Ngambri

In 1974 Norman Tindale, in his major work on Aboriginal tribal boundaries, located the southern boundary of Ngunnawal country close to the ACT boundary, close to the tribal boundaries that separated the Ngarigo from the Ngunnawal people, who were from Yass.^[2]

The extent of recognised Ngambri (also known as Kamberri^[3]) territory, and of their distinction from other Aboriginal clans or peoples, is contested.^[4][5]

In 2002, a group of Ngambri people burnt down a humpy and dismantled tents at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. At the time, prominent Ngambri elder Matilda House said her people were "cleaning up the site and making it respectable so that when visitors do come here we will be proud".^[6] House had been closely involved with the tent embassy since it was founded in 1972 and remembers the four men who founded the embassy as heroes.^[7] House had a vision for the future of the tent embassy:^[6]

I'd like to see the tent embassy used for a place of education and proper understanding of protocols and the proper understanding of our identity. It could be achieved by looking at a proper way of having a place where Aboriginal people can do what they want and protest. But in a manner that will get the message across and (provide) a really good place for educating the rest of the community. Not this thing where buses will pull up and sometimes people get told the wrong story.

The comprehensive dislocation of Aboriginal populations, intertribal marriage and interracial relationships following European settlement has led to a high proportion of people identifying themselves as Indigenous Australians, but not knowing their traditional origins. In 2012, Australian Bureau of Statistics records showed several Aboriginal families in the ACT were affected by the removal of mixed-race children from their parents in the Stolen Generation era.^[8] Due to the geographical relocation of Indigenous populations, along with intertribal marriages since the 1900s, there are disputes between people who claim descent from the Ngambri family of the Nyanmudy/Namadgi, Ngarigo and Ngunnawal people, who all claim they are Canberra's traditional owners.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]}

In 2005, in response to a question in the ACT Legislative Assembly about the status of the Ngambri people, the Chief Minister at the time, Jon Stanhope stated that "Ngambri is the name of one of a number of family groups that make up the Ngunnawal nation". He went on to say that "the Government recognises members of the Ngunnawal nation as descendants of the original inhabitants of this region: there is no specific recognition of the Ngambri group outside of this broader acknowledgement".^[15]

The debate came to a head in April 2009 when five "Welcome to Canberra" signs on the Canberra border were defaced by replacing the words "Ngunnawal Country" with "Ngambri Country".^[14][16][17] The signs were quickly restored by the ACT Government, with the Chief Minister Jon Stanhope promising that the signs would be monitored closely in the future.^[18] He said that one family who had formerly identified as Ngunnawal later identified as Ngambri, causing "confusion and distress within the community".^[19]

In December 2012, the Ngambri Local Aboriginal Land Council made three applications for native title:^{[20][21][22][23]}

• McQuoid Street, Queanbeyan, NSW
• Karabar, Queanbeyan, NSW
• Erin Street, Queanbeyan, NSW

For each application, the court determined that native title did not exist.^{[20][21][22][23]}

In 2013, an ACT Government genealogy report entitled Our Kin Our Country was released. The report, researched to settle the dispute of who were the first people, found that the Ngunnawal were not the original inhabitants of the ACT; however they did attend corroborees in the area. The report concluded that evidence gathered from the mid-1800s onward was too scant to exclusively support any present day group's claims. It showed that the ACT land had been either part of the Ngarigo tribe territory, the Nyamudy territory, or split between the Nyamudy and Namadgi people.^[24]

The ACT Government has recognised only the Ngunnawal people as traditional owners of the land since around 2003.^[25] In July 2022, the Ngambri took the ACT government to the Supreme Court for recognition of their status as traditional owners^[26] but other groups do give acknowledgement, including the National Museum of Australia.^[27]

In April 2023, the ACT Government apologised to the Ngambri people for not recognising them as traditional owners, said that it would be reviewing its Indigenous protocols,^[3] and reached a settlement with them. Ngunnawal people called this an "affront" to their people, with spokesman Richie Allan saying that their connection had been proven, and while many peoples have some connection to the land, "they don't belong to this land, [only] Ngunnawal people do". The ACT Government said that it "would continue to acknowledge the Ngunnawal people as traditional custodians of the ACT while also recognising any other people or families with connection to the ACT and region".^[25]

The ACT government has apologised to the Ngambri people over its failure to recognise them as traditional owners of the Canberra area. The Ngambri community members argued the omission violated their human rights. A settlement has now been reached after Ngambri custodians Leah House and Paul Girrawah House took the case to the ACT Supreme Court last year under the Human Rights Act. The government apologised and acknowledged that Ms House and Mr House, along with other members of the Ngambri people, "have suffered hurt and distress as a result of the ACT Indigenous protocol". "The territory apologises to the plaintiffs, their witnesses, and other members of the Ngambri (Kamberri) community for the hurt and distress which they have suffered," it said.

The Ngambri Local Aboriginal Land Council is based in Queanbeyan.^[28]

Murnong, now rare in the ACT due to land development, were a staple in the diet of traditional Ngambri people.^[29][30] They also ate grass trees,^[31] bulrushes, native raspberries, apple berries and native cherries.^[32]

For protein, the witchetty grub, Bogong moth,^[33] emu, koala, cod, platypus, echidna, brolga and bush turkey were all represented in the traditional Ngambri people's diet.^[29][32]

• "Onyong" (full name Allianoyonyiga), leader of the Ngambri at the time of colonisation^[34]
• Matilda House, prominent elder and activist
• Shane Mortimer, a Ngambri–Guumaal elder and activist, also National NAIDOC Elder of the year award recipient 2023
• Leah House, Ngambri Activist and granddaughter of Matilda House.
• Paul Girrawah House, Ngambri Leader and Elder (Son of Dr Matilda House Williams)
• Papunya Connors, Ngambri Leader and recipient of ACT NAIDOC person of the year award 2023

• "Home". The History of Ngambri Country.