The Plague of Shiryue[1] (627–628) or Shiruye's Plague[2] takes its name from the Sasanian monarch Kavad II, whose birth name was Shiruye. The plague was an epidemic that devastated the western provinces of the Sasanian Empire just before the Arab Invasion, mainly Mesopotamia (Asorestan), killing half of its population,[3] including the reigning Sasanian king Kavad II, who died in the fall of 628 CE, only a few months into his reign.[2][4] It killed more than 100,000 people in Ctesiphon.[5]
The Plague of Shiruye was one of several epidemics that occurred in or close to Iran within two centuries after the first plague pandemic was brought by the Sasanian armies from its campaigns in Constantinople, Syria, and Armenia.[2] There was a subsequent plague outbreak from 634 to 642 during the reign of Yazdegerd III.[6]
The death of Kavad II destabilized the Sasanian Empire, which was still trying to recover from the losses incurred by the wars of Kavad II's father, Khosrow II, as well as the raging plague. When the Arabs invaded during the reign of Yazdegerd III, the Sasanians had no strength to repel them and so the Plague of Shiryue is recognized as contributing to the decline and fall of the Sasanian Empire.[7]
Note also the climate crisis that occurred between 626-629 AD, probably due to a volcanic eruption and ashfall at Constantinople.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Daryaee & Rezakhani 2017, p. 161.
- ^ a b c Christensen 1993, p. 81.
- ^ Princeton Papers in Near Eastern Studies. Westerham, UK: Darwin Press. 1992. p. 141.
- ^ Shahbazi 2005.
- ^ Hashemi Shahraki, A.; Carniel, E.; Mostafavi, E. (2016). "Plague in Iran: its history and current status". Epidemiology and Health. 38: e2016033. doi:10.4178/epih.e2016033. PMC 5037359. PMID 27457063.
- ^ Bray 2020, p. 32.
- ^ Plagues of the Near East 562-1486 CE, www.worldhistory.org, accessed 15 March 2022
- ^ Jenkins, Philip (2021-06-18). "How A Climate Disaster Reshaped The World's Great Religions". patheos.com. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
Sources
edit- Bray, R.S. (2020) [1996]. Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Pandemics on History. The Lutterworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7188-9560-0.
- Christensen, Peter (1993). The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 1–351. ISBN 9788772892597.
- Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "The Sasanian Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401.
- Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian Dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
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