Epidaurus (Greek: Ἐπίδαυρος) was a small city (polis) in ancient Greece, on the Argolid Peninsula at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros: Palaia Epidavros and Nea Epidavros. Since 2010 they belong to the new municipality of Epidaurus, part of the regional unit of Argolis. The seat of the municipality is the town Lygourio.[2] The nearby sanctuary of Asclepius and ancient theatre were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1988 because of their exemplary architecture and importance in the development and spread of healing sanctuaries and cults across the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.[3]
Epidaurus
Ἐπίδαυρος | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Epidaurus Location within the region  | |
| Coordinates: 37°35′52″N 23°04′28″E / 37.59778°N 23.07444°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Peloponnese |
| Regional unit | Argolis |
| Area | |
• Municipality | 340.4 km2 (131.4 sq mi) |
| • Municipal unit | 160.6 km2 (62.0 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
• Municipality | 7,030 |
| • Density | 21/km2 (53/sq mi) |
| • Municipal unit | 3,418 |
| • Municipal unit density | 21/km2 (55/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 210 59 |
| Vehicle registration | AP |
| Official name | Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 491 |
| Inscription | 1988 (12th Session) |
| Area | 1,393.8 ha |
| Buffer zone | 3,386.4 ha |
Name and etymology
editThe name "Epidaurus" is of Greek origin. It was named after the hero Epidauros, son of Apollo.[4] According to Strabo, the city was originally named Ἐπίκαρος (Epíkaros) under the Carians, (Aristotle claimed that Caria, as a naval empire, occupied Epidaurus and Hermione)[5] before taking the name Ἐπίταυρος (Epítauros) when the city was taken by the Ionians and finally becoming Ἐπίδαυρος (Epídauros) after the Dorians conquered the city. Compare the individual elements ἐπί (epí, "upon"), Καρία (Karía, "Carian"), ταῦρος (taûros, "bull") and Δωριεύς (Dōrieús "Dorian")/Δωριεῖς (Dōrieîs, "Dorians").[6]
History
editEpidaurus was independent of Argos and not included in Argolis until the time of the Romans. With its supporting territory, it formed the small territory called Epidauria. It was reputed to be founded by or named for the hero Epidaurus, and to be the birthplace of Apollo's son Asclepius the healer.
Buildings
editSanctuary of Asclepius
editEpidaurus is best known for its healing sanctuary (asclepieion) and the Sanctuary of Asclepius, situated about five miles (8 km) from the town, with its theatre, which is still in use today. The cult of Asclepius at Epidaurus is attested in the 6th century BC, when the older hill-top sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas was no longer spacious enough. It was the most celebrated healing centre of the Classical world, the place where ill people went in the hope of being cured. To find out the right cure for their ailments, they spent a night in the enkoimeteria, a big sleeping hall. In their dreams, the god himself would advise them what they had to do to regain their health. Within the sanctuary there was a guest house (katagogion) with 160 guest rooms. There are also mineral springs in the vicinity, which may have been used in healing.
Asclepius, the most important healer god of antiquity, brought prosperity to the sanctuary, which flourished until the first half of the first century BC, when it suffered extensive damage when it was sacked by Sulla during the First Mithridatic War. It was revived after a visit by Hadrian in AD 124 and enjoyed renewed prosperity in the following centuries.[7]
In AD 395 the Goths raided the sanctuary. Even after the introduction of Christianity and the silencing of the oracles, the sanctuary at Epidaurus was still known as late as the mid 5th century as a Christian healing centre.
Theatre
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The prosperity brought by the asclepeion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments, including the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, used again today for dramatic performances, the ceremonial hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), and a palaestra. The ancient theatre of Epidaurus was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the skênê is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 14,000 people.
The theatre has long had a reputation for its exceptional acoustics, which reportedly allowed almost perfect intelligibility of unamplified spoken words from the proscenium or skēnē to all 14,000 spectators, regardless of their seating, a tale often recounted by tour guides.[8] In-situ measurements, however, somewhat moderate these claims: although most sounds can indeed be noticed throughout, intelligibility is not guaranteed, particularly for voice, which requires good projection,[9] which might not have been a problem for Greek actors, who were reputed experts in this aspect.[8] The acoustic properties are caused both by the physical shape, but also the construction material: the rows of limestone seats filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and also amplify the high-frequency sounds of the stage.[10]
Other buildings
editThe town of Epidaurus had its own theatre which has been excavated since 1990 and found to be well-preserved. Dating from the 4th c. BC it had about 2000 seats. It has been renovated and is open to the public, as part of a scheme to conserve and enhance ancient theatres which has mapped 140 ancient arenas across Greece.[11]
Municipality
editThe municipality Epidavros was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:[2]
- Asklipieio
- Epidavros
The municipality has an area of 340.442 km2, the municipal unit 160.604 km2.[12]
Gallery
edit-
Stadion
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Gymnasion
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Abaton
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Odeon
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Roman baths
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Statuette of Asclepius
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ a b "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ "Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ Cartwright, Mark (2012). "Epidaurus". World History Encyclopedia.
- ^ Ridgeway, William (2014). The early age of Greece. Volume 1. Cambridge. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-107-43458-5. OCLC 890937713.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Ἐπίδαυρος (Epidaurus)". Wiktionary. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
- ^ *Melfi, Milena (2010). "Rebuilding the Myth of Asklepios at the Sanctuary of Epidauros in the Roman Period". In Rizakēs, A. D.; Lepenioti, Cl. E. (eds.). Roman Peloponnese III: Society, Economy and Culture under the Roman Empire: Continuity and Innovation. Athēna: Kentron Hellēnikēs kai Rōmaikēs Archaiotētos. pp. 329–340. ISBN 9789607905543.
- ^ a b "Whisper it – Greek theatre's legendary acoustics are a myth". The Guardian. 16 October 2017.
- ^ Hoekstra N, Nicolai B, Peeters BP, Hak CC, Wenmaekers RH (July 2016). "Project Ancient Acoustics Part 2 of 4 : large-scale acoustical measurements in the Odeon of Herodes Atticus and the theatres of Epidaurus and Argos" (PDF). 23rd International Congress on Sound & Vibration. Athens: 1–8.
- ^ Declercq, Nico F.; Dekeyser, Cindy S. A. (April 2007). "Acoustic diffraction effects at the Hellenistic amphitheater of Epidaurus: Seat rows responsible for the marvelous acoustics". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (4): 2011–2022. Bibcode:2007ASAJ..121.2011D. doi:10.1121/1.2709842. PMID 17471718.
- ^ Resurrecting the ancient little theater of Epidaurus https://www.ekathimerini.com/culture/1177098/resurrecting-the-ancient-little-theater-of-epidaurus/
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.