Lycogala epidendrum

Lycogala epidendrum
	Fruiting bodies of L. epidendrum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Amoebozoa
Class:	Myxogastria
Order:	Liceales
Family:	Tubiferaceae
Genus:	Lycogala
Species:	L. epidendrum
Binomial name
	Lycogala epidendrum; Linnaeus & Fries, 1829

Lycogala epidendrum, commonly known as wolf's milk or groening's slime, is a cosmopolitan species of myxogastrid amoeba which is often mistaken for a fungus. The aethalia, or fruiting bodies, occur either scattered or in groups on damp rotten wood, especially on large logs, from June to November. These aethalia are small, pink to brown cushion-like blobs. They may ooze a pink "paste" if the outer wall is broken before maturity. When mature, the colour tends to become more brownish. When not fruiting, single celled individuals move about as very small, red amoeba-like organisms called plasmodia, masses of protoplasm that engulf bacteria, as well as fungal and plant spores, protozoa, and particles of non-living organic matter through phagocytosis (see slime mould for more information).

Description

Aethalia on decaying wood

During the plasmodial stage, individuals are reddish in colour, but these are almost never seen. When conditions change, the individuals aggregate by means of chemical signalling to form an aethalium, or fruiting body. These appear as small cushion-like blobs measuring about 3–15 millimetres (0.12–0.59 in) in diameter. Colour is quite variable, ranging from pinkish grey to yellowish brown or greenish black, with mature individuals tending towards the darker end. They may be either round or somewhat compressed with a warted or rough texture. While immature they are filled with a pink, paste-like fluid. With maturity the fluid becomes a powdery mass of minute grey spores. The spores measure 6 to 7.5 μm and are round in shape with a netted texture and appearing ochre to lavender in colour. The pseudocapillitia, sterile elements in the spore mass, are long, flattened, branching tubes with transverse wrinkles and folds.^[1]

Similar species

Similar species include Hemitrichia calyculata, Physarum cinereum, Physarum nutans, and Trichia varia.^[2]

Natural products found in this species

Staurosporine analogues:

Lycogarubin C (also known as chromopyrrolic acid) ^[3]
6-hydroxystaurosporinone
5,6-dihydroxyarcyriaflavin A ^[4]

Antimicrobal lactones:

Chemically, these are polypropionate lactone glycosides. ^[5]

Lycogalinoside A contains a 2-deoxy-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1-4)-6-deoxy-beta-D-gulopyranosyl unit.

Lycogalinoside B contains a beta-D-olivopyranosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-fucopyranosyl unit.

Taxonomy

This species is classified in the family Tubiferaceae,^[6] although it is accepted in the Reticulariaceae family by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.^[7]

References

^ Lincoff, Gary H. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York: Random House. p. 848. ISBN 0-394-51992-2.
^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ Frode, R.; et al. (1994). "Isolation and synthesis of 3,4-bis(Indol-3-Yl)pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid-derivatives from the slime-mold Lycogala epidendrum". Tetrahedron Letters. 35: 1689–1690. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(94)88320-3.
^ Hosoya, T.; et al. (2005). "New cytotoxic bisindole alkaloids with protein tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity from a myxomycete Lycogala epidendrum". Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 15 (11): 2776–2780.
^ Řezanka, Tomáš; Dvořáková, Radmila (2003). "Polypropionate lactones of deoxysugars glycosides from slime mold Lycogala epidendrum". Phytochemistry. 63 (8): 945–952. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00214-0. ISSN 0031-9422.
^ The Global Biodiversity Information Facility: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, 2013-07-01. Accessed via https://www.gbif.org/species/3213352 on 2013-11-10
^ Integrated Taxonomic Information System [Internet] 2013. [updated 2013 April; cited 2013 Nov 10] Available from: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=181336

Sources

Stephenson, Steven L & Stempen, Henry (2000). Myxomycetes. A Handbook of Slime Molds. Portland : Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-439-3.

External links

"Photos of Lycogala epidendrum". Sociedad Micólogica de Madrid. 2006-10-17.

[audubon-1] Lincoff, Gary H. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York: Random House. p. 848. ISBN 0-394-51992-2.

[2] Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.

[3] Frode, R.; et al. (1994). "Isolation and synthesis of 3,4-bis(Indol-3-Yl)pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid-derivatives from the slime-mold Lycogala epidendrum". Tetrahedron Letters. 35: 1689–1690. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(94)88320-3.

[4] Hosoya, T.; et al. (2005). "New cytotoxic bisindole alkaloids with protein tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity from a myxomycete Lycogala epidendrum". Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 15 (11): 2776–2780.

[ŘezankaDvořáková2003-5] Řezanka, Tomáš; Dvořáková, Radmila (2003). "Polypropionate lactones of deoxysugars glycosides from slime mold Lycogala epidendrum". Phytochemistry. 63 (8): 945–952. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00214-0. ISSN 0031-9422.

[GBIF-6] The Global Biodiversity Information Facility: GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, 2013-07-01. Accessed via https://www.gbif.org/species/3213352 on 2013-11-10

[ITIS-7] Integrated Taxonomic Information System [Internet] 2013. [updated 2013 April; cited 2013 Nov 10] Available from: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=181336

[1]