The Pulyemyot Maksima PM1910 (Russian: Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года, romanized: Pulemyot Maksima obraztsa 1910 goda, lit. 'Maxim's machine gun Model 1910'), or PM M1910, is a heavy machine gun that was used by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and World War II. Later the gun saw service in the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
| Pulyemyot Maksima PM1910 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Heavy machine gun |
| Place of origin | Russian Empire[1] |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1910–present |
| Used by | See Users |
| Wars |
|
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1909–1910[2] |
| Produced | 1910–1939 1941–1945 |
| No. built | at least 176,000[7] |
| Specifications | |
| Mass |
|
| Length | 1,067 mm (42 in) |
| Barrel length | 721 mm (28.4 in) |
| Cartridge | 7.62×54mmR[4][1] |
| Action | Short recoil, toggle locked |
| Rate of fire | 600 round/min[1] |
| Muzzle velocity | 740 m/s (2,427 ft/s) |
| Feed system | 250-round belt[1] |
History
editIt was adopted in August 1910 and was derived from Hiram Maxim's Maxim gun, chambered for the standard Russian 7.62×54mmR rifle cartridge. The M1910 was mounted on a wheeled mount with a gun shield.[4]
In 1918–1920, 21,000 new Maxim 1910 machine guns were manufactured in Revolutionary Russia for the Red Army.[1]
In 1930, a modernized version 1910/30 was adopted by the Red Army.[4] M1910/30 can be equipped with optical sight.[8]
In 1941, the gun was modernized once again.[4]
In May 1942, an order was given to begin the development of a new machine gun to replace the Maxim 1910/30. On May 15, 1943, the SG-43 Goryunov was adopted and since summer 1943 Maxim guns were replaced in Soviet service by the SG-43, which retained the wheeled and shielded carriage. However, production of the Maxim did not end until 1945.[4]
In addition to the main infantry version, there were aircraft-mounted and naval variants. Some were fitted with a tractor radiator cap fitted on top of the water jacket to allow handfuls of snow to be packed in to melt while firing.
After World War II, the Maxim was phased out of service, but was still sent in some quantities to the Korean War and Vietnam War. In 2014 during the war in Donbas, some Maxims in stock were captured by the Pro-Russian separatists while others were taken from storage to be used by the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[5] A number were used by the Ukrainian military during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to their reputation for accuracy and reliability.[9]
Variants
edit- Russian Empire
- Soviet Union
- "Maxim's machine gun model 1910 on an antiaircraft tripod" (Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года на зенитной треноге М. Н. Кондакова обр. 1928 года)[2]
- "Maxim's machine gun model 1910/30 on a wheeled Vladimirov's mount" (Пулемёт Максима образца 1910/30 года на колёсном станке С. В. Владимирова обр. 1931 года)[2]
- Maxim-Tokarev
- PV-1 machine gun
- ZPU-4 (Зенитная пулемётная установка М-4 образца 1931 года) - quadruple anti-aircraft mount.
- Finland
- Maxim M/09-21[10]
- Maxim M/32-33[10]
- Second Polish Republic
- 7.92mm Maxim wz. 1910/28
Users
edit- Austria-Hungary – seized during World War I.[11]
- Bulgaria[12]
- China[13]
- Czechoslovakia – in January 1942 first twelve Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to 1st Czechoslovak Independent Infantry Battalion, later additional quantity was given to other units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps.[14]
- Finland[10]
- German Empire – a quantity of machine guns was seized during World War I.
- Hungary – after June 22, 1941, a quantity of machine guns was seized by Hungarian troops during Axis invasion in USSR. Since 1945, Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from the Soviet Union to the People's Republic of Hungary.[11]
- Mongolia
- Nazi Germany – in September 1939 a quantity of Polish wz. 1910 and wz. 1910/28 was seized by the Wehrmacht. After June 22, 1941, a quantity of Soviet machine guns was seized by German troops during Axis invasion in USSR, they were used as schweres Maschinengewehr 216(r).[15]
- North Korea[13]
- Poland – Maxim wz. 1910 and Maxim wz. 1910/28[16]
- Romania – at least several machine guns were captured during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War and disarmament of retreating armed anti-Soviet groups crossing the Romanian border in 1917 - 1920s. After June 22, 1941, an additional quantity was seized by Romanian troops during Axis invasion in USSR. In 1944 several Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to Romanian 1st Volunteer Infantry Division.[17] After 23 August 1944 coup d'état additional Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were transferred from the Soviet Union to the Romanian Army.
- Russian Empire[1]
- Russian separatist forces in Donbas[5]
- Soviet Union[1][4]
- Taiwan[3]
- Ukraine – in August 2011, 35 000 ex-Soviet Maxim machine guns were stored in the warehouses of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine[18] although at least four of them were written off and scrapped later.[19][20] They were used during the war in Donbas by Ukrainian troops. In December 2016 they were officially adopted by the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[21] The Maxim has been used in combat following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,[22][23] proving useful for defending Ukrainian positions against Russian infantry assaults by permitting continuous fire without overheating. Ukrainian forces have been seen using a Maxim gun equipped with modern accessories like optics and a suppressor.[23]
Gallery
edit-
Soviet troops receiving instruction on the M1910/30.
-
Soviet Red Army machinegunners with a M1910/30 in the Battle of Kursk.
-
Quad mounted Maxim M1910/30 guns—the first ZPU.
-
Ottoman soldiers with captured Russian machine gun during WW1
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Пулемёты // Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ред. С. С. Хромов. — 2-е изд. — М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1987. стр.490-491
- ^ a b c d e f Семён Федосеев. Столетие легендарного "Максима" // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", № 11 (164), ноябрь 2010. стр.40-46
- ^ a b Jowett, Philip (20 Nov 2013). China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949. General Military. Osprey Publishing. pp. 129, 147. ISBN 9781782004073.
- ^ a b c d e f g "На вооружении Советской Армии состояли станковые пулемёты Максима образца 1910, модернизированные в 1930 и 1941"
Пулемёты // Великая Отечественная война 1941 - 1945. Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. М. М. Козлов. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1985. стр.594-595 - ^ a b c Trevithick, Joseph (5 February 2020). "Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat". The Drive.
- ^ "Age old weapons are shaping Russia-Ukraine war, here is the list".
- ^ Forty, Simon (2024). The Soviet Infantryman on the Eastern Front. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Casemate. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-6362-4364-1.
- ^ Описание пулемётного оптического прицела обр. 1930. Москва, Ленинград; Отдел Издательства Народного Комиссариата Обороны Союза ССР. 1951 г.
- ^ "Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ a b c "The Finnish Maxims: M09/21 & M32/33". mosinnagant.net. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
- ^ a b Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György. Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382-383. ISBN 978-963-327-461-3.
- ^ Out, Roger (May 2005). "La mitrailleuse russe Maxim modèle 1910". Gazette des armes (in French). No. 365. p. 47.
- ^ a b Kinard, Jeff (9 April 2010). "Machine guns". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G. Jr. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1. A-L (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-85109-849-1.
- ^ Ермаков В. Ф. Из истории советско-чехословацкого боевого содружества // «Военно-исторический журнал», 1988, № 3. стр.11-16
- ^ Terry Gander, Peter Chamberlain. Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen 1939–1945. Handwaffen, Artillerie, Beutewaffen, Sonderwaffen. Motorbuch Verlag, 2008.
- ^ Andrzej Konstankiewicz. Broń strzelecka i sprzęt artyleryjski formacji polskich i Wojska Polskiego w latach 1914-1939. Warszawa, 2003. str.113
- ^ Сведения штаба Московского военного округа о материальном обеспечении 1-й румынской пехотной дивизии, 1 апреля 1944 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр.87-88
- ^ "7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 35 000 штук"
розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 1022-р від 15 серпня 2011 р. "Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено" - ^ Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 108-р від 29 лютого 2012 р. "Про утилізацію стрілецької зброї"
- ^ "7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 2"
Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 687-р від 14 серпня 2013 р. "Про затвердження додаткового переліку військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено". - ^ Минобороны Украины вернуло на вооружение пулемет "Максим"
- ^ Boffey, Daniel (2023-06-21). "Zelenskiy admits counteroffensive may be going 'slower than desired'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
- ^ a b Gault, Matthew (2023-03-21). "Ukraine Is Successfully Using a 140-Year-Old Machine Gun Against Russia". Vice. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
External links
editWikimedia Commons has media related to Maxim M1910.
- Soviet Manual Covering Operation and Repair of the 1910 Maxim Gun
- Robert G. Segel (24 February 2012) "The Origin of the Russian “Tractor-Cap” M1910 Maxim", Small Arms Defense Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1