The Liebig condenser (/ˈliːbɪɡ/, LEE-big)[1] or straight condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment, specifically a condenser consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket.
In typical laboratory operation, such as distillation, the condenser is clamped to a retort stand in vertical or oblique orientation. The hot vapor of some liquid is introduced at the upper end of the inner tube, and condenses in contact with its colder walls. Water (or some other fluid) is constantly circulated in the jacket to carry away the heat of vaporization released by the condensing vapor, keeping the tube below the liquid's boiling point. The condensed liquid drips out of the lower end of the inner tube.
The Liebig condenser can also be used in reflux or Soxhlet extraction operations, although other condenser types are better suited to those tasks. In this usage, the condenser is held vertically above the recipient with the boiling liquid. The vapor is admitted to the inner tube through the lower end, and the condensed liquid drips back through the same opening, while the upper end of the tube is usually left open to the atmosphere.
History
editThis type of condenser is named after the German chemist Justus von Liebig, even though he only perfected and popularized it.[2][3][4][5]
The earliest water-cooled laboratory condenser was invented in 1771 by the Swedish-German chemist Christian Weigel (1748–1831).[6] Weigel's condenser consisted of two coaxial tin tubes, which were joined at their lower ends, forming a water jacket, and open at their upper ends. Cold water entered the jacket via an inlet at the bottom and spilled out of the jacket's open upper end. A glass tube carrying vapors from a distillation flask passed through the inner tin tube. Weigel subsequently replaced the inner tin tube with a glass tube, and he devised a clamp to hold the condenser.[7]
However, an anonymous pamphlet published in 1781 claimed that a countercurrent condenser had been conceived in 1770 and tested in 1773.[8] Illustrations in the pamphlet show a retort to which a tube was fitted. The tube carried the retort's vapors through a rectangular box, which acted as a condenser and in which cold water flowed from the condenser's lower end to its upper end—a counter-current condenser.
In 1794, the German pharmacist Johann Friedrich August Göttling (1753–1809), who was a former student of Weigel, improved the design by sealing both ends of the water jacket.[9]
In 1778, in what seems to be an independent invention, Finnish pharmacist Jakob Gadolin (1719–1802) proposed condensers for use in distilleries and in laboratories, consisted of a metal jacket which surrounded the discharge tube from a distillation vessel and through which a countercurrent of cold water flowed.[10][11]
Also independently of Weigel, Pierre-Isaac Poissonnier (1720–1798), a physician to the king Louis XV of France, published in 1779 a design of a still for producing freshwater from seawater aboard a ship.[12] The apparatus consisted of a retort for boiling the seawater, a tube extending from the retort through a rectangular box filled with flowing cold water, fed by a separate tank.[13]
Liebig himself incorrectly attributed the design to Göttling.[2] Liebig replaced the outer metal wall of Weigel's condenser by a glass tube, and used rubber hoses, instead of metal tubes, to convey water to and from the condenser.[14]
Design
edit
The modern design consists of two concentric straight glass tubes, the inner one being longer and protruding at both extremities. The ends of the outer tube are sealed (usually by a blown glass ring seal), forming a water jacket, and is fitted with side ports near the ends for cooling fluid inflow and outflow. The ends of the inner tube, that carries the vapor and condensed liquid, are open; they are often fitted with ground glass joints for secure and airtight connection to other equipment.
Efficiency
editCompared to the simple air-cooled tube condenser of a retort or the head of an alembic, the Liebig condenser is more efficient at removing the heat of condensation and at maintaining a stable low temperature on the condensation surface.
References
edit- ^ Sargent, Epes (December 14, 1854). "The First-class Standard Reader for Public and Private Schools: Containing a Summary of Rules for Pronunciation and Elocution, Numerous Exercises for Reading and Recitation, a New System of References to Rules and Definitions, and a Copious Explanatory Index". Phillips, Sampson;New York – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Jensen, William B. (2006). "The Origin of the Liebig Condenser". Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (1): 23. Bibcode:2006JChEd..83...23J. doi:10.1021/ed083p23.
- ^ Kahlbaum, Georg W. A. (1896) "Der sogenannte Liebig'sche Kühlapparat" (The so-called Liebig condenser), Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 29 : 69–71.
- ^ Speter, Max (1908) "Geschichte der Erfindung des "Liebig'schen Kühlapparat" (The history of the invention of the "Liebig" condenser), Chemiker Zeitung, 32 (1) : 3–5.
- ^ Schelenz, Hermann, Zur Geschichte der Pharmazeutisch-Chemischen Destilliergerate [On the history of pharmaceutical [and] chemical distillation apparatuses], (Berlin, Germany: Julius Springer, 1911), pp. 84-88.
- ^ Christian Ehrenfried Weigel (1771), Observationes chemicae et mineralogicale Göttingen (in Latin). The condenser's construction is explained on pp. 8–9 and in a footnote on page 11; the illustration is Fig. 2 on the last page of the book.
- ^ Christian Ehrenfried Weigel (1773) Observationes chemicae et mineralogicae, Pars Secunda. Greifswald, Germany. (in Latin) See: pp. 41 ff (Observatio II. Methodus Refrigerandi Nova, Obs. Prior. I. Tradita, ad Tubelos Vitreos Applicata.) and Figure 1.
- ^ Anonymous: Nouvelle Construction d'Alambic pour faire toute sorte de distillation en grand, ... (New construction of a retort in order to do every sort of distillation on a large scale, ... ). A handwritten note on the title page of a copy that was in the collection of the state library of Cassel, Germany, states: "par Jean-Hyacinthe de Magellan" ([written] by Joao Hyacinth de Magellan). Joao Magellan (1723–1790) was a Portuguese friar and scientist who settled in London. On p. 5 of the pamphlet, the Préface stated: "La première idée de la Machine distillatoire dont il sera question dans cet Ecrit, remote à l'année 1770. Il en fut d'abord exécuté différens modèles en petit, & notamment un dans le mois de Janvier 1773 ; enfin, peu de temps après, par les ordres de M. de Boynes, alors Ministre de la Marine, la Machine fut exécutée à Paris en grand, ... " (The first idea of a distillation device that is the subject of this work, arose in the year 1770. Different models were executed at first on a small scale, and in particular one in the month of January 1773 ; at last, shortly afterwards, at the order of Mr. de Boynes, then Minister of the Navy, the device was executed in Paris on a large scale, ... )
- ^ Göttling, J. F. (1794). "Beschreibung einer sehr bequemen Kühlanstalt bey Destillationenen aus der Blase" [Description of a very convenient cooling apparatus [for use] during distillations from retorts]. Taschenbuch für Scheidekünstler und Apotheker. 15. Weimar, Germany: Hoffmannische Buchhandlung: 129–135. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Gadolin, Jakob (1778) "Förslag at föbättra Brännerie-slangen" (Proposal for an improved distillery hose [i.e., condenser]), Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences), 39 : 283–289. [in Swedish]
- ^ Gadolin, Jacob (1783) "Vorschlag, die Schlange beym Brantweinbrennen zu verbessern" (Proposal to improve the condensers in distilleries), Der Königlich Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Abhandlungen, 40 : 271–276. [German translation]
- ^ P. I. Poisonnier (1779), Appareil distillatoire présenté au Ministre de la Marine; Paris.
- ^ Dujardin, Jules (1900). "Recherches rétrospectives sur l'art de la distillation". Paris: Fig. 8, pp. 169–170.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Liebig, Justus von; Poggendorff, J.C.; Wöhler, Fr., ed.s, Handwörterbuch der reinen und angewandten Chemie [Dictionary of pure and applied chemistry], vol. 2 (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1842), article: "Destillation," pp. 526–554. On p. 532, Fig. 29, a condenser is shown in which the inner glass tube containing the hot vapors from the distilling flask is now in direct contact with the cooling water in the condenser's jacket. Fig. 30 on p. 533 shows a condenser with a glass (not metal) jacket, for distilling small batches of material.