, and Sabitov 2014, but rejected by others (e.g., Parunin 2016, Sidorenko 2016) on chronological grounds.
  9. ^ Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources. Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
  10. ^ Welsford 2013: 50, 52-53, identifies Ūz-Tīmūr with his brother Kay-Tīmūr.
  11. ^ Welsford 2013: 53, gives the name as Bādābūk.
  12. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Howorth 1880: 221 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
  13. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  14. ^ Howorth 1880: 224; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  15. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 305; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 685 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7, erroneously make him a son of Barāq.
  16. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 305.
  17. ^ Howorth 1880: 224; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  18. ^ Howorth 1880: 291; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  19. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 305; Počekaev 2010: 372. For fuller treatment of his descendants, the Kazakh khans and princes, see Sabitov 2008.
  20. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 305.
  21. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 305.
  22. ^ Sabitov 2008: 306.
  23. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305; Howorth 1880: 685 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7, erroneously make him a son of Adīk.
  24. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 305.
  25. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  26. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  27. ^ Sabitov 2008: 227.
  28. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  29. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  30. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  31. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  32. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 311.
  33. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 311.
  34. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 311.
  35. ^ Sabitov 2008: 311.
  36. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  37. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  38. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  39. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  40. ^ Sabitov 2008: 233.
  41. ^ Sabitov 2008: 233.
  42. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  43. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 310.
  44. ^ Sabitov 2008: 310; Howorth 1880: 685 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7, erroneously make him a son of Aychuwāq.
  45. ^ Sabitov 2008: 227.
  46. ^ Sabitov 2008: 227.
  47. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  48. ^ Sabitov 2008: 311.
  49. ^ Sabitov 2008: 307.
  50. ^ Sabitov 2008: 307.
  51. ^ Sabitov 2008: 309.
  52. ^ Sabitov 2008: 309.
  53. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  54. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  55. ^ Sabitov 2008: 307.
  56. ^ Sabitov 2008: 307.
  57. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 307, 309.
  58. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 309.
  59. ^ Sabitov 2008: 147, 304.
  60. ^ Sabitov 2008: 147, 304.
  61. ^ Sabitov 2008: 305.
  62. ^ Sabitov 2008: 147, 304.
  63. ^ Sabitov 2008: 187.
  64. ^ Sabitov 2008: 304.
  65. ^ Sabitov 2008: 309; omitted by Howorth 1880: 685 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
  66. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 309.
  67. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 309.
  68. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 309.
  69. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 309.
  70. ^ Sabitov 2008: 309.
  71. ^ Sabitov 2008: 145.
  72. ^ Sabitov 2008: 145.
  73. ^ Sabitov 2008: 145, but at 97-98 identified as a Shibanid, descended from the khans of Sibir.
  74. ^ Sabitov 2008: 307.
  75. ^ Sabitov 2008: 145.
  76. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 309.
  77. ^ Sabitov 2008: 217.
  78. ^ Howorth 1880: 685; Sabitov 2008: 200, 309.
  79. ^ Sabitov 2008: 200.
  80. ^ Sabitov 2008: 218.
  81. ^ Sabitov 2008: 220, 310.
  82. ^ Howorth 1880: 225; Gaev 2002: 53; Počekaev 2010: 372; Welsford 2013: 53, makes him the son of Tūluk-Tīmūr, here given as his brother; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
  83. ^ Howorth 1880: 226; Gaev 2002: 53; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  84. ^ Howorth 1880: 269; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  85. ^ Proposed by Sidorenko 2016: 66.
  86. ^ Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
  87. ^ Howorth 1880: 270; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  88. ^ Preferred by Sabitov 2008: 56, 295; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad with Sayyid-Aḥmad II, who ruled in 1432–1452 (but the latter bears the patronym Beksubovič: Sabitov 2014), while making the Sayyid-Aḥmad of 1416 the son of Mamkī: Počekaev 2010: 194.
  89. ^ Howorth 1880: 270; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  90. ^ Howorth 1880: 270; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  91. ^ Howorth 1880: 274; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  92. ^ Gaev 2002: 54.
  93. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Počekaev 2010: 372; Welsford 2013: 53, gives the name as Habīnah.
  94. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286, 295; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  95. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  96. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 296; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  97. ^ Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 296.
  98. ^ Howorth 1880: 452; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 292, 296; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  99. ^ Sabitov 2008: 293.
  100. ^ Sabitov 2008: 293.
  101. ^ Howorth 1880: 452; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 296; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  102. ^ Howorth 1880: 468; Sabitov 2008: 296; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  103. ^ Howorth 1880: 477; Sabitov 2008: 296.
  104. ^ Sabitov 2008: 294.
  105. ^ Howorth 1880: 477; Sabitov 2008: 296; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  106. ^ oworth 1880: 477; Sabitov 2008: 294, 296.
  107. ^ Howorth 1880: 477; Sabitov 2008: 292, 296.
  108. ^ Sabitov 2008: 292, who refers to him as Fatḥ Girāy.
  109. ^ Sabitov 2008: 292.
  110. ^ Sabitov 2008: 292.
  111. ^ Sabitov 2008: 296.
  112. ^ Howorth 1880: 488; Sabitov 2008: 296.
  113. ^ Howorth 1880: 512; Sabitov 2008: 296.
  114. ^ Sabitov 2008: 296.
  115. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297; erroneously, Howorth 1880: 540, conflates him with Muḥammad Girāy II, while Stokvis 1888: chapter 9, table 7, makes him Muḥammad Girāy II's son.
  116. ^ Howorth 1880: 519; Sabitov 2008: 296.
  117. ^ Howorth 1880: 523; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  118. ^ Howorth 1880: 538; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  119. ^ Howorth 1880: 543; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  120. ^ Howorth 1880: 528; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  121. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297.
  122. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297.
  123. ^ Howorth 1880: 538; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  124. ^ Howorth 1880: 545; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  125. ^ Howorth 1880: 559; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  126. ^ Howorth 1880: 568; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  127. ^ Howorth 1880: 579; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  128. ^ Howorth 1880: 585; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  129. ^ Howorth 1880: 582; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  130. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298.
  131. ^ Sabitov 2008: 299.
  132. ^ Sabitov 2008: 307.
  133. ^ Howorth 1880: 584; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  134. ^ Sabitov 2008: 299.
  135. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298.
  136. ^ Howorth 1880: 597; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  137. ^ Howorth 1880: 597; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  138. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298.
  139. ^ Howorth 1880: 571; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  140. ^ Howorth 1880: 571; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  141. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298.
  142. ^ Howorth 1880: 595; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  143. ^ Howorth 1880: 575; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  144. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298.
  145. ^ Howorth 1880: 576; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  146. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298.
  147. ^ Howorth 1880: 585; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  148. ^ Howorth 1880: 546; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  149. ^ Howorth 1880: 547; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  150. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297.
  151. ^ Howorth 1880: 562; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  152. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297.
  153. ^ Howorth 1880: 563; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  154. ^ Howorth 1880: 565; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  155. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297.
  156. ^ Howorth 1880: 565; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  157. ^ Sabitov 2008: 298; Howorth 1880: 558, doubts this descent.
  158. ^ Howorth 1880: 575; Sabitov 2008: 298.
  159. ^ Sabitov 2008: 297.
  160. ^ Howorth 1880: 538; Sabitov 2008: 297.
  161. ^ Proposed by Parunin 2016: 159-168.
  162. ^ Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
  163. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 288, 295; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  164. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 288; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  165. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 291, 295; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  166. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  167. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 291.
  168. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 291; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  169. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 292; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  170. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 292; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  171. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 292; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  172. ^ Sabitov 2008: 292.
  173. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 292; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  174. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Sabitov 2008: 292; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  175. ^ Howorth 1880: 447; Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 292.
  176. ^ Welsford 2013: 53, gives the name as Tumghān.
  177. ^ Sabitov 2008: 284.
  178. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 259 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
  179. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 259 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
  180. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 265-266 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously a brother of Shādī-Beg.
  181. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  182. ^ Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 288, 295; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  183. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 288; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  184. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 293; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  185. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 294; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  186. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 294.
  187. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 294; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  188. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 294.
  189. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 288; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  190. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 288; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  191. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 294.
  192. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 292.
  193. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 288; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  194. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 294.
  195. ^ Sabitov 2008: 293.
  196. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 294.
  197. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 288; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  198. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  199. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  200. ^ Gaev 2002: 55.
  201. ^ Gaev 2002: 55.
  202. ^ Sabitov 2008: 293.
  203. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 289, 293.
  204. ^ Howorth 1880: 362; Sabitov 2008: 293.
  205. ^ Sabitov 2008: 292-293.
  206. ^ Sabitov 2008: 292-293.
  207. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  208. ^ Howorth 1880: 743; Gaev 2002: 55; Welsford 2013: 50; Sabitov 2008: 300 makes Jawāq the son of his brother Yaʿqūb.
  209. ^ Howorth 1880: 743-744; Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 300; Welsford 2013: 50.
  210. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Gaev 2002: 55; Welsford 2013: 50.
  211. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 300; Welsford 2013: 50.
  212. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 300.
  213. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 300.
  214. ^ Desmaisons 1871–1874: Table 1b; Howorth 1880: 747.
  215. ^ Desmaisons 1871–1874: Table 1b.
  216. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  217. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  218. ^ Sabitov 2008: 304.
  219. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  220. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 302.
  221. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 300.
  222. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 300.
  223. ^ Howorth 1880: 751; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  224. ^ Howorth 1880: 755; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  225. ^ Howorth 1880: 760; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  226. ^ Howorth 1880: 762; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  227. ^ Howorth 1880: 765; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  228. ^ Sabitov 2008: 301.
  229. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  230. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  231. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  232. ^ Sabitov 2008: 302.
  233. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  234. ^ Howorth 1880: 744; Sabitov 2008: 301.
  235. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 263 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
  236. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  237. ^ Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 288.
  238. ^ Gaev 2002: 54.
  239. ^ Gaev 2002: 54.
  240. ^ As proposed by Gaev 2002: 54.
  241. ^ Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.
  242. ^ Preferred by Počekaev 2010: 194, 372.
  243. ^ Gaev 2002: 55; Sabitov 2008: 287; Počekaev 2010: 372.


See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Vohidov 2006: 38.
  2. ^ Howorth 1880: 199.
  3. ^ Howorth 1880: 199.
  4. ^ Welsford 2013: 288.
  5. ^ Howorth 1880: 37; Seleznëv 2009: 190.
  6. ^ Howorth 1880: 79-80; Jackson 2017: 345.
  7. ^ Howorth 1880: 199.
  8. ^ Howorth 1880: 143, identifies the prince of 1294-1295 with the khan of the time, Toqta; Seleznëv 2009: 186 and 189, suggests the prince of 1294-1295 was a great-grandson of Jochi's son Orda; elsewhere (190-191), he lists other Tuqa-Timurs, grandsons of Jochi's sons Berkechar and (twice) Shiban.
  9. ^ Desmaisons 1871-1874: 181.
  10. ^ Welsford 2013: 288-289, who notes that this detail in later narratives might have been intended to elevate Tuqa-Timur and his descendants in comparison to their Shibanid rivals; Jackson 2017: 345.
  11. ^ Judin 1992: 92; Welsford 2013: 286-287.
  12. ^ Welsford 2013: 289, noting their importance and autonomy there was later exaggerated by retrospective sources.
  13. ^ Desmaisons 1871–1874: 182.
  14. ^ Thackston 1998: 354.
  15. ^ Vohidov 2006: 44-46.
  16. ^ May 2018: 302-309.
  17. ^ Gaev 2002: 19; Sagdeeva 2005: 35, 71; Počekaev 2010: 124-125 agrees that Ordu Malik might have been a descendant of Togai-Timur.
  18. ^ Gaev 2002: 23-25; Sagdeeva 2005: 5, 40-41.
  19. ^ For the Crimean Khanate, see especially Bennigsen 1978.
  20. ^ For the Kazakh Khanate, see especially Sabitov 2008. For the takeover in Bukhara by the "Ashtarkhanid" descendants of Tuqa-Timur, see Welsford 2013; on this branch of the family, more generally, Burton 1997.

Bibliography

edit
  • Bennigsen, A., et al., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée de Palais de Topkapı, Paris, 1978.
  • Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
  • Bregel, Y. (transl.), Firdaws al-Iqbāl: History of Khorezm by Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Leiden, 1999.
  • Burton, A., The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702, Richmond, 1997
  • Desmaisons, P. I. (transl.), Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân, St Petersburg, 1871–1874.
  • Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • Jackson, P., The Mongols and the Islamic World, New Haven, 2017.
  • Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.
  • May, T., The Mongol Empire, Edinburgh, 2018.
  • Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., "K voporosu o genealogii zolotoordynskogo hana Bek-Sufi," in Krim: vìd antičnostì do s'ogodennja, Kiev, 2014: 63-74.
  • Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
  • Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.
  • Sidorneko, V. A., Monetnaja čekanka Krymskogo hanstva (1442–1475 gg.), Simferopol', 2016.
  • Stokvis, A. M. H. J., Manuel d'Histoire, de Généalogie et de Chronologie de tous les États du Globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 1, Leiden, 1888.
  • Thackston, W. M. (trans.), Rashiduddin Fazlullah's Jamiʻuʼt-tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles. A History of the Mongols. Part One. Cambridge, MA, 1998.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
  • Vásáry, I., "The beginnings of coinage in the Blue Horde," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62 (2009) 371-385.
  • Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
  • Welsford, T., Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqūy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605, Leiden, 2013.
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