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A sacerdotal state is a state whose head is also an ecclesiastical leader designated by a religious body. An example of this kind of state is the Vatican City: its heads of state, the popes of the Catholic Church, have governed papal lands distinct from secular authority since the establishment of the Papal States in theeighth century CE.[1][dead link][2] Andorra operates under a semi-sacerdotal system, as one of its co-heads of state is the bishop of Urgell, while the other is the head of state of France. However unlike the Vatican, the co-princes of Andorra are ceremonial and not closely involved in the government.
In the past, bishops commonly assumed temporal as well as spiritual authority and ruled as prince-bishops. This occurred, for example, in the Holy Roman Empire, where three of the seven imperial electors were prince-archbishops (those of Trier, Mainz and Cologne). After the 1648 Peace of Westphalia certain prince-bishoprics became bi-confessional and alternated between governance by Catholic bishops and by Protestant administrators.
Current sacerdotal states
editThe following are sacerdotal or partly sacerdotal states:
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Andorra
editAndorra operates under a semi-sacerdotal system, as one of its co-heads of state is the Roman Catholic bishop of Urgell, while the other is the president of France, however the co-princes of Andorra are not closely involved in the government.[3] The Bishop of Urgell is one of the two Catholic religious figures that also lead a country, the other being the Pope of Vatican City. Like other bishops, the Bishop of Urgell is also appointed by the Bishop of Rome thus the pope appoints a fellow head of state.
Iran
editThe Supreme Leader of Iran is elected for life by a body consisting of senior Twelver Shia Muslim clerics. The supreme leader, known as an ayatollah, is the spiritual leader of the country as well as a powerful political figure with wide-ranging powers and his own military force.[4]
United Kingdom
editSince the English Reformation, English and British monarchs have held the title supreme governor of the Church of England, signifying leadership of the state church. The subsequent personal and legal unions with Wales, Scotland and Ireland did not extend Anglicanism's status of state church to these lands. Thus in the United Kingdom, the monarch is the head of state and also the leader of the state church in England and its Crown dependencies.[5]
Vatican City
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Vatican City operates under an episcopal system, its head of state since the eighth century is the pope of the Catholic Church.[6][7] The pope is one of the two Catholic religious figures that also lead a country, the other being the Bishop of Urgell of Andorra.
Former Sacerdotal States
editThe following are states that were sacerdotal or partly sacerdotal:
Montenegro
editPrince-Bishopric of Montenegro was a Serbian Orthodox ecclesiastical principality that existed from 1516 until 1852 in the Balkans during the Ottoman Empire's rule over most of the region.[8]
Tibet
editIn the past, Tibet was ruled by the Dalai Lamas, political leaders who were symbolic religious leaders but had no formal position in religious organisations, so not being sacerdotal.[9]
References
edit- ^ "Dutch MPs protest Vatican international voting rights over AIDS". 18 November 2000. Archived from the original on 26 July 2003.
- ^ "In Biden's visit with the pope, a page from Reagan's playbook?". www.theconversation.com. 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
The Holy See has been an independent city-state since 1929, but in reality, the pope has been a head of state at least since the eighth century.
- ^ Things about the history of Andorra Archived 9 February 2010 at archive.today French Co-prince (in Catalan)
- ^ "The Assembly of Experts - The Iran Primer". iranprimer.usip.org. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ Queen and the Church of England, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 2 December 2010, retrieved 18 June 2010; Roles and Responsibilities: Overview, The Archbishop of Canterbury, archived from the original on 3 August 2008, retrieved 9 October 2008
- ^ "Dutch MPs protest Vatican international voting rights over AIDS". 18 November 2000. Archived from the original on 26 July 2003.
- ^ "In Biden's visit with the pope, a page from Reagan's playbook?". www.theconversation.com. 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ^ Pavlovic, Srdja (2008). Balkan Anschluss: The Annexation of Montenegro and the Creation of the Common South Slavic State. Purdue University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-55753-465-1.
- ^ Schaik, Sam van. Tibet: A History. Yale University Press 2011, page 129, "Gelug: the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism"