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December 1969

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The following events occurred in December 1969:

December 5, 1969: ARPANET, forerunner of the Internet, begins full operation linking computers at UCLA, UC-Santa Barbara, Stanford and University of Utah
December 11, 1969: North Korea hijacks South Korean airliner, keeps 11 hostages for life
December 25, 1969: The quartz wristwatch era begins with Seiko's introduction of the Astron 35SQ

December 1, 1969 (Monday)

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December 1, 1969: Congressman Pirnie drawing the first number
  • The first draft lottery in the United States since 1942 (and the first in peacetime) was held, and September 14 was the first of the 366 days of the year selected, with Congressman Alexander Pirnie of New York making the first selection.[1] The significance was that those to be given highest priority by their local draft boards were men born on September 14, 1950, and those born on September 14 from 1943 to 1949. The drawing took place at the Selective Service headquarters in Washington, D.C., starting at 8:00 in the evening and concluded 87 minutes later. The random drawing was made from 366 plastic capsules, each one containing a piece of paper with one of the dates of the year. The remaining nine days picked were April 24, December 30, February 14, October 18, September 6, October 26, September 7, November 22 and December 6, while the 366th and last selection was June 8.[2] On January 4, 1970, The New York Times would run a long article, "Statisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Random".
  • Municipal elections are held in Ottawa, Canada. Kenneth Fogarty is elected mayor, winning 81.26% of the vote.[3]
  • TriMet, began operating in Portland, Oregon.

December 2, 1969 (Tuesday)

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  • In China, Lin Biao's son, Lin Liguo, was promoted to the position of Deputy Chief of Operations of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, and allowed full command of that branch of the service. The order came from Lin Biao himself, the Defense Minister of the People's Republic of China. Nearly 11 years later, former PLAAF General Wu Faxian would testify at his own trial that he had carried out Lin Biao's order and that the resulting chaos "nearly destroyed the Air Force" and that many of Wu's colleague's were killed as the Cultural Revolution decimated the air service. Wu was one of 10 defendants in the Gang of Four trial held in 1980.[4]
  • The Boeing 747 jumbo jet made its first passenger flight. It carried 191 people, 110 of them reporters and photographers,[5] from Seattle, to New York City.[6] Piloted by Jack Waddell, the chartered Pan American World Airways flight departed the manufacturer's test site, Boeing Field, at 7:25 in the morning local time and arrived in New York four hours and two minutes later, where the time was 2:27 in the afternoon. It was greeted upon its arrival by Charles A. Lindbergh, the first person to make a solo airplane flight across the Atlantic Ocean.[7]
  • At least 51 people were killed in a fire at Repos du Viellard, an "old folks home" in Notre-Dame-du-Lac, Quebec; 22 other people survived, including the rest home's owner, wife and children.[8]
  • Died:

December 3, 1969 (Wednesday)

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  • Air France Flight 212 crashed into the Caribbean Sea shortly after takeoff from the Caracas airport in Venezuela toward Pointe-à-Pitre on the island of Guadeloupe, killing all 62 people on board.[11] A later investigation would conclude that a dynamite bomb had been placed within one of the wheel wells prior to the Boeing 707's takeoff.[12] Over a year earlier, on March 5, 1968, another Flight 212 for Air France crashed during its scheduled flight from Caracas to Pointe-à-Pitre, killing all 63 people on board.
  • Died: Ruth White, 55, American character actress on television and stage, 1964 Emmy Award winner and 1962 off-Broadway Obie Award winner; from cancer

December 4, 1969 (Thursday)

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Black Panther's Hampton and Clark
  • Died: Fred Hampton, 21, and Mark Clark, 22, American civil rights activists, killed by the Chicago Police during a raid on the Panther location at 2337 Monroe Street after the signing of a search warrant for illegal weapons. Hampton, the Black Panther Party's Illinois chairman, was unarmed and asleep in bed when shot.[16][17]

December 5, 1969 (Friday)

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December 6, 1969 (Saturday)

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December 7, 1969 (Sunday)

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  • The animated Christmas special Frosty the Snowman, adapted from the song of the same name, was shown on television for the first time, shown at 7:30 in the evening on CBS.[24] Produced by Rankin/Bass Productions, the special was popular with critics and viewers; the Boston Globe commented that the show was "a delightful charade that deserves to become a yuletide fixture".[25]
  • Born: Patrice O'Neal, American comedian; in New York City (died of complications from a stroke, 2011)
  • Died: Francis "Lefty" O'Doul, 72, American professional baseball manager and former MLB outfielder, enshrinee in the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame.

December 8, 1969 (Monday)

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  • All 90 people on board Olympic Airways Flight 954 were killed when the DC-6 plane crashed into the side of Mount Paneio near the Greek village of Keratea, about 25 miles (40 km) from its destination of Athens. The plane had taken off an hour earlier from the island of Crete and was caught in what was described as "driving rain and hurricane-force winds" as it approached the Greek capital.[26][27]
  • A grand jury in Los Angeles indicted Charles Manson and four of his followers (Charles "Tex" Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, Linda Kasabian, Susan Atkins) on seven counts of murder arising from the Tate-LaBianca murders exactly four months earlier.[28] A sixth defendant, Leslie Sankston, was charged with two counts of murder in connection with the LaBianca murders.

December 9, 1969 (Tuesday)

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December 10, 1969 (Wednesday)

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  • Construction of the Federal Reserve Bunker, a storage facility for several billion dollars worth of United States currency, was completed.[31] The building and its underground facilities were housed within Mount Pony, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, near Culpeper, Virginia, with the purpose of preventing the failure of the United States economy in the event of a nuclear war or a similarly catastrophic national emergency. Following the end of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the currency was removed and the storage facilities now used by the Library of Congress as an archive for fragile media created during the 20th Century, including film stock and audio and video recordings.
  • The Viale Lazio massacre was carried out in Sicily at Viale Lazio 106 in Palermo, location of the Girolamo Moncada Construction Company, the front for Sicilian Mafia gang boss Michele Cavataio. Dressed in police uniforms, five hitmen led by Bernardo Provenzano raided Cavataio's office in what appeared to be a routine arrest, then opened fire with machine guns.[32] In the gun battle that followed, Cavataio and three of his associates were killed, along with one of the members of the hit squad, Calogero Bagarella. The attack brought an end to a truce between the rival gangs in Sicily.
  • Émile Derlin Zinsou, the President of Dahomey since his installation by the West African nation's Army on July 17, 1968, was overthrown in a coup led by Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Kouandété.[33] Lt. Col. Kouandété would be removed from office in a second coup three days later.

December 11, 1969 (Thursday)

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  • A Korean Air Lines turboprop airliner, with 46 South Korean passengers and a crew of four, was hijacked to North Korea, shortly after takeoff from Gangneung (Kangnung) on a flight toward Seoul.[34] At 12:25 in the afternoon, Cho Ch'ang-hǔi, a North Korean agent, entered the cockpit of the plane and directed the crew to fly to the north. Once in North Korean airspace, the airliner was escorted by North Korean Air Force jets and landed at Wonsan. Thirty-nine of the 46 passengers would be allowed to return home on February 14, 1970,[35] but the other seven, as well as the pilot, the copilot and two stewardesses, would never be allowed to leave. Nearly 50 years after their abduction, the fate of the 11 South Korean detainees remains unknown.[36]
  • For the fifth time in the 20th century, a supernova within the spiral galaxy NGC 6946 was observed from Earth,[37] at least 22 million years after it had occurred. Working from Padua, Italian astronomer Leonida Rosino reported the star that had been destroyed, now designated as SN1969P. Other supernovae had been seen by Earth astronomers in 1917, 1939, 1948 and 1968, and five more would be observed in later years (1980, 2002, 2004, 2008 and 2017).
  • Born: Viswanathan Anand, Indian chess grandmaster and a former five-time World Chess Champion; in Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu state

December 12, 1969 (Friday)

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  • Fourteen people were killed and 90 others injured in Milan in what would become known as the Piazza Fontana bombing.[38] The explosion happened at the headquarters of the Banca Nazionale Dell'Agricoltura at the Italian city's Strage di Piazza Fontana. Three of the critically injured people would later die of their wounds. Two neo-Fascist terrorists, Giovanni Ventura and Franco Freda, were charged with the bombing but never put on trial. They would be released from prison on September 7, 1976, in conjunction with a new law passed in Italy setting a four-year limit on detention without a trial, but transferred to exile on the island of Giglio.[39]
  • The Jackson 5 released their iconic debut album Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5.[40] The album contains their first hit single, "I Want You Back".

December 13, 1969 (Saturday)

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December 14, 1969 (Sunday)

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  • During a halftime show at an NFL football game between the Vikings and 49ers in Minneapolis, a large hot air balloon broke its moorings and carried its passenger, an 11-year-old boy, out of Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington and traveled three miles before landing in the Minnesota River. The boy, Rick Snyder, was able to swim to shore and return to see the end of the game.[43]
  • The murder of Diane Maxwell took place, when the 25-year-old phone operator was found sexually assaulted and killed. The case would remain unsolved until 2003.

December 15, 1969 (Monday)

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  • The Shell Oil tanker Marpessa became "the biggest ship ever to sink", three days after an explosion ripped the 207,000 lb (94,000 kg) vessel open while it was traveling from Rotterdam to the Persian Gulf.[44] All but two of the crew were able to evacuate before the ship went down in the Atlantic Ocean 80 miles (130 km) off the coast of Senegal.
  • U.S. President Nixon announced that he would bring an additional 50,000 American troops out of the Vietnam War over the next four months, marking the withdrawal of over 110,000 U.S. servicemen during the first year of his administration.[45]
  • Died: Giuseppe Pinelli, 41, Italian railroad worker and anarchist who was detained by the Polizia di Stato for questioning regarding the Piazza Fontana bombing,[46] fell to his death from a fourth story window of the Milan police station[47]

December 16, 1969 (Tuesday)

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  • Six fans of the India national cricket team were killed and 50 injured (10 of them seriously) in a stampede outside of the Eden Gardens stadium, before the last day of the fourth test match in the violence-marred Australia v. India test cricket series in Calcutta. A report noted that "A crowd of 20,000 had queued all night for tickets" for the final day of play, "But only 6000 to 7000 were for sale."[48] Australia won the fourth test by 10 wickets[49] and won the best-3-of-5 series in the fifth test, in Madras, on December 29, by 77 runs.[50]
  • The House of Commons of the United Kingdom voted, 343 to 185, to make permanent the abolition of capital punishment for murder. The Murder Act of 1965 had provided for a five-year ban, but had included a provision that hanging would be restored effective July 31, 1970, "unless Parliament by affirmative resolutions of both Houses" voted otherwise.[51] The House of Lords provided its affirmative resolution two days later.
  • Born:

December 17, 1969 (Wednesday)

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  • The first widely publicized warning of climate change, caused by pollution, was delivered by physical scientist Joseph O. Fletcher of the Rand Corporation. Fletcher told the assembled scientists that "Very substantial changes have taken place during our lifetime" in the increase in temperature in the first part of the 20th century, resulting in the melting of the ice caps of the Earth; that carbon dioxide had been responsible for up to one half of the warming; and that although mankind's influence on the warning had been small compared to natural causes, "within another generation, man will become important, the carbon dioxide pollution apparently being the most important" and that the world had "only a few decades to solve the problem". Colonel Fletcher's speech to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union, in San Francisco, was covered by reporter Duston Harvey and then disseminated by United Press International.[53][54]
  • In a record for an American late-night television show, at least 30 million people tuned in to watch the wedding of falsetto-voiced singer Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known by his stage name, Tiny Tim, on The Tonight Show, hosted by Johnny Carson.[55] Tim's 17-year-old bride, Victoria Mae Budinger, was quickly nicknamed "Miss Vicky" by the American press. The ceremony itself had taken place before an audience of 250 people, at 7:43 in the evening, during the videotaping of the Tonight Show at its studio at the NBC television network's headquarters in New York.[56] Tim, famous for his bestselling recording of "Tiptoe Through the Tulips", walked to the altar through 10,000 tulips imported from the Netherlands for the occasion.
  • Project Blue Book, the United States government's official investigation of sightings of unidentified flying objects, more commonly referred to as "UFOs" or "flying saucers", was ordered closed after 21 years by U.S. Secretary of the Air Force Robert Seamans. In the years after the program was established in 1948, the U.S. Air force investigated 12,618 sightings and found explanations for all but 701 of them.[57] Seamans said in a statement that "Continuation of the Project cannot be justified either on the ground of national security or in the interest of science." The closure took effect on January 30, 1970.[58]
  • Born: Robinah Nabbanja, Ugandan educator and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Uganda since 2021[59]

December 18, 1969 (Thursday)

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  • Capital punishment for murder was ended permanently in the United Kingdom for murder, by a voice vote of the House of Lords, two days after the House of Commons voted to eliminate an expiration date for the Murder Act of 1965. Royal assent was not required because the vote was a followup to language from the 1965 Act that the band would be temporary "unless Parliament by affirmative resolutions of both Houses otherwise determines" that it should not expire on July 31, 1970. Earlier in the day, the Lords had considered a compromise that would have extended the expiration date to December 31, 1972, but rejected the amendment with 220 against and 174 in favor, making it clear that the voice vote to eliminate the sunset provision would pass by the same margin.[60]
  • Only seven days after the top secret Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird supersonic spy plane began test flights, the multimillion-dollar U.S. aircraft began encountering control problems that were traced to a piece of rolled-up duct tape that had been left inside a pitot tube during the installation of a new camera system. The tape, used as a plug to prevent dust from getting into the pitot tube during the work, was no larger in diameter than a cigarette, but caused the aircraft's pitot-static system to malfunction. The two U.S. Air Force test pilots, Colonel Joe Rogers and Major Gary Heidelbaugh, were able to eject to safety at an altitude of 65,000 feet (20,000 m), while the SR-71 crashed near Shoshone, California in Death Valley.[61]
  • The sixth James Bond film, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, held its world premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London, with George Lazenby as Agent 007. The film would premiere in the United States the following day.[62]
  • Saudi Arabia and Kuwait signed a treaty that divided the Neutral Zone that had existed as a buffer between the two nations since 1922.[63]

December 19, 1969 (Friday)

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President Obote

December 20, 1969 (Saturday)

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  • From his hospital bed, Uganda's President Obote declared a state of emergency and banned all political parties except for his own, the Uganda People's Congress. Obote's dictatorial rule would continue until his overthrow a little more than a year later by General Idi Amin Dada on January 25, 1971.[66]
  • Died: Adolfo Consolini, 52, 1948 Olympic Discus Throw Goal Medalist

December 21, 1969 (Sunday)

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December 22, 1969 (Monday)

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  • Twenty-four people, most of them schoolchildren, were killed in Nha Trang, South Vietnam, when an Air Vietnam DC-6 airliner crashed into their building during an emergency landing attempt.[69] Ten of the 70 passengers on the flight from Saigon to Nha Trang died in the crash as well, which occurred after a bomb exploded inside the plane while it was making its descent.
  • Eleven sailors at the Miramar Naval Air Station in San Diego died, and seven were seriously injured, after a disabled U.S. Navy F-8 Crusader jet plunged into the aircraft hangar where the group had been gathered.[70] Moments earlier, the F-8 pilot had reported a malfunction and ejected safely from the aircraft.
  • Died:

December 23, 1969 (Tuesday)

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December 24, 1969 (Wednesday)

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December 25, 1969 (Thursday)

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The world's most accurate wristwatch
  • Seiko, the Japanese electronics manufacturer, introduced the world's first quartz clock wristwatch, the Astron (officially, the "Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ"), at a press conference in Tokyo. The electronic timepiece was the most accurate wristwatch in the world at the time, guaranteed to be accurate within five seconds for every month of use, and began a new era in watch manufacturing. One historian of timepieces would later write that "Astron was the shot heard around the watch world, beginning an upheaval that radically rearranged that world. It shifted the balance of power to the Far East, toppled Switzerland as the world’s watch production leader, sent the Swiss watch industry into a two-decade-long tailspin (between 1970 and 1988 Swiss watch employment fell from 90,000 to 28,000), brought a quantum leap in watch accuracy, a quantum change in watch styling, and much more."[72]

December 26, 1969 (Friday)

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Bishop
  • The Joey Bishop Show, the ABC television network's late-night attempt to compete against The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on NBC, was telecast for the last time, a little more than two and a half years after its April 17, 1967 debut. As one commentator would note at the time, "The Joey Bishop Show was third in the ratings because of the number of ABC affiliates that didn't carry the program" (Today (Titusville, FL), December 28, 1969). Bishop, who had deferred to guest hosts more often toward the end of the series, appeared for the opening monologue, thanked the audience and viewers, then left, leaving his sidekick, Regis Philbin, to host for the remainder of the 90 minutes.
  • Twenty-six merchant marines were killed in the destruction of the American freighter SS Badger State. Formerly the U.S. Navy transport ship USS Starlight, the SS Badger State was transporting ordnance for the U.S. Air Force, including bombs and rockets to be used in the Vietnam War.[73] The 459 ft (140 m) long ship had picked up its cargo from the Bangor Base, Washington, near Seattle, and was en route to Da Nang in South Vietnam. At 11:05 a.m. Hawaii time (22:05 UTC), Badger State was about 1,500 miles (2,400 km) north of Hawaii and sailing in a storm, when part of the cargo broke loose and started a fire. The order was given to abandon ship.[74] All but one of the 40 crew were able to escape into life rafts an hour before the ship exploded, but only one raft, with 14 survivors, was rescued, all by a Greek ship, the Khian Star.[75] After a week, and the recovery of five bodies, the U.S. Navy abandoned its search as well as any attempts to put out the fires. The ship sank late in the evening on January 5.[76]

December 27, 1969 (Saturday)

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Prime Minister Satō

December 28, 1969 (Sunday)

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  • In New York, the Young Lords, a Puerto Rican militant group, took over the First Spanish Methodist Church at 111th Street and Lexington Avenue in East Harlem[78] and then used it for the next 11 days to make positive contributions to the Hispanic community in the city. Temporarily renaming the building "The People's Church", the Young Lords provided a clinic, a day care center, breakfast, evening entertainment and classes at no charge until space could be secured for a Young Lords center in the Bronx.[79] The group surrendered peacefully on January 7.[80] The takeover brought publicity to the needs of Puerto Ricans who had moved to or who had been born in the mainland U.S., and inspired the "Nuyorican Movement" for New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent.
  • South African astronomer John Caister Bennett discovered a comet previously not observed from Earth.[81][82] Officially "C/1969 Y1", "Comet Bennett" was logged at 19:41 UTC (9:41 at night local time), and would make its closest approach to Earth on March 27, passing within 64,000,000 miles (103,000,000 km)[83] and being visible to the naked eye. The Perth Observatory calculated that the comet had an orbital period of 1,700 years and that it will not approach Earth again until the 37th century.[81]
  • Born: Linus Torvalds, Finnish-born American computer software engineer who developed the Linux free software operating system at age 21; in Helsinki

December 29, 1969 (Monday)

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December 29, 1969: Cavett (left) challenges "King of Late Night" Carson (center)

December 30, 1969 (Tuesday)

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December 31, 1969 (Wednesday)

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Republic of the Congo
 
People's Republic of Congo
  • Marien Ngouabi, the chairman of the National Revolutionary Council of the former French Congo and the African nation's de facto ruler, announced in the capital at Brazzaville that he would implement a Marxist system of government, with the nation's name to be changed to the People's Republic of the Congo, and the name of the sole legal political organization to become the Congolese Workers' Party (Parti congolais du travail or PCT). Decisions for the nation would be run by the PCT Politburo of 10 members, selected from the PCT's 40 member central committee, and the nation's flag would be replaced by a red banner. Ngouabi would serve as both president and chairman of the PCT.[88]
  • Joe Namath of the New York Jets was named the final American Football League Player of the Year, despite his Jets failing to return to the AFL Title Game, apparently because of his historic win in Super Bowl III at the beginning of 1969. The AFL was merged into the National Football League for the 1970 season.
  • Died:
    • Joseph "Jock" Yablonski, 59, a candidate for the presidency of the United Mine Workers of America, was murdered along with his wife and his 25-year-old daughter by a trio of hitmen who invaded his home in Clarksville, Pennsylvania. The three bodies were not discovered until five days later, when all three were found shot to death in their beds.[89] The murders would be traced to the man whom Yablonski was challenging, UMWA President Tony Boyle.
    • Carol Thurston (born Betty Lou Thurston), 49, American film and television actress; of a heart attack[90]

References

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  1. ^ "Draft Lottery Is Held for 1970— 19-26-Year Olds Born on Sept. 14 head Callup List", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 2, 1969, p1
  2. ^ "Military Draft Order of Call For Next Year", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 2, 1969, p1
  3. ^ "Official election returns". Ottawa Citizen. December 4, 1969. p. 3. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  4. ^ "Defendant in China Talks of Army Plot— He Says 'Unimaginable Damage' Was Inflicted on the Air Force", The New York Times, November 24, 1980, pA1
  5. ^ "'Elephant of the air' crosses U.S.", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), December 3, 1969, p1
  6. ^ "Age of 'Jumbo Jet' Arrives With Flight Of Boeing 747", Cincinnati Enquirer, December 3, 1969, p1
  7. ^ "First Passengers Love That Jumbo Jet", Pittsburgh Press, December 3, 1969, p2-1
  8. ^ "Fire disaster probe promised— Between 51 and 58 missing as home for aged burns", Montreal Gazette, December 3, 1969, p1
  9. ^ Book review, The Fox From Up Above and the Fox From Down Below, by Peter Ritter, in RainTaxi.com, 2001
  10. ^ "Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov | Red Army, WWII, Politburo | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  11. ^ "Jet With 62 Falls Off Venezuela", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 4, 1969, p1
  12. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  13. ^ "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft" (PDF). UN Treaty series. p. 220. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  14. ^ December 1969 at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  15. ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Jay-Z Biography". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019. After debuting in the late '90s with Reasonable Doubt and In My Lifetime, Vol 1, he began a chart run that notched over a dozen number one albums spread over two decades, including the multiplatinum, Grammy-winning Vol. 2...Hard Knock Life (1999), the Blueprint series ('01, '02, '09), and The Black Album (2003).
  16. ^ "Attempted Murder Charge Eyed in Panthers Gunfight", Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1969, p1
  17. ^ "Chicago Gunfight Kills 2 Panthers", Pittsburgh Press, December 4, 1969, p1
  18. ^ Peter B. Seel, Digital Universe: The Global Telecommunication Revolution (John Wiley & Sons, 2012) p58
  19. ^ "Timothy Spall, Catherine Tate, 11.22.63, Dutch flowers". Front Row. 2016-04-05. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
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  22. ^ "'Woodstock West' Draws 300,000 To Calif. Town", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 8, 1969, p1
  23. ^ "Slaying At Fete Probed— 'Who Hired The Angels?'", San Francisco Examiner, December 8, 1969, p1, p6
  24. ^ "Durante Narrates Frosty the Snowman", Bryan (TX) Eagle, December 7, 1969
  25. ^ "'Littlest Angel' big treat for all ages", by Percy Shain, Boston Globe, December 8, 1969, p42
  26. ^ "Athens Airliner Crash Kills 90", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 9, 1969, p1
  27. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  28. ^ "Six Hippies Indicted In Tate Slaying", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 9, 1969, p1
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  30. ^ Sounes, Howard (2001). Down the Highway. United States: Grove Press. pp. 162–163.
  31. ^ "Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation", Architect of the Capitol website
  32. ^ "Sicilian Cosa Nostra's Viale Lazio massacre", Gangsters, Inc. website
  33. ^ a b "Dahomey/Benin (1960-present)", University of Central Arkansas political science site
  34. ^ "S. Korean plane hijacked to North with 51 aboard", Miami News, December 11, 1969, p1
  35. ^ "N. Korea Frees 39 Hijacking Victims; 12 Stay", Philadelphia Inquirer, February 15, 1970, p4
  36. ^ "From Hwang Solo to Team Hwang", by Casey Lartigue, Jr., The Korea Times (Seoul), June 28, 2016
  37. ^ "NGC 6946", in The Messier Catalog, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS) website
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  45. ^ "Nixon to Pull Out 50,000 More". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 16, 1969. p. 1.
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  56. ^ "TV Millions See Tiny Tim Wedding", Palm Beach (FL) Post, December 18, 1969, p1
  57. ^ "Air Force Ends 21-Year Saucer Probe", Pittsburgh Press, December 17, 1969, p1
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  65. ^ "How Ben Kiwanuka tried to assassinate Obote", Daily Monitor (Kampala), June 17, 2018
  66. ^ Uganda (1962-present), University of Central Arkansas
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  69. ^ "Crippled Plane Rams School in S. Vietnam", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 23, 1969, p1
  70. ^ "11 Killed As Jet Hits Hangar", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 23, 1969, p1
  71. ^ "Bus Crash Kills 75 in Armenia", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 27, 1969, p1
  72. ^ "1969: Seiko’s Breakout Year", by Joe Thompson, WatchTime magazine, December 20, 2009
  73. ^ "Munition Ship Burns, 25 Crewmen Missing". Milwaukee Journal. December 27, 1969. p. 1.[permanent dead link]
  74. ^ "39 Abandon Ammo Ship". The Boston Globe. December 27, 1969. p. 1.
  75. ^ "MV Khian Star". U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration (MARAD).
  76. ^ "Ammunition ship goes down". The Leader-Post. Regina, Sask. January 6, 1970. p. 1.
  77. ^ "Pro-American Sato Party Wins In Japan— Liberal Democrats Pile Up Big Lead In Light Balloting", Pittsburgh Press, December 28, 1969, p28
  78. ^ "Puerto Rican Group Seizes Church in East Harlem in Demand for Space", New York Times, December 29, 1969, p26
  79. ^ William Luis, Dance Between Two Cultures: Latino Caribbean Literature Written in the United States (Vanderbilt University Press, 2001) p44
  80. ^ "105 Members of Young Lords Submit to Arrest, Ending 11‐Day Occupation of Church in East Harlem", New York Times, January 8, 1970, p28
  81. ^ a b "C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)", from Gary W. Kronk's Cometography
  82. ^ "New Comet", Ames (IA) Daily Tribune, January 2, 1970, p1
  83. ^ "Bennett's Comet Visible Across American Skies", Atlanta Constitution, March 26, 1970, p3
  84. ^ "Dick Cavett Bows Tonight", Atlanta Constitution, December 29, 1969, p8-A
  85. ^ "ABC's New Dick Cavett Show Is Welcome Addition to Schedule", by Irv Letofsky, Minneapolis Star Tribune, December 30, 1969, p15
  86. ^ "Honoring the legacy of an activist: Fred Hampton Jr. to speak, April 15". Illinois State University. April 1, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  87. ^ Reed, James (June 2010). "Dave Rawlings takes the lead". Boston.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  88. ^ "Congo Republic Junta Names First Red Regime in Africa", Chicago Tribune, January 1, 1970, p10
  89. ^ "Yablonski, Wife, Daughter Slain", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 6, 1970, p1
  90. ^ "Carol Thurston". glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
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