Thompson Capper

Thompson Capper was born in October 1863 to William and Sarah Capper (née Copeland). William Capper was a civil servant with the Bengal Civil Service and Sarah was the daughter of industrialist William Copeland. Thompson and his elder brother John were born in Lucknow in British India but at a young age were sent to England for their education.^[2] Thompson Capper attended Haileybury and Imperial Service College and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst before being commissioned into the East Lancashire Regiment of the British Army as a lieutenant on 9 September 1882.^[3]

Capper was employed on home service for the next ten years and whilst serving as regimental adjutant^[4] was promoted to captain on 22 April 1891,^[5] attending the Staff College at Camberley before being transferred with his unit to India. It was there that Capper saw his first action, when in 1895 his regiment was attached to a force sent to the Indian-Afghan border to relieve a trapped British force in Chitral.^[6] Three years later he was again in action as an advisor to an Egyptian unit of the Anglo-Egyptian army under Horatio Kitchener which travelled down the Nile in the final campaign of the Mahdist War.^[7] During these operations, Capper participated in the battle of Atbara and was with the force which fought in the culminating Battle of Omdurman.^[6] He received a brevet promotion to major on 16 November 1898.^[8][9]

The following year, 1899, Capper and his regiment were again engaged in Africa, being transported to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War. There Capper performed his duties with distinction for the next three years, being heavily engaged at the defeat of Spion Kop and participating in the relief of Ladysmith in early 1900.^[6] He remained in South Africa engaged in guerilla operations against the Boer forces until the armistice of May 1902, commanding a flying column in the Cape Colony.^[2] During the war, he received a brevet appointment as lieutenant colonel on 29 November 1900, and was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 5 December 1901.^[10] Following the war's conclusion in June 1902, Capper was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on his return home.^[11] He was also awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with six clasps and the King's South Africa Medal with two clasps in recognition of his service during the war, and was twice Mentioned in Despatches.^[12][13][14] Capper returned to the United Kingdom in the SS Dunottar Castle, which arrived at Southampton in July 1902.^[15]

After his return, Capper was initially selected as a deputy-assistant adjutant-general on the divisional staff of the 1st Army Corps at Aldershot,^[16] but as an experienced staff officer, he was shortly thereafter given a post as a professor at the Staff College from December 1902 to 1904.^[17][18] He was promoted to brevet colonel on 11 December 1904.^[19] He was then transferred to the Staff College, Quetta in India as the college's commandant (and which saw him promoted to substantive colonel).^[20] It has been suggested that this move was initiated by jealous colleagues at the college due to his ability as a teacher and tactician.^[2] He retained this position until 1911, teaching the lessons of the Russo-Japanese War and emphasising the importance of "attacking dash" as the best means of overcoming entrenched positions.^[2] He came into contact with numerous important figures of the First World War through this work, including Douglas Haig, with whom he did not get on, and Hubert Gough, who admired his "spirit of self-sacrifice and duty, instead of the idea of playing for safety and seeking only to avoid getting into trouble".^[2] He also amassed a prodigious collection of military literature during his research and teaching.^[21]

In 1906 he was promoted to temporary brigadier general^[22][23] and in 1908 he married Winifride Mary, with whom he would have one son.^[2] In 1910 his work at the staff college was recognised with appointment as a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the King's Birthday Honours.^[24] In 1911, after a brief period of half-pay in his permanent rank of colonel, Capper was transferred from India to Ireland, where he commanded the 13th Infantry Brigade, part of the 5th Division, until February 1914, when Gerald Cuthbert took over.^[25] He returned to Ireland briefly later in the year, in the aftermath of the Curragh incident, to support his friend Hubert Gough.^[2] During early 1914, Capper was briefly the inspector of infantry^[26] but in the emergency of the summer of 1914 he was promoted to substantive major general^[27] and posted to the 7th Division as its first general officer commanding (GOC), which was sent to the Western Front soon after the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914.^[6]

During the opening weeks of the war, Capper busied himself with organising the new division placed under his command;^[28] the work involved in this task meant that the division was not ready for action until October.^[6] On 6 October his 7th Division, comprising Harold Ruggles-Brise's 20th, Herbert Watts's 21st, and Sydney Lawford's 22nd infantry brigades and supporting elements, arrived at Zeebrugge just as the German forces began to push into that area as part of the "Race for the Sea".^[6] Initially forced back, Capper's division covered the Belgian withdrawal to the Yser and then held the line near the town of Ypres.^[2][29] For the next two months, the 7th Division was embroiled in bitter fighting at the First Battle of Ypres, when they were crucial in stopping the German advance but lost over 10,000 men. The Times later stated that "no one but Capper himself could, night after night, by the sheer force of his personality, have reconstituted from the shattered fragments of battalions a fighting line that could last through tomorrow".^[2] For the service he and his men provided during the battle, Capper was awarded a knighthood as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in early 1915.^[30][31]

Remaining on the front lines during the winter of 1914–1915, Capper's men held the German advance and were given some respite in early 1915 with the arrival of Territorial Force (TF) units. It was during one of these rest periods that Capper was seriously wounded when in April 1915 he was struck in the shoulder by shrapnel from a "Jam-tin bomb" during a demonstration of improvised grenades being held behind the lines.^[2] He was temporarily replaced by Major General Hubert Gough and returned to England to convalesce, but was back with the 7th Division on 19 July 1915.^[6]

In late September 1915, the division was assigned to participate in the Battle of Loos against fortified German positions at Loos-en-Gohelle and Hulluch. Advancing on 26 September against furious German opposition, the 7th Division was held up several times and Capper visited the frontline to view the enemy for himself from the captured trenches. Urging his men into a final assault, Capper stayed behind to view the field and was struck by a sniper's bullet fired from houses along the line of advance which were thought to have been abandoned.^[6] The assault failed and Capper was discovered by his retreating units and taken to Number 6 Casualty Clearing Station at Lillers to the rear of British lines^[6] personally by Captain O'Reilly, a medical officer. O'Reilly had gone out at 8pm to bring Capper in from the battlefield (the war diary suggests that Capper had been wounded at 5.50pm) and had arranged for the wound to be dressed at the divisional collecting station before onward transfer to the CCS – O'Reilly was subsequently recommended for the Military Cross (MC).^[32] The bullet had penetrated both lungs, and doctors gave no hope of survival. Major-General Sir Thompson Capper died the following day, on 27 September 1915^[33] in the casualty clearing station, at the age of 52. His division had lost over 5,200 men killed or wounded in just three days of fighting.^[6]

Following his death, a rumour abounded that he had been killed charging the German lines on horseback.^[2] This story has persisted despite eye-witness accounts to the contrary.^[6] Capper was buried in Lillers Communal Cemetery behind British lines and his grave is marked by a Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) headstone bearing the inscription TOMMY.^[34] He is also commemorated on the War Memorial in Rayne, Essex, where he spent much of his boyhood with his uncle, the Rector of Rayne, Rev W S Hemming. His collected papers were donated to King's College London in 1971, where they are still available to researchers and contain a wide selection of primary materials concerning the warfare of the early twentieth century.^[21]

• List of generals of the British Empire who died during the First World War