The Military Police (Greek: Στρατονομία), is the military police of the Hellenic Army.
| Military Police Στρατονομία | |
|---|---|
| Active |
|
| Country |  Greece |
| Branch |  Hellenic Army |
| Role | Military Police |
| Headquarters | 37°58′51″N 23°45′08″E / 37.980959°N 23.752130°E (ESA) |
| Motto(s) | Consciously obey the Laws (Greek: Νόμοις Πείθου) |
| Insignia | |
| Abbreviation | ΕΣΑ (1951–1976) ΣΝ (1976–present) |
It was formerly known as the Greek Military Police (Greek: Ελληνική Στρατιωτική Αστυνομία), and by the acronym ESA (Greek: ΕΣΑ), between 1951 and 1976. [1] Up until Metapolitefsi, it developed into a powerful organization within the Army and a stronghold of right-wing, conservative Army officers.[2] It became the main security (secret police) and intelligence organization during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, as martial law was introduced widely. Its Special Investigative Section engaged in widespead abuse against officers and soldiers and thus, following the fall of the junta and the restoration of democracy in 1974, it was gradually cleansed of torturers and reorganized into its current form.
Establishment
editThe ESA was established in 1951, as Greece was preparing to join NATO.[3] Up until then, the Greek Army did not have a specialized military police force, with the Hellenic Gendarmerie acting as military police whereas necessary. Being posted in the ESA was a major bonus for Army officers because it had very extensive powers within the military, even before the dictatorship. Both the officers and the soldiers who served in ESA were picked for their extreme, almost paranoid, anti-communism.[4] This resulted in making ESA a bastion of the most conservative and anti-democratic members of the Greek officer corps. ESA men wore a distinctive uniform with a royal blue cap cover (whilst the soldiers wore a beret at the time), golden lanyard on their right shoulder and an armband with the letters ESA around their left arm. The uniform remains unchanged save for the ESA acronym, which has now been replaced by SN.
During the Junta
editIn April 1967, shortly after seizing power in a coup, junta leader George Papadopoulos appointed Dimitrios Ioannides chief of the ESA, which gradually had been transformed into an internal security army.
When Papadopoulos declared Martial law after the 1967 coup, he increased the power of the ESA even further by making it the junta's chief arm of law and order as well as repression. Under Ioannides, ESA rose to a force of more than 20,000 men.[5]
Thousands of the junta's political opponents were arrested by the ESA and sent to some of the Aegean's most desolate islands, called the prison islands. Many of the allegations of prisoner torture under the Papadopoulos regime involved the ESA, in particular its Special Investigative Section (Greek: Εἰδικὸν Ἀνακριτικὸν Τμῆμα, tr. Eidikón Anakritikón Tmíma), commonly known in its abbreviated form as ΕAT or EAT/ESA (Greek: ΕΑΤ or ΕΑΤ/ΕΣΑ).
Use of torture chambers by ESA during interrogations was reported during the Greek military junta years.[6][7] Alexandros Panagoulis was one example of a person tortured at the EAT/ESA interrogation cell units.[6][8] Greek politician Nikos Konstantopoulos is another example.[9] Army Major Spyros Moustaklis was left brain damaged and unable to speak after the torture he endured at EAT/ESA.
Alarmed at moves Papadopoulos was making towards a transition to democratic rule, Ioannidis used his position and power as ESA chief to oust him from power.
The ESA was disbanded in 1974 by Constantine Karamanlis[citation needed] and its leading members involved in torture were court-martialled and sentenced during the Greek junta trials, although many served only token prison terms. This was due to the fact that torture was not a recorded criminal offence in the penal code when it was perpetrated, and thus they could only be prosecuted for grievous bodily harm.[10] Notably, 3 ESA members (out of the 37 prosecuted) were sentenced in 23, 22, and 17 years in prison as their charges included assault against superior officers held in ESA after the 1973 mutiny plot,[11] charges later reduced upon appeal.
Members
editResearch based on interviews with 21 former ESA members shows that all had been men had been drafted, first into regular military service and then into the ESA. Carried out by Janice T. Gibson and Mika Haritos-Fatouros, the research also showed that recruits underwent series of rigorous treatments and training over a matter of months in order to prepare them psychologically for the task of torturing detainees.[12]
Buildings
editThe headquarters of the Special Interrogation Sections of the Military Police (EAT-ESA) was in a building which now houses the Eleftherios Venizelos Museum at Eleftherias Park, Vassilissis Sofias Avenue in Athens.[8][13]
Operating doctrine
editAccording to witnesses at the court martial proceedings, ESA's operating doctrine was:
"Those who enter here, exit either as friends or as cripples."[14]
In popular culture
edit- Yannis Smaragdis’ 1975 film Cell Zero focuses on the violence and torture carried out at the EAT/ESA headquarters, examining the impact of the Greek junta on a group of people with differing political convictions.
After 1974
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Law 276/76 renamed ESA simply to "Military Police" (Στρατονομία, Stratonomia).
Corresponding organizations exist also for the other two branches of the Greek armed forces: for the Hellenic Air Force (Αερονομία, Aeronomia), founded in 1945 as "Greek Air Force Police" (Ἑλληνική Ἀεροπορικὴ Ἀστυνομία, EAA), and for the Hellenic Navy (Ναυτονομία, Naftonomia, properly Υπηρεσία Ναυτονομίας or Y.NΑ.).
These three forces work together often but are independent from each other. Most of the personnel are draftee soldiers undergoing their regular military service.
Citations and notes
edit- ^ Greek Army General Staff, Directorate of Military Police, History
- ^ Petridis, Exousia kai Paraexousia 1957-1967, 2001
- ^ Greek Army General Staff, Directorate of Stratonomia, History.
- ^ Theodoracopoulos, the Greek Upheaval, 1978
- ^ Theodoracopoulos, 1978
- ^ a b Athens news on ESA torture chambers Archived 11 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Obitury: Dimitrios Ioannidis". The Daily Telegraph. London. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
- ^ a b Reportage without frontiers from ET (Greek National TV) Archived 11 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Interview with Vice Admiral Konstantinos Dimitriadis Quote: The food was filled with salt. Threats. Some even suffered moral threats. That their wives and so on and some forged photos with scandals let's say. With threats, with such stuff and profanity. All day and all night long a radio playing. A radio with various songs of the time and so on. And tape recorders with cries to break the morale, let's say. Such stuff, and for some people of course, not everybody was humiliated in the same way. Είχανε κάτι ζωστήρες. They had some belts. The worst case was that of Moustaklis, of course; the man was severely beaten and almost died.
- ^ To Vima online[permanent dead link] Interview with Nikos Konstantopoulos. Quote: Δεν θα ξεχάσω τις τρεις - τέσσερις πρώτες μέρες μου στην ΕΑΤ-ΕΣΑ. Ημουν σε ένα κελί, αναγκασμένος μετά από πολύ ξύλο να στέκω όρθιος και να περπατώ συνέχεια, χωρίς νερό και φαΐ... Είχε παράθυρο το κελί σας; «Στην αρχή είχε μόνο έναν μικρό φεγγίτη. Μετά όμως με την παρέμβαση του Ερυθρού Σταυρού μού άνοιξαν ένα παράθυρο». . Translation: I will never forget my first three-four days at EAT/ESA. I was in a cell forced after a lot of beating to stand and to walk continuously without water or food. Did your cell have a window? In the beginning it only had a small opening. After the intervention of the Red Cross however they opened a window for me
- ^ Συρίγος, Άγγελος; Χατζηβασιλείου, Ευάνθης (2024). Μεταπολίτευση 1974 – 1975 [Metapolitefsi 1974 – 1975; 50 questions and answers] (in Greek) (1st ed.). Athens: Πατάκης. pp. 266–267. ISBN 9789601676067.
- ^ Καλλιβρετάκης, Λεωνίδας (2017). Δικτατορία και Μεταπολίτευση [Dictatorship and Metapolitefsi] (in Greek). Athens: Θεμέλιο. pp. 242–254, 278.
- ^ Janice T. Gibson & Mika Haritos-Fatouros, "The education of a torturer", Psychology Today (1986), 20, pp. 50-58
- ^ Political prisoners network Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine quote: 12.00 a.m. - 1.00 p.m.: Commemoration and press conference at the EAT-ESA (EAT-ESA is a museum today, and it was used as a torture center of the gendarmery during the military junta)
- ^ To Vima online Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Christos Karanikas Quote: "«"Φίλος ή σακάτης βγαίνει όποιος έρχεται εδώ μέσα" ήταν το "δόγμα" της ΕΣΑ, όπως αποκαλύπτουν οι μάρτυρες εις το Στρατοδικείο» γράφει «Το Βήμα» της 13ης Αυγούστου 1975"
Translation Quote: "«" Whoever comes here, is a friend (of the regime) or a cripple when he leaves "was the" doctrine "of ESA, as revealed by witnesses at the Court-Martial» writes The «Vima» of 13 August 1975,"
See also
editExternal links
edit- Google Translation of Vice Admiral Dimitriades' interview TV series: Reportage without frontiers (From ET Greek National TV)
- To Vima interview with Nikos Konstantopoulos (Translation by Google)