Wikipedia

Mohamed Bazoum

Mohamed Bazoum (Arabic: محمد بازوم, romanized: Mu���ammad Bāzūm; born 1 January 1960)[2] is a Nigerien politician who served as the 10th president of Niger from 2021 to 2023. He assumed office in April 2021 after winning the 2020–21 presidential election and surviving a coup d'état attempt.[3] He was ousted in the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état by members of the presidential guard and the armed forces led by Abdourahamane Tchiani.[4][5][6][7]

Mohamed Bazoum
محمد بازوم
Bazoum in 2023
10th President of Niger
In office
2 April 2021 – 26 July 2023
Prime MinisterOuhoumoudou Mahamadou
Preceded byMahamadou Issoufou
Succeeded byAbdourahamane Tchiani (as President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland)
President of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism
In office
March 2011 – 20 December 2022
Preceded byMahamadou Issoufou
Succeeded byFoumakoye Gado
Minister of the Interior
In office
13 April 2016 – 1 April 2021
PresidentMahamadou Issoufou
Prime MinisterBrigi Rafini
Preceded byHassoumi Massaoudou
Succeeded byAlkache Alhada
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
21 April 2011 – 26 February 2016
PresidentMahamadou Issoufou
Prime MinisterBrigi Rafini
Preceded byAminatou Maïga Touré
Succeeded byAïchatou Boulama Kané
In office
25 February 1995 – 5 May 1996
PresidentMahamane Ousmane
Prime MinisterAmadou Cissé
Preceded byAbdourahmane Hama
Succeeded byAndré Salifou
Member of the National Assembly
In office
February 2005 – 2021
Constituencyunknown
In office
11 April 1993 – January 1995
ConstituencyTesker (special)
Personal details
Born (1960-01-01) 1 January 1960 (age 64)
Bilabrine, N'guigmi Cercle, French Niger
Political partyPNDS-Tarayya
SpouseHadiza Ben Mabrouk
Children4
Alma materCheikh Anta Diop University
ReligionSunni Islam
EthnicityOuled Slimane Arab[1]

Before becoming president, he served as the president of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS-Tarayya).[8] He also served in as a minister of Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 1996 and again from 2011 to 2016. He was minister of State at the Presidency briefly in 2016 and was later appointed minister of State for the Interior between 2016 until his election as president in 2021, when he resigned to focus on running for the 2020–21 presidential election. Bazoum won the second round of the presidential election with 55.67% of the vote against former president Mahamane Ousmane.[9]

Bazoum, a member of the Arab minority Ouled Slimane people, is the first Arab president of Niger in the country's history.[1][10]

Early life and career

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Mohamed Bazoum was born in 1960 in the village of Bilabrin, French Niger, in the present-day Diffa Region of Niger.[11] He was raised in the town of Tesker, 200 kilometers west of Bilabrin, in Zinder Region.[1] Bazoum is a member of the Ouled Slimane people, an Arab tribe originally from the Fezzan region of Libya who constitute a small minority within both Niger and the larger Nigerien Arab population.[1][12]

Bazoum attended primary school in Goure and graduated from Amadou-Kouran-Daga High School (lycée Amadou-Kouran-Daga) in Zinder.[1][12] He studied philosophy in the faculty of letters and human sciences' philosophy department at Cheikh Anta Diop University (sometimes called the University of Dakar) in Senegal from 1979 to 1984.[11] Bazoum then completed his master's degree in political and moral philosophy, also at the University of Dakar, including a diploma in logic and epistemology.[11]

Following the completion of his degrees, Bazoum taught at several provincial high schools for six years.[12] He also joined the National Union of Teachers of Niger (SNEN), a national trade union.[11] Bazoum then joined the executive committee of the Trade Union of Workers of Niger (USTN), which he represented at the 1991 National Conference.[11]

Bazoum is married to Hadiza Mabrouk Bazoum, who became first lady of Niger.[11][13] They have four children, including a son, Salem, and several daughters.[11][14]

Early political career

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Bazoum became a founding member of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism in 1990, along with Mahamadou Issoufou.[12]

Bazoum served as Secretary of State for Cooperation under the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in the transitional government of Prime Minister Amadou Cheiffou from 1991 to 1993.[15][16] He was elected to the National Assembly from the special constituency of Tesker as the PNDS candidate in a special election held on 11 April 1993; this followed the cancellation of the initial election in Tesker, held in February.[17]

After the January 1995 parliamentary election, which was won by an opposition coalition of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) and the PNDS, Bazoum became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in the government of Prime Minister Hama Amadou, named on 25 February 1995.[18] He was initially reappointed to that post after Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara seized power in a military coup on 27 January 1996, but he was replaced in the government named on 5 May 1996.[19] The PNDS opposed Maïnassara, and on 26 July 1996, Bazoum was placed under house arrest along with PNDS President Mahamadou Issoufou, a few weeks after the 1996 presidential election. He and Issoufou were released on the orders of a judge on 12 August 1996.[20]

Bazoum was arrested along with two other major opposition politicians, including MNSD Secretary-General Hama Amadou, in early January 1998, for allegedly participating in a plot to assassinate Maïnassara.[21][22][23] He was never charged and was released a week after his arrest.[23]

Parliamentary career

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At the Fourth Ordinary Congress of the PNDS, held on 4–5 September 2004, Bazoum was elected as its Vice-President.[24] Bazoum was again elected to the National Assembly in the December 2004 parliamentary election,[25] and during the parliamentary term that followed he was Third Vice-President of the National Assembly[26] and Vice-President of the PNDS Parliamentary Group.[27]

Bazoum was one of 14 deputies who filed a censure motion against Prime Minister Hama Amadou on 26 May 2007;[28] Amadou's government was defeated in the subsequent no-confidence vote on 31 May, and Bazoum praised the "maturity of the political class of Niger that has just put an end to the mandate of the team which specialised in the predation of public funds."[29]

After urging the people to boycott the August 2009 constitutional referendum, Bazoum was briefly detained and questioned for two hours on 14 July 2009.[30] Bazoum was re-elected as PNDS Vice-President at the party's Fifth Ordinary Congress, held on 18 July 2009.[31] Following the success of the referendum, he characterized it as a "coup d'etat" and said that the October 2009 parliamentary election was an "electoral farce" intended merely to add a "democratic polish".[32]

President Mamadou Tandja was ousted by a military coup on 18 February 2010. Bazoum said on the occasion that "this is exactly what we were afraid of, a military resolution. Tandja could have avoided this."[33] As one of the leading members of the Coordination of Democratic Forces for the Republic (CFDR), an opposition coalition, he said on 23 February that the CFDR wanted Tandja to be put on trial for high treason because he had abrogated the 1999 constitution in his efforts to remain in power. According to Bazoum, such a trial was necessary to deter future leaders from pursuing a similar course. He said that the junta should hold Tandja until "democratic institutions" were in place, and then Tandja should be tried, although he also said that he felt the death penalty would be unnecessary.[34]

After Mahamadou Issoufou won the January–March 2011 presidential election, he stepped down as PNDS President in March 2011, prior to his swearing-in, in accordance with the requirement that the head of state not participate in partisan politics; Bazoum took over as Acting President of the PNDS.[35] Issoufou took office as President of Niger on 7 April 2011, and Bazoum was appointed to the government as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, African Integration, and Nigeriens Abroad on 21 April 2011.[36][37]

 
Bazoum at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City in 2022

Bazoum was moved to the post of Minister of State at the Presidency on 25 February 2015.[38][39] The move was viewed as allowing Bazoum to focus on leading the PNDS in anticipation of Issoufou's bid for re-election in 2016.[39]

He was elected to the National Assembly in the February 2016 parliamentary election.[40] After Issoufou was sworn in for a second term, Bazoum was appointed as Minister of State for the Interior, Public Security, Decentralization, and Customary and Religious Affairs on 11 April 2016.[41] He took office on 13 April, succeeding Hassoumi Massaoudou.[42]

Presidency

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As a high-ranking member of the Nigerien government, Bazoum was named the successor to Issoufou, who was term-limited, as the presidential candidate for the PNDS in the 2020–21 Nigerien general election. Bazoum's presidential campaign focused on ideas such as resolving demographic problems within Niger by limiting family size and increasing literacy and gender equality through more education for girls.[43] Bazoum has also promised to target the ISIS insurgency in Niger, assisting the neighboring country of Mali in the process, reinforce Nigerien defence and security, and tackle corruption in the country. Bazoum did not win the first round of the election, held on 27 December 2020, obtaining only 39.30% of the vote.[44] However, he won the runoff election in February 2021 with 55.67% of the vote and was sworn in as President on 2 April, his victory being confirmed on 21 March.[45]

 
Bazoum with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken in September 2022
 
Bazoum with Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikos Dendias in November 2022

In December 2022, Bazoum was appointed current president of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), during the 23rd ordinary summit of heads of state and government of the organization in Abidjan.[46]

Overthrow

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Main article: 2023 Nigerien coup d'état

On 26 July 2023, soldiers of the Presidential Guard commanded by General Abdourahamane Tchiani blockaded the presidential palace to depose Bazoum. The coup was condemned by the African Union and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).[47] ECOWAS told the plotters to free Bazoum immediately.[48] Bazoum was later deposed at the end of the day, with Colonel-Major[49] Amadou Abdramane going on state television to claim that the President had been removed from power[50][51] and was being replaced by a military junta calling itself the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland,[52] whose leadership was claimed by General Tchiani on 28 July. Sources close to Bazoum said that he had decided on Tchiani's dismissal at a cabinet meeting prior to the coup, on 24 July as their relations had reportedly become strained.[53] In his address to the nation, Tchiani accused Bazoum of trying to cover up for the country's political, socioeconomic and security problems.[54][55][56]

Post-presidency

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See also: 2023 Nigerien crisis

On 27 July, Bazoum tweeted that Nigeriens who love democracy would see to it that "hard-won gains will be safeguarded", indicating his refusal to step down from office.[57] His Foreign Minister Hassoumi Massaoudou insisted that the country's "legal and legitimate power" remained with the president and reiterated that Bazoum was in good condition.[58] He also declared himself acting head of state and called on all democrats to "make this adventure fail".[57]

Bazoum is believed to be currently detained at the presidential palace along with his wife Hadiza and son Salem; his daughters were vacationing in Paris at the time of the coup.[59] Despite being detained, Bazoum has continuously refused to resign and has been able to get in contact with world leaders and officials such as French President Emmanuel Macron,[60] UN Secretary-General António Guterres,[61] AU Commissioner Moussa Faki,[62] and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[63]

On 31 July, the office of Chadian President Mahamat Déby released pictures of him meeting with a smiling Bazoum, marking his first appearance since the coup.[64]

In an opinion piece in The Washington Post, Bazoum expressed that he was writing "as a hostage" and called on the US and the "entire international community" to help "restore... constitutional order," warning that the region could "fall further under Russian influence."[65]

On 9 August, Bazoum's PNDS-Tarayya party said that he and his family had been without both electricity and running water for a week, and had only dried and canned foods left to eat.[66] Subsequent reports described his health as in a bad condition.[67] His doctor said the former president was "fine, given the situation" after visiting him on 12 August.[68]

On 13 August, the junta announced that it would prosecute Bazoum for "high treason" and "undermining the country's security".[69]

On 1 December, his wife stated that there had been no news that had come from him since 18 October. This came after several members of the Bazoum family had either been arrested or had their homes fully searched.[70]

On 10 December, ECOWAS hosted a summit in which member states promised to lift sanctions imposed on Niger if the junta freed Bazoum. The military government rejected the offer and stated that Bazoum would not be released.[71] On 15 December, the ECOWAS Court of Justice ordered the release and reinstatement of Bazoum as president of Niger.[72]

In early 2024, Bazoum fell ill with malaria.[73]

On August 28, 2024, Mohamed Bazoum was questioned by the police as part of the preliminary investigation at his residence.[74]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Olivier, Mathieu (4 September 2018). "Niger: dix choses à savoir sur Mohamed Bazoum, le ministre de l'Intérieur" [Niger: ten things to know about Mohamed Bazoum, the Minister of the Interior]. Jeune Afrique. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  2. ^ "Mohamed Bazoum: qui est le nouveau président du Niger?" [Mohamed Bazoum: who is the new president of Niger?]. BBC News Afrique (in French). 24 February 2021 [2 January 2021]. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Niger's Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as president after failed coup". BBC News. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  4. ^ Omar Hama Saley; Elian Peltier; Declan Walsh (26 July 2023). "Military in Niger Announces Coup After Soldiers Detain President". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  5. ^ Hauser, Jennifer; Conte, Michael; Lau, Chris (4 August 2023). "Niger's ousted president warns of 'devastating' coup impact, growing Russian influence". CNN. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  6. ^ Chothia, Farouk (31 July 2023). "Niger coup: Ousted President Mohamed Bazoum meets Chad's leader". BBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  7. ^ "Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup". Al Jazeera. 28 July 2023. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  8. ^ "Niger's Bazoum offers stability over democracy". Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 1 January 2019. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB243255. S2CID 242418996. Retrieved 27 December 2020 – via Emerald Insight.
  9. ^ "Mohamed Bazoum wins Niger's presidential runoff". Nation. AFP. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  10. ^ Cafiero, Giorgio (5 July 2021). "Israel normalisation: Is Niger next in line?". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "Featured Speaker: Mohamed Bazoum, President of the Republic of Niger". World Bank. 30 March 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d "How Niger president Mohamed Bazoum always faced a threat of a coup". Firstpost.com. 27 July 2023. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
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  16. ^ "De l'art d'utiliser les dettes", L'Humanite, 26 September 1992 (in French).
  17. ^ "Afrique de l'Ouest - Niger - Cour suprême - 1993 - Arrêt no 93-12/cc du 20 avril 1993" Archived 22 April 2007 at archive.today, droit.francophonie.org (in French).
  18. ^ "Gouvernements du President Mahamane Ousmane" Archived 21 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, official web site of the Nigerien presidency (in French).
  19. ^ "Gouvernements du President Ibrahim Maïnassara Barré" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, official website of the Nigerien presidency (in French).
  20. ^ "Niger: A major step backwards" Archived 30 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International, 16 October 1996.
  21. ^ André Salifou, "Evolution du processus démocratique nigérien de 1991 à 1999", democratie.francophonie.org (in French).
  22. ^ "Niger Police arrest three opposition leaders", BBC News, 3 January 1998.
  23. ^ a b "U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1998 - Niger" Archived 8 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, UNHCR.org, 26 February 1999.
  24. ^ "Comité Exécutif National issu du 4ème Congrès Ordinaire, Niamey du 04 au 05 Septembre 2004" Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, PNDS website (in French).
  25. ^ List of deputies in the National Assembly, National Assembly web site (2005 archive) (in French).
  26. ^ Page at the official website of the National Assembly of Niger (in French).
  27. ^ Page on parliamentary groups at the official website of the National Assembly of Niger (in French).
  28. ^ "Assemblée nationale Débats et vote d’une motion de censure contre le gouvernement aujourd’hui"[permanent dead link], Sahel Quotidien, 28 May 2007 (in French).
  29. ^ "Niger government falls after a "no confidence" vote"[permanent dead link], African Press Agency, 31 May 2007.
  30. ^ Peter Clottey, "Niger opposition leader briefly arrested" Archived 8 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, VOA News, 15 July 2009.
  31. ^ "Comité Exécutif National issu du 5ème Congrès Ordinaire tenu à Niamey le 18 Juillet 2009" Archived 31 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, PNDS website (in French).
  32. ^ Boureima Hama, "Niger pushes ahead with polls", Sapa-AFP, 19 October 2009.
  33. ^ Adam Nossiter, "Soldiers storm presidential palace in Niger", The New York Times, 18 February 2010.
  34. ^ Peter Clottey, "Niger opposition leader says ex-President Tandja should face treason charges", VOA News, 23 February 2010.
  35. ^ Souleymane Lamine, "Mahamadou Issoufou quitte son poste de président du PNDS-Tarayya" Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Medianiger, 22 March 2011 (in French).
  36. ^ "Niger unveils new government", Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2011.
  37. ^ "Le Chef de l'Etat signe un décret portant composition des membres du premier gouvernement de la 7ème République", Le Sahel, 23 April 2011 (in French).
  38. ^ "Remaniement ministériel : Bazoum Mohamed cède son fauteuil à Kane Aichatou Boulama", ActuNiger, 25 February 2015 (in French).
  39. ^ a b "Bazoum back to basics at PNDS party", West Africa Newsletter, number 701, 4 March 2015.
  40. ^ "Arrêt n° 012/CC/ME du 16 mars 2016", Constitutional Court of Niger, 16 March 2016, page 50 (in French).
  41. ^ "Composition du gouvernement de la République du Niger : La Renaissance " acte 2 " en marche". ActuNiger (in French). 11 April 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  42. ^ "Passation de service au ministère en charge de l'Intérieur : Le ministre Massoudou Hassoumi passe le témoin au ministre d'Etat Bazoum Mohamed". ActuNiger (in French). 14 April 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  43. ^ "Niger: Many challenges for a new president". Deutsche Welle. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  44. ^ "Niger presidential election heads to February runoff". Al Jazeera. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  45. ^ Zandonini, Giacomo (2 April 2021). "Niger's Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as president after coup bid". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  46. ^ "Uemoa : Bazoum, croissance et inflation au menu du sommet des chefs d'État – Jeune Afrique" [Uemoa: Bazoum, growth and inflation on the menu of the summit of heads of state - Jeune Afrique]. JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 5 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  47. ^ "African Union, ECOWAS Condemn 'Attempted Coup d'État' in Niger". France 24. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  48. ^ Madowo, Sarah Dean, Niamh Kennedy, Larry (26 July 2023). "Niger: Attempted coup in West African country, as presidency is sealed off". CNN. Retrieved 26 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ "Coup d'Etat au Niger : Les militaires putschistes suspendent "toutes les institutions" et ferment les frontières" [Coup d'etat in Niger: The putschist soldiers suspend "all the institutions" and close the borders]. 20 minutes (in French). 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  50. ^ Presse, AFP-Agence France. "ECOWAS Head Says Benin President On Mediation Mission To Niger". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  51. ^ "Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed". Reuters. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  52. ^ Mednick, Sam (27 July 2023). "Mutinous soldiers claim to have overthrown Niger's president". AP. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  53. ^ "Niger army general declares himself country's new leader". Gulf News. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  54. ^ "Niger's General Abdourahamane Tchiani declared new leader following coup". France 24. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  55. ^ "Niger coup: Abdourahmane Tchiani declares himself leader". BBC News. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  56. ^ "Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup". Aljazeera. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  57. ^ a b Peter, Laurence (27 July 2023). "Niger soldiers announce coup on national TV". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  58. ^ "Detained Niger president defiant after coup bid". France 24. 27 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  59. ^ Olivier, Mathieu (27 July 2023). "Au Niger, l'armée affirme avoir renversé Mohamed Bazoum" [In Niger, the army claims to have overthrown Mohamed Bazoum]. Jeune Afrique (in French). Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via www.msn.com.
  60. ^ "Soldiers Declare Niger General New Leader After Attempted Coup". VOA. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  61. ^ "Niger situation remains 'fluid' as army backs coup plotters". Aljazeera. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  62. ^ Brennan, Eve; Mawad, Dalal; Briscoe, Oliver; Goillandeau, Martin (28 July 2023). "Niger general appears on state TV as new leader following coup". CNN. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  63. ^ "Blinken calls for immediate release of ousted Niger president". Reuters. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  64. ^ "Niger coup: Ousted President Mohamed Bazoum meets Chad's leader". BBC News. 31 July 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  65. ^ Gillett, Francesca (6 August 2023). "Niger: President Mohamed Bazoum calls on US for help after coup". BBC News. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  66. ^ "Niger's ousted president 'running low on food' under house arrest after coup". Halstead Gazette. 9 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  67. ^ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (11 August 2023). "Niger's captive leader losing weight in inhumane conditions, daughter says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  68. ^ Habib, Gift (12 August 2023). "Ousted Niger President Bazoum visited by his doctor". The Punch. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  69. ^ "Niger military regime says will 'prosecute' president Bazoum for 'high treason'". al-Arabiya. 13 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  70. ^ "Relatives of ousted Niger president say no news since October 18". AfricaNews. AFP. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  71. ^ Issofou, Tchima; Chibelushi, Wedaeli (11 December 2023). "Niger junta refuses to free ex-leader Mohamed Bazoum and have sanctions dropped". BBC News. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  72. ^ "ECOWAS court orders reinstatement of Niger's ousted Bazoum". Al Jazeera. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  73. ^ "Niger: Mohamed Bazoum remains defiant despite detention". Africanews. 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  74. ^ "Niger: l'ex-président Mohamed Bazoum entendu par les gendarmes". Radio France International (in French). 28 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
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Political offices
Preceded by
Abdourahmane Hama
 Foreign Minister of Niger
1995–1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Touré Aminatou Maiga
 Foreign Minister of Niger
2011–2016 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Interior Minister of Niger
2016–2021 		Succeeded by
Alkache Alhada
Preceded by President of Niger
2021–2023 		Succeeded byas President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland of Niger
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Bazoum&oldid=1252644023"