Wikipedia

Eta Upsilon Gamma

Eta Upsilon Gamma (ΗΥΓ) was a national collegiate junior sorority operating under that name in the United States from 1901 through at least 1968. It was a founding member of the Junior Pan-Hellenic Congress.

Eta Upsilon Gamma
ΗΥΓ
Eta Upsilon Gamma badge
FoundedNovember 1901; 123 years ago (1901-11)
Christian College, now Columbia College of Missouri
TypeSocial
AffiliationJunior Pan-Hellenic Council
StatusDefunct
Defunct dateAfter 1968
Emphasisoriginally 2-yr, later 4-yr schools
ScopeNational
Motto"Be Strong in the Truth"
Colors  Olive green and   Gold
JewelDiamond and Pearl
PublicationThe Adamas
PhilanthropyCrippled Children's Society
Chapters30
Members8,000+ lifetime
NicknameGamma
Headquarters
United States

History

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Eta Upsilon Gamma was founded as a junior college sorority in November 1901 at Christian College (now Columbia College) in Columbia, Missouri.[1] Its founders were:

  • Bess Dain Browning
  • Caroline Mabry Christie
  • Anna Hudson Lewis
  • Eula Gray Pfeuffer
  • Nell Mackey Powell
  • Anne McDonald Smith

The Beta chapter was established at Hardin College and Conservatory of Music in 1902.[1] This was followed in 1903 by Gamma at the Liberty Ladies' College, Delta at Forest Park University, and Epsilon at Central College for Women.[1] Its first six chapters were all chartered at colleges in Missouri.[2]

Eta Upsilon Gamma was overseen by a national board or grand council, consisting of a grand president, grand vice-president and editor, grand secretary, grand treasurer, grand organizer, and a Panhellenic representative.[3] Officers were elected at the annual national conclave or convention.[4] The sorority held its first conclave in Columbia, Missouri in 1904.[3]

 
Lindenwood College chapter house, 1914

By 1909, Eta Upsilon Gamma had established an alumni association.[5][6] That same year, the sorority made the news for deposing two of its national officers, Eva Marie Myers who was the grand president and Mattie Lou Catron grand organizer, for getting married.[7] The Eta Upsilon Gamma constitution specified that its grand chapter officers "must be neither betrothed or married".[7] It continued, "Man has no place in the organization of the sorority, and the rule against the members who yield to him is rigidly enforced."[7] In addition, members who allowed a man to wear their sorority badge were fined $25 ($848 in 2022 money); failure to pay this fine resulted in expulsion from the sorority.[7]

The Alpha chapter at Christian College built its chapter house in the summer of 1910 and dedicated it on May 18, 1911.[8][9][10] It was not a residential house but was used for meetings, social events, and for alumnae accommodations.[8] The Zeta chapter at Lindenwood College dedicated its chapter house in 1914.[11][12] In September 1914, Eta Upsilon Gamma was a founding member of the Junior Pan-Hellenic Congress.[13][14]

In 1919, the sorority had nine active chapters and two alumnae associations.[15] It had initiated 1,500 members and had 170 active members.[15] In 1921, it had seven active chapters and six alumnae associations, with 2,000 total members and 100 active members.[16]

As the sorority's host institutions became four-year colleges, some chapters left to join National Panhellenic Conference members.[2] Eta Upsilon Gamma decided to become a regular collegiate sorority.[3] At this time, it withdrew the charter of any chapters hosted at junior colleges.[3] In an article in the January 1926 Banta's Greek Exchange, the sorority's vice president wrote an article noting, "The junior college does not define or limit the field of Eta Upsilon Gamma."[17] Baird's Manual (1930) shows 26 chapters of which twelve were active and fourteen were inactive.[1] On June 16, 1932, a delegation from Eta Upsilon Gamma had lunch with President Herbert Hoover.[18][19][20]

In November 1951, the sorority celebrated its fiftieth anniversary by establishing a Memorial Art Library at Christian College, consisting of circulating fine art reproductions.[21] In February 1962, Eta Upsilon Gamma had initiated 8,000 members and had nine active chapters.[22] The sorority's date of dissolution is unknown.[2] Its last known national convention was held in August 1968.[23] The Omega chapter at Potomac State School was active until 1975 when it became a local sorority.[2]

Symbols

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The Eta Upsilon Gamma insignia was designed in 1908 by Zeta chapter members Edna Hanna and Jae Fonte.[24] The insignia consisted of a shield that featured a lamp on top of an equilateral triangle and the motto "Be Strong in the Truth", supported by a unicorn.[24]

The sorority's badge was a diamond-shaped shield in black enamel bearing in center clasped hands, with the Greek letters ΗΥΓ above it and a skull and cross bones below.[6][15] The badge could be set in pearls.[25] The pledge pin was gold, with clasp hands.[6]

The sorority also had a scholarship pin in the shape of a gold Greek lamp with a small diamond in its blue flame and the Greek letters ΗΥΓ in black enamel.[16][26] It was worn by the member with the highest average grades in each chapter.[26] The lamp symbolized higher scholarship and the diamond in its flame represented the light or torch of knowledge.[26]

The sorority's colors were olive green and gold.[6][15][27] Its jewels were the diamond and the pearl.[6][15] Its flower was the red carnation as of 1909 and the yellow rose as of 1919.[6][15] Its insignia were clasped hands, a skull and cross-bones, a diamond, a lamp, a triangle, and a unicorn.[6][15] Its original flag was olive green with the Greek letters ΗΥΓ in gold; a later version also featured the sorority's coat of arms.[28][16]

The sorority's open motto was "Be Strong in the Truth".[6][15] Its bi-annual publication was The Adamas, first published in 1909.[6][15][3] Its nickname was Gamma.[29]

Philanthropy

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In 1962, Eta Upsilon Gamma's national philanthropy was the Crippled Children's Society.[22] During World War I, the sorority raised funds for the Red Cross; some members volunteered for Y.M.C.A. canteen work in France.[30]

Chapters

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Eta Upsilon Gamma installed over thirty chapters.[2] Following is a list of Eta Upsilon Gamma chapters.[1][3][16][2] Inactive chapters and institutions are in italics.

Chapter Chartered date

and range

Institution Location Status References
Alpha November 1901–1915 Christian College Columbia, Missouri Inactive [31][a]
Beta 1902–1931 Hardin College Mexico, Missouri Inactive [32][33][b]
Gamma 1903–1913 Liberty Ladies' College Liberty, Missouri Inactive [5][c]
Delta 1903–1912 Forest Park University St. Louis, Missouri Inactive
Epsilon 1903–1925 Central College for Women Lexington, Missouri Inactive [5][b]
Zeta May 25, 1905 – 1920 Lindenwood College St. Charles, Missouri Inactive [34][35]
Eta 1908–1909 Pleasant J. Potter College Bowling Green, Kentucky Inactive [d]
Theta 1910–1915 Boscobel College Nashville, Tennessee Inactive [b]
Iota 1910–1914 Judson College Marion, Alabama Inactive
Kappa 1910 – November 24, 1911 Brenau College Gainesville, Georgia Merged

(ΑΧΩ)

[e]
Lambda 1910–1920 Colorado Women's College Denver, Colorado Inactive
Mu 1912–1920 Ward–Belmont College Nashville, Tennessee Inactive
Nu 1913–1937 Greenville Women's College Greenville, South Carolina Inactive [36][f]
Xi March 21, 1914 – 1919 Centenary College Cleveland, Tennessee Inactive [37][g]
Omicron 1917–1932 Belhaven College Jackson, Mississippi Inactive
Pi 1917–1938 Stephens College Columbia, Missouri Inactive [h]
Rho 1917–1921 Fulton Female Synodical College Fulton, Missouri Inactive
Sigma 1922–1923 Eastern College Manassas, Virginia Inactive [38][b]
Tau 1924–1931 Logan College Russellville, Kentucky Inactive [b]
Upsilon 1924–1932 Hamilton College Lexington, Kentucky Inactive [b]
Phi 1925–1926 Hedding College Abingdon, Illinois Inactive [i]
Chi 1927 – April 22, 1967 Rider College Trenton, New Jersey Merged

(ZTA)

[j][k]
Psi 1928–1954 Northeastern Oklahoma Junior College Miami, Oklahoma Inactive [39]
Omega 1928–1975 Potomac State School Keyser, West Virginia Inactive [l]
Alpha Alpha 1929–196x ? Bliss College Columbus, Ohio Inactive [22][m][n]
Alpha Beta 1929–19xx ? Dodd College Shreveport, Louisiana Inactive [o]
Alpha Gamma 1931–1939 Mississippi Synodical College Holly Springs, Mississippi Inactive [b]
Alpha Delta 1931–1933 Crane Junior College Chicago, Illinois Inactive [b]
Alpha Epsilon 1932–1968 Woodbury College Los Angeles, California Merged (ΖΤΑ) [22][p]
Alpha Zeta 19xx ?–19xx ? Greenbrier College Lewisburg, West Virginia Inactive [22][40][q][n]
Alpha Eta 1937–19xx ? Bergen College Teaneck, New Jersey Inactive [r]
Alpha Theta University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas Inactive [41]
Alpha Iota 1940–19xx ? West Virginia Training School for Dental Hygienists Charleston, West Virginia Inactive [42]
Alpha Kappa 1944–1961 Tennessee Wesleyan College Athens, Tennessee Merged (ΑΞΔ) [43][s]
Alpha Lambda 1950–19xx ? Sacramento City College Sacramento, California Inactive [22][44][45][t]
Alpha Mu October 20, 1961 – 19xx ? Draughon's College of Commerce Kansas City, Missouri Inactive [46][22][47][n]
Alpha Nu December 1961–19xx ? Miller-Draughon College Cincinnati, Ohio Inactive [48][22][n]
Alpha Xi February 16, 1963 – 1967 Angelo State University San Angelo, Texas Withdrew (local) [49][22][50][51][u][v]
  1. ^ The college banned sororities after the 1914-15 academic year.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Chapter went dormant when the college closed.
  3. ^ Chapter went dormant when William Jewell College absorbed the college.
  4. ^ Chapter went defunct when the college was absorbed by Western Kentucky State Normal School.
  5. ^ Approximately a year after its establishment, this chapter withdrew to become the Tau chapter of Alpha Chi Omega.
  6. ^ Chapter went dormant when Furman University absorbed the college.
  7. ^ Chapter formed from Kappa Psi (local), established in 1911.
  8. ^ Chapter formed from Mu Epsilon (local), established in 1912. When it withdrew in 1938, it became Eta Epsilon Gamma (local) and then in 1997 became a chapter of Sigma Sigma Sigma
  9. ^ Chapter went dormant when Illinois Wesleyan University absorbed the college.
  10. ^ Chapter formed from the Eromathaen Echo club, established in 1925.
  11. ^ This became the Zeta Lambda chapter of Zeta Tau Alpha sorority when Rider became a four-year college.
  12. ^ The chapter became a local sorority.
  13. ^ Chater was active as of 1930.
  14. ^ a b c d Chapter was still active in February 1962.
  15. ^ The chapter was active in 1936 according to the Dodd College Yearbook (1936). The college closed in 1942.
  16. ^ Became the Zeta Pi chapter of Zeta Tau Alpha sorority.
  17. ^ The college closed in 1972.
  18. ^ The chapter was chartered at Bergen Junior College, which later became Bergen College. It merged with Fairleigh Dickinson College in 1953.
  19. ^ Chapter formed from Alpha Gamma, established in 1930. When it withdrew, it became the Gamma Chi chapter of Alpha Xi Delta.
  20. ^ Chapter was formed at the Sacramento Junior College which became Sacramento City College in 1964. The chapter was still active in 1967 but was dormant before 1971.
  21. ^ Chapter originated as Sigma Alpha Phi (local), established in 1943. In November 1961, twenty Sigma Alpha Phi members formed Eta Upsilon (local), with the intent of becoming a chapter of Eta Upsilon Gamma, which it did in 1963.
  22. ^ The chapter withdrew in 1967 to become Gamma Chi sorority (local), thus taking on a fourth name. It retained Eta Upsilon Gamma's philanthropy, helping crippled children.

Alumnae associations

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By 1909, Eta Upsilon Gamma had established an alumni association.[5][6] Following is a list of known alumnae association chapters.[52]

Conclaves

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Eta Upsilon Gamma conclave, Nashville, Tennessee, June 1914

The Eta Upsilon Gamma national annual conclaves included:

Later, the conclaves were held every other year. The biannual conclaves include:

Notable members

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See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Zeta Mu Epsilon was another sorority serving 2-year schools.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Baird, Wm. Raimond; Shepardson, Francis Wayland, eds. (1930). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (12th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: G. Banta Company. p. 304 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (April 7, 2024) "Eta Upsilon Gamma". Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed April 14, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shepard, Francis W., ed. (1927). Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities (11th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company. p. 271 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b "A Sorority Elects Officers". The Kansas City Times. 1906-06-30. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d "The Alumni Chapter". The Kansas City Star. 1909-11-26. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin, Ida Shaw (1909). The Sorority Handbook (3rd ed.). The Roxburgh Press. pp. 84–85 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b c d "When Cupid Got In". Kansas City Journal. 1907-06-30. p. 18. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b "Sororities to Build Homes". The Kansas City Star. 1910-04-01. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "To Open Chapter House Thursday". Columbia Missourian. 1911-05-17. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Dedicate New Chapter House". Columbia Missourian. 1911-05-22. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ "Lindenwood College House" The Adamus. 6 (2). Eta Upsilon Gamma (May 1914). p. 79. – via Google Books.
  12. ^ "Annual Catalogue of the Linwood College for Women". HathiTrust (85 ed.). St. Charles, Missouri. 1915–1916. p. 13. hdl:2027/uiug.30112111998966. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Hathi Trust.
  13. ^ "Roll of Chapters". The Adamas. 7 (2). Eta Upsilon Gamma: 49. May 1915 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "The National Pan-Hellenic Council of Junior Sororities". The Adamas. 7 (1). Eta Upsilon Gamma: 13-17. January 1915 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Martin, Ida Shaw (1919). The Sorority Handbook (6th ed.). Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press, George Banta Publishing Company. p. 86 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ a b c d Martin, Ida Shaw (1921). The Sorority Handbook (7th ed.). Boston: Ida Shaw Martin, Publisher. pp. 100–101, 104 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Alford, Elizabeth Robertson (January 1926). "The Widening Vista". Banta's Greek Exchange. hdl:2027/mdp.39015080038386 – via Hathi Trust.
  18. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (2003). The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-618-34085-9 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1974. p. 1204 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ a b "College Sorority Group Calls on President Hoover". The Kansas City Star. 1932-06-26. p. 60. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Hale, Allean Lemmon (1956). Petticoat Pioneer: the Christian College Story, 1851-1951. Columbia, Missouri: Artcraft Press/Christian College. p. 253. hdl:2027/iau.31858041833793 – via Hathi Trust.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "SAC Has Its First National Sorority". San Angelo Standard-Times. 1962-02-18. p. 16. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ a b "Seven Conventions Added to Bookings". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 1968-07-14. p. 70. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ a b Butterfield, Emily H. (1931). "College fraternity heraldry". Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press / George Banta Publishing Company. p. 41. hdl:2027/uc1.$b23931. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Hathi Trust.
  25. ^ "Lost - Eta Upsilon Gamma sorority pin". Columbia Daily Tribune. 1909-11-13. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ a b c McIver, Mary (January 1914). "The Mission Fund and Scholarship Fund". The Adamus. 6 (1). Eta Upsilon Gamma: 16–17 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ a b "Sorority Girls Enjoy Banquet". Columbia Daily Tribune. 1905-06-09. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "The Sorority Flags". The Beta Theta Pi. Vol. 39, no. 4. February 1912. p. 278.
  29. ^ a b "Sororities Convene for Lewisburg Meet". Beckley Post-Herald. Beckley, West Virginia. 1950-08-26. p. 12. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ "Sororities Aid Red Cross". The Kansas City Star. 1918-06-12. p. 10. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "Christian College Sororities to End". The Adamas. 7 (2). Eta Upsilon Gamma: 77-79. May 1915 – via Google Books.
  32. ^ a b "Miss Whitney Attending Sorority Conclave". Mexico Ledger. Mexico, Missouri. 1907-06-27. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Faculty Makes New Ruling. Hardin College Sororities Cannot Pledge Unitl November First". Mexico Ledger. 1906-09-17. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ a b "Eta Upsilon Gammas in Conclave at Lindenwood". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. 1910-06-09. p. 11. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ "Linden Leaves 1918-1919". Yearbooks. St. Charles, Missouri: Lindenwood College: 89. 1919 – via Digital Commons @ Lindenwood University.
  36. ^ Bainbridge, Judith Townsend (2001). Academy and College: The History of the Woman's College of Furman University. Mercer University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-86554-736-0 – via Google Books.
  37. ^ Perdue, James D., ed. (July 1914). "The Onward March". The Mask. 11 (3): 217 – via Google Books.
  38. ^ "Eastern College". Lost Colleges. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  39. ^ "Society News". Miami News-Record. Miami, Oklahoma. February 12, 1933. p. 3.
  40. ^ "Sorority Sentinel". The Daily Times. Mamaroneck, New York. 1948-05-05. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Obituary for Loretta Mae Greer Wright". Tulsa World. 2016-02-04. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ "Sorority installed at Dental Hygiene School" Charleston Daily Mail, April 17, 1940 p. 9. via NewspaperArchive
  43. ^ The Quill of Alpha Xi Delta: 125th Anniversary Celebration p 36
  44. ^ "SCC Instructor: She Would Revitalize Sororities with Women's Liberation Goals". The Sacramento Bee. 1971-02-28. p. 81. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ "Queen Crowning, bonfire tonight". The Pony Express. 20 October 1967. p. 1.
  46. ^ "Heads A Sorority". The Kansas City Times. 1961-11-06. p. 15. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. ^ a b "Heads Sorority". The Press Gazette. Hillsboro, Ohio. 1961-10-27. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  48. ^ "Sorority Forms Chapter Here". The Cincinnati Post. 1961-12-15. p. 37. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. ^ "Sorority, Frat Life Represented". San Angelo Standard-Times. 1968-08-04. p. 61. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. ^ "National Club to be Formed at City College". San Angelo Standard-Times. 1962-02-15. p. 14. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. ^ "SAC Sorority to Initiate Nationally". San Angelo Standard-Times. 1962-01-22. p. 7. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  52. ^ The Ion Yearbook of Hardin College 1915-16. Vol. 8. Mexico, Missouri: Junior Class Harden College. 1916. p. 104 – via Ancestry.
  53. ^ "The Eta Upsilon Gamma Sorority". Columbia Daily Tribune. 1905-06-06. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  54. ^ "Eta Upsilon Gamma Meets". The St Louis Republic. 1905-06-10. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ^ "City News Notes". The Daily News and Intelligencer. Mexico, Missouri. 1906-06-26. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ "The Eta Upsilon Gamma Sorority". The Kansas City Star. 1906-06-28. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "Has Fun With 'The Goat'". Chicago Tribune. 1907-06-28. p. 6. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  58. ^ a b "Next Conclave to be Here". Mexico Ledger. Mexico, Missouri. 1907-06-29. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ^ "Another Convention". Mexico Ledger. 1908-06-01. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. ^ Frint, Mary (February 23, 2018). "Pertle Springs". Clio. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  61. ^ "Yesterday in Mexico". Mexico Ledger. 1974-06-04. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-14 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ^ "Mrs. Goron L. Ross". The Kansas City Star. 1928-06-10. p. 46. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. ^ "College Girls Attend Meet". The Times. Shreveport, Louisiana. 1930-06-17. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  64. ^ "What's Doing Today". Chicago Tribune. 1934-07-06. p. 21. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  65. ^ "Eta Upsilon Gamma's Biennial Meeting". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1936-06-07. p. 52. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  66. ^ "Attends Session". The Record. Hackensack, New Jersey. 1938-06-15. p. 14. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ^ "Locals". Miami News-Record. Miami, Oklahoma. 1940-06-07. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. ^ "To Leave for Sorority Conclave Today". The Times. Shreveport, Louisiana. 1942-06-20. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ^ "Sorority Holds Conclave Here". Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia. 1942-06-26. p. 19. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ^ "Eta Upsilon Gamma Discusses National Conclave June 10–14". The Cumberland News. Cumberland, Maryland. 1946-06-05. p. 6. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. ^ "Conventions". The Kansas City Times. 1952-08-18. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. ^ "Jeannette Byer". The Sacramento Union. Sacramento, California. 1954-08-15. p. 31. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. ^ "Personals". The Sentinel. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 1956-08-24. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  74. ^ "Unit Slates Last Meeting". The Bristol Daily Courier. Bristol, Pennsylvania. 1958-04-30. p. 28. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. ^ "Discussing". The Times. Shreveport, Louisiana. 1960-08-19. p. 19. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. ^ Kinsey, Anna (September 24, 1964). "SAC Gamma Sorority Earns National Project Trophy " The Ram Page, p. 3.
  77. ^ "Attends Convention". The Press Gazette. Hillsboro, Ohio. 1966-08-05. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-04-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ^ Hirshey, Gerri (2016-07-12). Not Pretty Enough: The Unlikely Triumph of Helen Gurley Brown. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-374-71223-5 – via Google Books.
  79. ^ Woodbury College. Los Angeles: Woodbury College. 1952. p. 85. hdl:2027/uc1.b4584796 – via Hathi Trust.
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