This article possibly contains original research. (September 2019) |
The Monarchy of Germany (the German Monarchy) was the system of government in which a hereditary monarch was the sovereign of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918.
| Monarchy of Germany | |
|---|---|
Federal | |
 | |
 Wilhelm II | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Imperial and Royal Majesty |
| First monarch | William I |
| Last monarch | William II |
| Formation | 18 January 1871 |
| Abolition | 9 November 1918 |
| Residence | Stadtschloss, Berlin |
| Appointer | Hereditary |
History
editThe Monarch of Germany was created with the proclamation of the President of the North German Confederation and the King of Prussia, William I of Prussia, as "German Emperor" during the Franco-Prussian War, on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles.
The title German Emperor (German: Deutscher Kaiser) was carefully chosen by Minister President of Prussia and Chancellor of the North German Confederation Otto von Bismarck after discussion until (and after) the day of the proclamation. William I accepted this title grudgingly as he would have preferred "Emperor of Germany" which was, however, unacceptable to the federated monarchs, and which would also have signalled a claim to lands outside of his reign (Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg etc.). The title Emperor of the Germans, as had proposed at the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848, was ruled out as he considered himself chosen "By the Grace of God", not by the people as in a democracy.
By this ceremony, the North German Confederation was transformed into the German Empire. This empire was a federal monarchy; the emperor was head of state and president of the federated monarchs (the kings of Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony, the grand dukes of Oldenburg, Baden, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hesse, as well as other principalities, duchies and of the free cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen).
Some organisations such as Tradition und Leben advocate a return to monarchy; however, there is currently little mainstream support for a restoration of the monarchy.[citation needed]
List of German monarchs
edit| Monarch | Consort | Reign | Royal House | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Portrait | Name | Portrait | Name | Reign start | Reign end | |
| 1 | Emperor William I (1797–1888) Kaiser Wilhelm I |
Empress Augusta (1811–1890) Kaiserin Auguste |
18 January 1871 [1] |
9 March 1888 | House of Hohenzollern | ||
| 2 | Emperor Frederick III (1831–1888) [2] Kaiser Friedrich III |
Empress Victoria (1840–1901) [3] Kaiserin Viktoria |
9 March 1888 | 15 June 1888 | House of Hohenzollern | ||
| 3 | Emperor William II (1859–1941) Kaiser Wilhelm II |
Empress Augusta Victoria (1858–1921) Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria |
15 June 1888 | 9 November 1918 (Abdicated) |
House of Hohenzollern | ||
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Heads of the House of Hohenzollern
editDespite the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, the House of Hohenzollern never relinquished their claims to the thrones of Prussia and the German Empire. These claims are linked by the Constitution of the German Empire: according to this, whoever was King of Prussia was also German Emperor. However, these claims are not recognised by the Federal Republic of Germany or anyone else, this included the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany and West or East Germany.
In 1933 Prince William renounced his claim to the former throne when he married Dorothea von Salviati, in 1940 William II accepted Dorothea and his daughters Felicitas and Christa as dynastic members thus styled HRH Dorothea, Princess of Prussia, HRH Felicitas, Princess of Prussia and HRH Christa, Princess of Prussia, Prince William was killed in 1940.
Prince Louis Ferdinand who was third in line of the succession by 1933, his first son Prince Friedrich Wilhelm renounced his claim in 1967 to marry Waltraud Freytag whom he divorced in 1975 and his second son Prince Michael renounced his claim in 1966 to marry Jutta Jörn like his brother he divorced her in 1982, then his third son Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, Jr. was involved in a severe accident during military maneuvers when he was pinned between two vehicles. Although his leg was amputated, he succumbed several weeks later to the trauma and died in 1977.
Prince George Frederick inherited from his grandfather, and during his time as head of House of Hohenzollern his two uncles Princes Friedrich Wilhelm and Michael challenged him to a lawsuit claiming that, despite their renunciations as dynasts at the time of their marriages, the loss of their inheritance rights based on their selection of spouse was discriminatory and unconstitutional.[4] His uncles were initially successful, the Regional Court of Hechingen and the higher Regional Court of Stuttgart ruling in their favour in 1997 on the grounds that the requirement to marry equally was "immoral".[5] However, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany overturned the original rulings in favour of Georg Friedrich's uncles, the case being remanded to the courts at Hechingen and Stuttgart. This time both courts ruled in favour of Georg Friedrich. His uncles then took their case to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany which overruled the previous court rulings in Georg Friedrich's favour.[4] On 19 October 2005, a German regional court ruled that Georg Friedrich was indeed the principal heir of his grandfather, Louis Ferdinand (who was the primary beneficiary of the trust set up for the estate of Wilhelm II), but also concluded that each of the children of Louis Ferdinand was entitled to a portion of the Prussian inheritance.[citation needed]
| Pretender | Consort | Reign | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Portrait | Name | Portrait | Name | Reign start | Reign end |
| 1 | Emperor William II (1859–1941) |
Empress Augusta Victoria (1858–1921) |
9 November 1918[6] | 4 June 1941 | ||
| Empress Hermine Reuss (1887–1947) | ||||||
| 2 | Crown Prince William (1882–1951) |
Crown Princess Cecilie (1886–1954) |
4 June 1941 | 20 July 1951 | ||
| 3 | Prince Louis Ferdinand (1907–1994) |
Princess Kira Kirillovna (1909–1967) |
20 July 1951 | 26 September 1994 | ||
| 4 | Prince George Frederick (1976–) |
Princess Sophie (1978–) |
26 September 1994 | |||
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Imperial and Royal Consorts
edit- Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (wife of Emperor William I)
- Princess Victoria, Princess Royal (wife of Emperor Frederick III)
- Princess Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (first wife of Emperor William II)
- Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz (second wife of Emperor William II)
- Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (wife of Crown Prince Wilhelm)
- Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia (wife of Prince Louis Ferdiand)
- Princess Sophie of Isenburg (wife of Prince Georg Friedrich)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ President of the North German Confederation since 1 July 1867 and King of Prussia since 2 January 1861
- ^ Enumerated as successor of Frederick II who was King of Prussia 1740–1786 but not German Emperor.
- ^ Also Princess Royal of the United Kingdom
- ^ a b The Hohenzollern Succession Dispute
- ^ Andrew Gimson, "Kaiser's rule on marriage still applies to heirs"[dead link], The Telegraph (18 December 1998).
- ^ His abdication was announced by the chancellor on 9 November and the king went into exile in the Netherlands. He did not formally abdicate until 28 November.