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July 1963

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The following events occurred in July 1963:

July 1, 1963: The ZIP Code is introduced in the U.S.
July 19, 1963: Joe Walker flies X-15 jet into outer space on first airplane flight above 100 km altitude
July 26, 1963: Syncom 2 becomes first geosynchronous satellite

July 1, 1963 (Monday)

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  • ZIP Codes were introduced in the United States, as the U.S. Department of the Post Office kicked off a massive advertising campaign that included the cartoon character "Mr. ZIP", and the mailing that day of more than 72,000,000 postcards to every mailing address in the United States, in order to inform the addressees of their new five digit postal code.[1] Postal zones had been used since 1943 in large cities, but the ZIP code was nationwide. Use became mandatory in 1967 for bulk mailers.[2]
  • The crash of a Varig DC-3 airliner in Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul state killed 15 of the 18 people on board.[3] The flight was approaching the airport at Passo Fundo on the second-leg of a scheduled trip from Porto Alegre when it impacted trees.[4]
  • Kim Philby was named by the Government of the United Kingdom as the 'Third Man' in the Burgess and Maclean Soviet spy ring.[5]
  • Died: Abdullah bin Khalifa, 53, Sultan of Zanzibar since 1960, died two days after undergoing emergency surgery.[6] He was succeeded by his son, Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last to hold the title.

July 2, 1963 (Tuesday)

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July 3, 1963 (Wednesday)

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July 4, 1963 (Thursday)

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July 5, 1963 (Friday)

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  • A delegation from the People's Republic of China, led by Prime Minister Zhou Enlai, departed from Beijing on a train bound for Moscow, to attend talks in an effort to repair the poor relations between the Chinese Communists and Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[22] The talks, intended to mend the Sino-Soviet split, would break down on July 14 when the Soviets published a rebuttal to Chinese charges that the Soviets had departed from the Communist ideology.[23]
  • The U.S. Senate set a new record for briefest session by meeting at 9:00 a.m., and then adjourning three seconds later. There were only two Senators present for the meeting. The previous record for brevity had been a five-second meeting on September 4, 1951.[24]
  • The sale of liquor, by the drink, was legal in the U.S. state of Iowa for the first time in more than 40 years, with "a restaurant in the lakes resort area in northwest Iowa" becoming the site of the first legal drink.[25]
  • Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Leone won on a vote of confidence in the Italian Senate, 133–110.[26]
  • McDonnell Aircraft Corporation began the first phase of Spacecraft Systems Tests (SST) on the instrumentation pallets to be installed in Gemini spacecraft No. 1.[27] Gemini's inertial guidance system computer was integrated with the rest of the control systems, and all spacecraft wiring was found to be compatible with the computer, and operating with complete accuracy.[27]

July 6, 1963 (Saturday)

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July 7, 1963 (Sunday)

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July 8, 1963 (Monday)

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  • The British comic strip Fred Basset was introduced, starting with its first appearance in the Daily Mail.[38] Created by Scottish cartoonist Alex Graham, the strip, about the adventures of a basset hound, is syndicated worldwide.
  • The British cargo ship Patrician sank off of Gibraltar after colliding with the U.S. ship Santa Emilia. Thirty-four of the 37 crew were rescued by Santa Emilia, but three men died.[39]
  • McDonnell warned NASA that the capacity of the Gemini Guidance Computer was in danger of being exceeded. The original function of the computer had been limited to providing rendezvous and reentry guidance, but other functions had been added, requiring an immediate review of computer requirements. In the meantime, it advised International Business Machines to delete one of the added functions, orbital navigation, from computers for spacecraft Nos. 2 and 3.[27]
  • Members of the 1963 American Everest Expedition team were awarded the Hubbard Medal by U.S. President John F. Kennedy for their achievement.[40]

July 9, 1963 (Tuesday)

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July 10, 1963 (Wednesday)

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  • The all-white University of South Carolina was ordered to admit its first African-American student, Henri Monteith, by order of U.S. District Judge J. Robert Martin. On the same day, Judge Martin ordered the desegregation of all 26 of South Carolina's state parks.[43]
  • The brief partnership of "Rodgers and Lerner" was dissolved, and production of the first Rodgers-Lerner musical, I Picked a Daisy, was halted permanently. Composer Richard Rodgers had successfully collaborated with lyricist Lorenz Hart (Babes in Arms), and then with lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II (The Sound of Music), while lyricist Alan Jay Lerner had a successful team with composer Frederick Loewe (My Fair Lady). The two were unable to work together successfully beyond "half a dozen" songs for Daisy.[44]
  • Coordination between NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) in crewed space station studies was reported by a panel to be inadequate, especially at the technical level.[45]
  • Project Emily, the deployment of American-built PGM-17 Thor Intermediate-range ballistic missiles in the United Kingdom, was disbanded.
  • A Vostok-2 rocket launched by the USSR failed shortly after take-off.

July 11, 1963 (Thursday)

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July 12, 1963 (Friday)

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  • The first "Gambit" military reconnaissance satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 1:44 p.m., and the film recovered proved it to be a major advancement in observation. The new system had "exceptional pointing accuracy" in aiming its cameras, and the pictures obtained had a resolution of 3.5 feet (1.1 m).[54]
  • The Congress of the Philippines approved a land reform program that had been proposed by President Diosdado Macapagal. Among other things, the law outlawed sharecropping and provided for a means of large estates to be gradually turned over to the people who farmed them.[55]
  • The Pulau Senang prison riot took place at the experimental offshore penal colony in Singapore. Superintendent Daniel Dutton and several prison officers were murdered by inmates and the prison was burned to the ground.[56]
  • Pauline Reade, 16, was abducted and murdered by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Manchester, England, in the first of the "Moors murders". Reade's remains would not be discovered until July 1, 1987.[57]
  • NASA approved backing up the first Gemini flight payload with a boilerplate reentry module and a production adapter, at an additional cost of $1,500,000.[27]
  • Died: Slatan Dudow, 60, Bulgarian film director and screenwriter

July 13, 1963 (Saturday)

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July 14, 1963 (Sunday)

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July 15, 1963 (Monday)

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July 16, 1963 (Tuesday)

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  • At Seattle, five men began a 30-day engineering test of life support systems for a crewed space station in The Boeing Company space chamber. Designed and built for NASA's Office of Advanced Research and Technology, the chamber was first in the U.S. to include all life-support equipment for a multi-person, long-duration space mission (including environmental control, waste disposal, and crew hygiene and food techniques). In addition to the life support equipment, a number of crew tests simulated specific problems of spaceflight. Five days into the 30-day test, however, the simulated mission was halted because of a faulty reactor tank.[45]
  • The Peerage Act 1963 was approved by the House of Lords, 105 to 25.[65] The change of rules, which received royal assent on July 31, cleared the way for hereditary peers within the House of Lords to disclaim their peerages in order to be allowed to run for and take a seat in the elected House of Commons. Tony Benn, who lost his seat in Commons in 1960 when he inherited the title of Viscount Stansgate and automatically became a member of the House of Lords, disqualified himself under the new law and successfully ran for office under in a by-election.
  • Born:

July 17, 1963 (Wednesday)

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July 18, 1963 (Thursday)

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  • Colonel Jassem Alwan of the Syrian army, backed by financing from President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, led an attempt to overthrow the government of Syria in order to establish a pro-Nasser government that would reunite with the United Arab Republic. The coup attempt came only 30 minutes after President Lu'ay al-Atassi had departed from Damascus on an invitation from President Nasser for a meeting in Egypt.[69] After Alwan seized the Damascus radio station and the Syrian Army headquarters, Interior Minister Amin al-Hafiz, "sub-machinegun in hand", directed the Ba'ath Party National Guard on a counterattack and regained control. Hundreds of people were killed in the battle; Alwan was able to escape, but 27 officers who had participated in the coup were executed by firing squad, marking an end of "the time-honoured tradition whereby losers were banished to embassies abroad".[70] President Atassi would resign on July 27 in protest over the brutal treatment of the coup leaders.
  • Olympiacos F.C. won the final of the Greek Cup football competition, 3 to 0 over Pierikos.
  • Born: Marc Girardelli, Austrian Olympic alpine ski racer; in Lustenau[71]

July 19, 1963 (Friday)

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  • An artificial heart pump was placed inside a human being for the first time, at the Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas University of Houston by a team led by Dr. Michael E. DeBakey. The unidentified patient survived for four days before dying of complications from pneumonia.[72]
  • A 25-pound (11 kg) bomb was inadvertently dropped on downtown San Francisco by a U.S. Navy Reserve pilot on a routine exercise flight. The unarmed bomb fell at the intersection of Market Street and Front Street, bounced over the eight-story tall IBM building and damaged another building three blocks away, but nobody was injured.[73]
  • American test pilot Joseph A. Walker, flying the X-15, reached an altitude of 65.8 miles (105.9 km), achieving a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards (which define outer space as beginning 100 kilometres (62 mi) above the Earth).[74]
  • Died: Guy Scholefield, 86, New Zealand archivist who compiled the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

July 20, 1963 (Saturday)

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Solar eclipse of July 20, 1963
  • For the first time since June 30, 1954, a total solar eclipse was visible from North America and was "the most scientifically observed eclipse in history" up to that time. A chartered DC-8 jet airplane flew a group of astronomers along the path of the eclipse so that the totality could be observed for 44 seconds longer than for people on the ground.[80] The point of greatest eclipse was in Canada's Northwest Territory, near its border with Alberta.
  • Su Mac Lad won the International Trot harness racing event on Long Island, bringing his career winnings to $687,549, the most of any pacer or trotter as of that date.[81]
  • Mary Mills won the 1963 U.S. Women's Open in golf.

July 21, 1963 (Sunday)

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July 22, 1963 (Monday)

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  • World heavyweight boxing champion Sonny Liston retained his title in a rematch fight against former champion Floyd Patterson, whom he had defeated ten months earlier, on September 20, 1962. In the first bout, he knocked out Patterson in the first round in two minutes, six seconds. In the rematch at Las Vegas, Liston took four seconds longer.[84]
  • Please Please Me became the first record album by The Beatles to be released in the United States. Vee Jay Records deleted two of the songs that had appeared on the British version introduced on March 22, including the title song.[85]
  • Sarawak was granted conditional independence from the British Empire pending the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia.

July 23, 1963 (Tuesday)

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July 24, 1963 (Wednesday)

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July 25, 1963 (Thursday)

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July 26, 1963 (Friday)

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July 27, 1963 (Saturday)

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  • Syria's Lu'ay al-Atassi, whom rebels loyal to the United Arab Republic had attempted to overthrow on July 18, resigned as both the Chairman of the Syrian Revolutionary Council, equivalent to the president of the Middle Eastern republic and as Commander in Chief of the Syrian Army, and was replaced in both jobs by the Deputy Premier, Major General Amin al-Hafiz, who was also Minister of Defense and Minister of the Interior.[97] Although no explanation was given at the time for Atassi's sudden departure, a later account said that he quit because of Hafiz's order of execution of 27 of the rebels by firing squad.[70]
  • Tom and Jerry returned to movie theaters in their first cartoon short since 1962, Pent-House Mouse. Chuck Jones, best known for his work on Looney Tunes, would direct 33 more shorts, ending with Purr-Chance to Dream in 1967.[98]
  • The computer science study of analysis of algorithms was initiated by the publication of "Notes on Open Addressing", by Donald Knuth.[99]
 
Morgan

July 28, 1963 (Sunday)

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July 29, 1963 (Monday)

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  • The Los Angeles Herald-Examiner published its copyrighted story, "Black Muslim Founder Exposed as a White", declaring that W. D. Fard, who had started the black nationalist organization in 1930, had actually been a white man named Wallace Dodd. The Herald-Examiner story included photographs supplied by the FBI, but Fard's successors at the Nation of Islam denied the story as a hoax.[106]
  • West Indies defeated England in the 4th Test (cricket) by 221 runs, at Headingley, Leeds.[107]
  • The Tu-124A prototype, SSSR-45075, made its first flight.

July 30, 1963 (Tuesday)

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  • The Soviet newspaper Izvestia, and Radio Moscow, reported that Kim Philby, a double agent who had been spying for the Soviets while employed by Britain's MI5 spy agency, had been given asylum in Moscow. Philby had disappeared on January 23.[108]
  • Maxime A. Faget, Engineering and Development Director for MSC's Space Vehicle Design Branch, enlisted North American Aviation to study modifications to the basic Apollo spacecraft that would extend its capabilities to function in orbit for missions of up to 100 days— more than three months— without resupply. Faget's objective was a space laboratory for a three-person crew, with an orbital altitude of between 160 kilometres (99 mi) and 480 kilometres (300 mi), and light enough to be launched on a Saturn IB rocket. Two separate vehicles were under consideration, an Apollo command module and a command module and separate mission module to be used as living quarters.[45] Despite the possibility of a 100-day flight, the longest of the Apollo missions would be the final one, Apollo 17, which would last for a little more than 12 days.
  • Born: Lisa Kudrow, American TV actress and Emmy Award winner best known for portraying Phoebe Buffay on Friends; in Encino, California
  • Died: Patrick J. Hurley, 80, U.S. Secretary of War from 1929 to 1933

July 31, 1963 (Wednesday)

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References

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  1. ^ "Mr. ZIP Makes Big Debut Today". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. July 1, 1963. p. 6.
  2. ^ Reebel, Patrick A. (2003). United States Post Office: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Publishers. p. 26.
  3. ^ "11 of 13 Aboard Killed In Plane Crash in Brazil". The New York Times. July 2, 1963. p. 2.
  4. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  5. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 420–421. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  6. ^ "Zanzibar Sultan Dies In Surgery". Santa Maria Times. Santa Maria, California. UPI. July 1, 1963. p. 9.
  7. ^ James G. Blight, The Shattered Crystal Ball: Fear and Learning in the Cuban Missile Crisis (Rowman & Littlefield, 1992) p144
  8. ^ "Khrushchev Links 2 Treaty Drives", by Arthur J. Olsen, The New York Times, July 3, 1963, p. 1
  9. ^ "Excerpts From Khrushchev's Berlin Call for Two Agreements", The New York Times, July 3, 1963, p. 4
  10. ^ "7 Killed In Plane Crash", Miami News, July 3, 1963, p4A
  11. ^ "Plane Crashes; 7 Die, 36 Hurt", Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1963, p. 1
  12. ^ Jim Kaplan, The Greatest Game Ever Pitched: Juan Marichal, Warren Spahn, and the Pitching Duel of the Century (Triumph Books, 2013)
  13. ^ Warren N. Wilbert, What Makes an Elite Pitcher?: Young, Mathewson, Johnson, Alexander, Grove, Spahn, Seaver, Clemens, and Maddux (McFarland, 2003) p233
  14. ^ "Cruel Worlds: Forty years ago, promising UW track standouts fell from grace", by Dan Raley, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 22, 2003
  15. ^ "Welk, Herman Star at Harah's Tahoe", "Resort Report" column by John L. Scott, Los Angeles Times, July 3, 1963, p. IV-6
  16. ^ "Alicia Patterson Of Newsday Dies", Daily News (New York), July 3, 1963, p. 2
  17. ^ Robert F. Keeler, Newsday: A Candid History of the Respectable Tabloid (Morrow and Company, 1990) p. 317
  18. ^ "Airliner Down; 23 Feared Dead". Miami News. July 3, 1963. p. 4A.
  19. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  20. ^ Reardon, Carol (2003). Pickett's Charge in History and Memory. UNC Press Books.
  21. ^ Council of Europe, Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1989 (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993) p117
  22. ^ MacFarquhar, Roderick (1999). The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: The Coming of the Cataclysm 1961–1966. Columbia University Press. p. 351.
  23. ^ Low, Alfred D. (1976). The Sino-Soviet Dispute: An Analysis of the Polemics. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 154.
  24. ^ "Senate In, Out In Three Seconds". Pittsburgh Press. July 6, 1963. p. 1.
  25. ^ "Iowans Can Buy Liquor in Glasses Now — Legally". Milwaukee Journal. July 6, 1963. p. 3.
  26. ^ "Italy Premier Faces Next Test". Pittsburgh Press. July 6, 1963. p. 3.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  28. ^ "Catholic Church", in Encyclopedia Of Cremation, Douglas J. Davies and Lewis H. Mates, eds. (Ashgate Publishing,, 2005) pp113-114, p141.
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  33. ^ Hermit Eclipse: Saros cycle 119
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  37. ^ "Police in Saigon Jostle Newsmen— U.S. Reporter Is Felled at Buddhist Demonstration Pushing Begins U.S. Complains to Saigon", by David Halberstam, The New York Times, July 8, 1963, p. 3
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  40. ^ Woolley, John T.; Peters, Gerhard. "John F. Kennedy: Remarks Upon Presenting the Hubbard Medal to the Leader of the American Everest Expedition". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  41. ^ Fellows, Lawrence (July 9, 1963). "4 Territories Set Up Malaysia; Brunei Withdraws Over Terms". The New York Times. p. 1.
  42. ^ Wang, Gungwu (2005). Nation-Building: Five Southeast Asian Histories. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 218.
  43. ^ "Race Bar Lifted In South Carolina". Miami News. July 11, 1963. p. 1.
  44. ^ Lees, Gene (1990). The Musical Worlds Of Lerner & Loewe. University of Nebraska Press. p. 212.
  45. ^ a b c   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -January 1963 to July 1965.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. pp. 25–27. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  46. ^ "Army Ousts President Of Ecuador". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 12, 1963. p. 1.
  47. ^ Lauderbaugh, George (2012). The History of Ecuador. ABC-CLIO. p. 126.
  48. ^ "33 Die in Riverboat Sinking". The Times. No. 55751. London. 12 July 1963. col F, p. 10.
  49. ^ "Briton's Praise for Argentine Rescuers". The Times. No. 55752. London. 13 July 1963. col A, p. 5.
  50. ^ Beck, Roger B. (2000). The History of South Africa. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 145.
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  53. ^ "Cuba names Manuel Marrero Cruz as first prime minister since 1976". BBC News. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  54. ^ Perry, Robert L. (2012). History of Satellite Reconnaissance: The Perry Gambit & Hexagon Histories. Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance. pp. 35, 61.
  55. ^ "Filipinos OK Land Reform". Miami News. July 13, 1963. p. 2.
  56. ^ Singapore Prisons Department: MAJOR PRISON DISTURBANCES: CAUSES AND RESPONSES. Accessed 20 March 2013[dead link‍]
  57. ^ Summers, Alison (2010). Girl's Guide to Predators. Macmillan.
  58. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  59. ^ "Soviet plane disaster: 30 die", The Indian Express (Mumbai), July 18, 1963, p. 8
  60. ^ Fay Alailima, New Politics in the South Pacific (University of the South Pacific, 1994) p21
  61. ^ "Carlos Manuel Cecilio Rodríguez Santiago (1918-1963)". Blesseds: Table of the Beatifications during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II. The Holy See. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  62. ^ Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (Simon and Schuster, 2011) p545
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  66. ^ "Redistricting by U.S. Court Ends Rural Domination in Oklahoma", The New York Times, July 18, 1963, p. 9
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  68. ^ "About". State Senator Katherine Clark (official website). Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  69. ^ Schmidt, Dana Adams (July 19, 1963). "Syrian Army Puts Down A Rebellion by Nasserites". The New York Times. p. 1.
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  73. ^ "Navy Plane Drops Bomb On 'Frisco". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 2.
  74. ^ "X-15 Flown 67 Miles Up". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
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  76. ^ "14 Seamen Killed And 19 Missing As Freighter Sinks In St. Lawrence— Goes Down 'Like A Stone' After Crash". Montreal Star. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
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  80. ^ "Watch Eyes— Not Eclipse!". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. July 20, 1963. p. 1.
  81. ^ Effrat, Louis (July 21, 1963). "SU MAC LAD, 9-20, TRIUMPHS IN TROT; Takes $50,000 International and Ties World Record-- Martini II Runner-Up Dutch Horse Last Su Mac Lad Takes International Trot". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
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  83. ^ "Coast Scientist Named to Head Space Agency's Moon Program; NEW CHIEF NAMED FOR MOON PROJECT". The New York Times. 24 July 1963. Page 1, columns 5-6. Retrieved 31 March 2023.[dead link‍]
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  85. ^ Fred Bronson, The Billboard Book of Number One Hits, 5th Edition (Random House Digital, 2003) p169
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  87. ^ Leide, Henry (2007). NS-Verbrecher und Staatssicherheit: Die Geheime Vergangenheitspolitik Der DDR [Nazi Criminals and State Security: The GDR's Secret Politics of the Past] (in German) (3rd ed.). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 82. ISBN 9783647350189.
  88. ^ Fulbrook, Mary (28 September 2018). Reckonings: Legacies of Nazi Persecution and the Quest for Justice. Oxford University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-19-881123-7. Retrieved 9 March 2021 – via Google Books.
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  90. ^ White, Mark (2012). The Presidency of Bill Clinton: The Legacy of a New Domestic and Foreign Policy. I.B.Tauris. pp. 246–247.
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  92. ^ Burgess, Colin (2011). Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts. Chichester, UK: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 92–98. ISBN 978-1-4419-8404-3.
  93. ^ "Big 3 Initial Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests", Miami News, July 25, 1963, p1
  94. ^ Medals of the World
  95. ^ "Syncom 2 Orbits". Miami News. July 26, 1963. p. 1.
  96. ^ "1,000 Feared Dead In Quake". Miami News. July 26, 1963. p. 1.
  97. ^ "El-Hafez Takes Control in Syria— ", The New York Times, July 28, 1963, p. 5
  98. ^ Beck, Jerry (2019-03-18). "Chuck Jones "Tom & Jerry" in 1965-66". Cartoon Research. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
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  100. ^ "Deaths Elsewhere", Akron (O.) Beacon Journal, July 29, 1963, p. 23 ("Garrett A. Morgan, 86, inventor of a gas mask and a traffic light, at Cleveland")
  101. ^ "60 Feared Lost on UAR Plane", Milwaukee Journal, July 28, 1963, p1; Aviation Safety Network Database
  102. ^ Aviation Safety Network Database
  103. ^ "Nation Builder: The Epic Life of Peru's Fernando Belaúnde Terry, BAR '35", Texas Alcalde (January/February 1995), pp18-22
  104. ^ "Khrushchev's Losing Fight with His Marshals", LIFE Magazine, November 6, 1964, p83
  105. ^ Mayers, David (1990), George Kennan and the Dilemmas of U.S. Foreign Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 214, 216, ISBN 0-19-505139-4.
  106. ^ Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar, Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005) p209
  107. ^ Cricinfo
  108. ^ "Spy Figure In Russia". Miami News. July 30, 1963. p. 1.
  109. ^ Passan, Jeff (April 23, 2007). "Historic Breakdown". Yahoo! Sports.
  110. ^ "Portugal Africa Policy Condemned By U.N.". Miami News. July 31, 1963. p. 1.
  111. ^ Fedorowich, Kent; Thomas, Martin, eds. (2001). International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat. London: Frank Cass Publishers. pp. 177–178.
  112. ^ "Illia Argentina's President-Elect". Miami News. August 1, 1963. p. 1.
  113. ^ Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K., eds. (2009). "Tupamaros (MLN)". Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Scarecrow Press. p. 675.
  114. ^ Rajaretnam, M. (1978). Trends in the Philippines II. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 60.
  115. ^ Larkin, Colin, ed. (2011). "Fatboy Slim". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th Concise ed.). London: Omnibus Press. p. 1090. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8. Retrieved 23 February 2023 – via Google Books.
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