The climate of Russia is formed under the influence of several determining factors. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.[1][2] Russia's climate, despite its enormous geographical extent, is generally warm to hot in the summer and cold to very cold in the winter, with snow cover typically present over the vast majority of the country's territory in the winter months, with the exception of the country's southernmost territories, the North Caucasus. Russia's far northeast, subject to an extreme subarctic climate, experiences the coldest winters of any permanently settled region in the world, with Yakutsk, the capital of the Sakha Republic, being the world's coldest major city and Oymyakon, also in the Sakha Republic, being the world's coldest permanently inhabited settlement.
Dynamics
editDue to the moderating influence of the Atlantic or Pacific, most areas of the country in European Russia, in the south of West Siberia and in the south of the Russian Far East, including the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, experience a humid continental climate. (Köppen's Dfb, Dfa, Dwb, Dwa, Dsb, Dsa types). Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia between the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters (Dfd, Dwd, Dsd) in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Sakha Republic) with the record low temperature of −67.8 °C or −90.0 °F), and more moderate (Dwc, Dfc, Dsc) elsewhere.
The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Arctic islands, have a polar climate, namely, an ice cap climate (EF) on some of the islands, and a tundra climate (ET) elsewhere. A small portion of the Black Sea coast, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate (Köppen's Cfa) with unusually wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd types), while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate (BSk) and an arid climate (BWk). The city of Kaliningrad has an Oceanic climate (Cfb, Cfc) due to its relatively mild winters (monthly means above −3 °C (27 °F)) and cool summers.
About 65% of the Russian territory is underlain by permafrost.
Temperature records
edit| Climate data for Russia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
33.5 (92.3) |
36.8 (98.2) |
39.7 (103.5) |
43.7 (110.7) |
45.4 (113.7) |
45.0 (113.0) |
41.5 (106.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
31.0 (87.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
45.4 (113.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −67.8 (−90.0) |
−67.8 (−90.0) |
−60.6 (−77.1) |
−57.2 (−71.0) |
−35.8 (−32.4) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−48.7 (−55.7) |
−62.2 (−80.0) |
−64.5 (−84.1) |
−67.8 (−90.0) |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Monitor[3] — Meteo.ru - Baseline Climatological Data Sets[4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA NCDC - Climate Data Online[5] | |||||||||||||
Extreme highs
edit| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) | 4 January 1979 | Derbent, Dagestan Republic |
| February | 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) | 28 February 2020 | Kasumkent, Dagestan Republic |
| March | 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) | 29 March 1901 | Maykop, Adygea Republic |
| April | 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) | 12 April 1998 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai |
| May | 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) | 22 May 2021 | Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan |
| June | 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) | 22 June 2015 | Alexandrov Gay, Saratov Oblast |
| July | 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) | 12 July 2010 | Utta, Kalmykia Republic |
| August | 45 °C (113 °F) | 7 August 1940 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast |
| September | 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) | 2 September 2010 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast; Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast |
| October | 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) | 2 October 1999 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai; Novoalexandrovsk, Saratov Oblast |
| November | 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) | 10 November 2016 | Shatoy, Chechen Republic |
| December | 28.1 °C (82.6 °F) | 10 December 1998 | Buynaksk, Dagestan Republic |
Extreme lows
edit| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | 15 January
1885 |
Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| February | −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | 5,7 February 1892; 6 February 1933 |
Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic; Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| March | −60.6 °C (−77.1 °F) | 10 March 1954 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| April | −57.2 °C (−71.0 °F) | 2 April 1896 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| May | −35.8 °C (−32.4 °F) | 2 May 1964 | Ilirney, Chukotka AO |
| June | −22.2 °C (−8.0 °F) | 2 June 1964 | Strait of Sterlegova, Krasnoyarsk Krai |
| July | −9.3 °C (15.3 °F) | 15 July 1966 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| August | −17.1 °C (1.2 °F) | 31 August 1969 | |
| September | −27.6 °C (−17.7 °F) | 29 September 1965 | Ilirney, Chukotka AO |
| October | −48.7 °C (−55.7 °F) | 29 October 1915 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| November | −62.2 °C (−80.0 °F) | 29 November 1960 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| December | −64.5 °C (−84.1 °F) | 22 December 1902 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
Averages and records by city
edit| Climate data for Arkhangelsk (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
32.1 (89.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −8.4 (16.9) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.6 (11.1) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.2 (−49.4) |
−41.2 (−42.2) |
−37.1 (−34.8) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−36.5 (−33.7) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
−45.2 (−49.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) |
32 (1.3) |
31 (1.2) |
32 (1.3) |
48 (1.9) |
65 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
82 (3.2) |
62 (2.4) |
68 (2.7) |
51 (2.0) |
48 (1.9) |
636 (25.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 36 (14) |
45 (18) |
48 (19) |
19 (7.5) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
11 (4.3) |
24 (9.4) |
48 (19) |
| Average rainy days | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 9 | 4 | 143 |
| Average snowy days | 27 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0.03 | 1 | 13 | 25 | 28 | 163 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 84 | 80 | 72 | 68 | 69 | 75 | 81 | 85 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 80 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 13 | 56 | 117 | 193 | 262 | 298 | 301 | 203 | 116 | 59 | 19 | 6 | 1,643 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Chita (1991–2020, extremes 1890–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
29.3 (84.7) |
34.6 (94.3) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −17.2 (1.0) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −24.6 (−12.3) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−22.1 (−7.8) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −30.4 (−22.7) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.7 (54.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−27.4 (−17.3) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.6 (−57.3) |
−48.0 (−54.4) |
−45.3 (−49.5) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−33.1 (−27.6) |
−41.1 (−42.0) |
−47.8 (−54.0) |
−49.6 (−57.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
12 (0.5) |
27 (1.1) |
59 (2.3) |
88 (3.5) |
85 (3.3) |
41 (1.6) |
10 (0.4) |
5 (0.2) |
5 (0.2) |
341 (13.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) |
7 (2.8) |
2 (0.8) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
6 (2.4) |
7 (2.8) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 13 | 5 | 0.2 | 0 | 86 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 76 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 72 | 59 | 47 | 46 | 58 | 68 | 73 | 66 | 61 | 70 | 77 | 64 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139 | 179 | 239 | 242 | 277 | 279 | 247 | 226 | 212 | 190 | 134 | 108 | 2,472 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[9] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Irkutsk (1991–2020, extremes 1820–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
34.7 (94.5) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
37.2 (99.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
1.2 (34.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.6 (0.3) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
9.5 (49.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −21.4 (−6.5) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.7 (−57.5) |
−44.7 (−48.5) |
−37.3 (−35.1) |
−31.8 (−25.2) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
−6 (21) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−40.4 (−40.7) |
−46.3 (−51.3) |
−49.7 (−57.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.6) |
9 (0.4) |
12 (0.5) |
21 (0.8) |
36 (1.4) |
69 (2.7) |
107 (4.2) |
96 (3.8) |
53 (2.1) |
21 (0.8) |
20 (0.8) |
19 (0.7) |
477 (18.8) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 24 (9.4) |
28 (11) |
18 (7.1) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
8 (3.1) |
18 (7.1) |
28 (11) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 105 |
| Average snowy days | 21 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 23 | 119 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 76 | 65 | 56 | 55 | 67 | 74 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93 | 149 | 207 | 223 | 266 | 264 | 243 | 218 | 182 | 152 | 93 | 62 | 2,142 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[11] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kaliningrad (1991–2020, extremes 1848–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
16.9 (62.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.0 (93.2) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
33.8 (92.8) |
26.4 (79.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
36.5 (97.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.4 (32.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.5 (−26.5) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−18.7 (−1.7) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68 (2.7) |
54 (2.1) |
49 (1.9) |
38 (1.5) |
52 (2.0) |
69 (2.7) |
91 (3.6) |
91 (3.6) |
73 (2.9) |
86 (3.4) |
76 (3.0) |
69 (2.7) |
816 (32.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) |
7 (2.8) |
3 (1.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
5 (2.0) |
7 (2.8) |
| Average rainy days | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 185 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 15 | 10 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 64 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 83 | 78 | 72 | 71 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 81 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 35 | 61 | 120 | 171 | 253 | 264 | 257 | 228 | 158 | 96 | 38 | 26 | 1,707 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Khabarovsk (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
28.6 (83.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.7 (96.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.9 (5.2) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
7.8 (46.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
4.8 (40.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.4 (70.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −23.1 (−9.6) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
16.8 (62.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −40.0 (−40.0) |
−35.1 (−31.2) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−40.0 (−40.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13 (0.5) |
12 (0.5) |
22 (0.9) |
37 (1.5) |
70 (2.8) |
84 (3.3) |
137 (5.4) |
143 (5.6) |
85 (3.3) |
48 (1.9) |
26 (1.0) |
19 (0.7) |
696 (27.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 14 (5.5) |
16 (6.3) |
12 (4.7) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
5 (2.0) |
10 (3.9) |
16 (6.3) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 102 |
| Average snowy days | 14 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 4 | 12 | 14 | 73 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 72 | 68 | 63 | 65 | 74 | 79 | 83 | 78 | 67 | 69 | 73 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147 | 181 | 231 | 213 | 242 | 262 | 248 | 217 | 212 | 189 | 159 | 145 | 2,446 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[15] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Krasnoyarsk (1991–2020, extremes 1891–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
31.4 (88.5) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
35.1 (95.2) |
31.3 (88.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.6 (11.1) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
9.1 (48.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −52.8 (−63.0) |
−41.6 (−42.9) |
−38.7 (−37.7) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−42.3 (−44.1) |
−47.0 (−52.6) |
−52.8 (−63.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17 (0.7) |
15 (0.6) |
19 (0.7) |
29 (1.1) |
48 (1.9) |
66 (2.6) |
70 (2.8) |
76 (3.0) |
55 (2.2) |
42 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
31 (1.2) |
507 (20.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 16 (6.3) |
16 (6.3) |
13 (5.1) |
3 (1.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
7 (2.8) |
14 (5.5) |
16 (6.3) |
| Average rainy days | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2 | 9 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 13 | 4 | 0.3 | 120 |
| Average snowy days | 24 | 21 | 17 | 14 | 4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 14 | 23 | 25 | 144 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 70 | 64 | 58 | 54 | 64 | 72 | 76 | 75 | 71 | 74 | 73 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63 | 100 | 171 | 216 | 251 | 280 | 281 | 237 | 160 | 111 | 58 | 41 | 1,969 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun only 1961–1990)[17] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1991–2020, records 1879–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
34.8 (94.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3 (27) |
3.0 (37.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.2 (54.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.0 (55.4) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.1 (−43.8) |
−38.2 (−36.8) |
−32.4 (−26.3) |
−21 (−6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
−38.8 (−37.8) |
−42.1 (−43.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53 (2.1) |
44 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
61 (2.4) |
78 (3.1) |
84 (3.3) |
78 (3.1) |
66 (2.6) |
70 (2.8) |
52 (2.0) |
51 (2.0) |
713 (28.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 24 (9.4) |
35 (14) |
29 (11) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (1.6) |
12 (4.7) |
35 (14) |
| Average rainy days | 8 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 155 |
| Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 15 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 5 | 17 | 24 | 116 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 81 | 74 | 68 | 67 | 72 | 74 | 78 | 82 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 33 | 72 | 128 | 170 | 265 | 279 | 271 | 238 | 147 | 78 | 32 | 18 | 1,731 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 14 | 27 | 35 | 40 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 38 | 24 | 13 | 8 | 34 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[18][19] Thermograph.ru,[20] Meteoweb.ru (sunshine hours)[21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Murmansk (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
2.9 (37.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
1.1 (34.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
8.3 (46.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.4 (−38.9) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
−34.9 (−30.8) |
−39.4 (−38.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34 (1.3) |
24 (0.9) |
29 (1.1) |
29 (1.1) |
37 (1.5) |
56 (2.2) |
66 (2.6) |
71 (2.8) |
54 (2.1) |
56 (2.2) |
36 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
529 (20.8) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 26 (10) |
28 (11) |
30 (12) |
19 (7.5) |
2 (0.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
11 (4.3) |
19 (7.5) |
30 (12) |
| Average rainy days | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 149 |
| Average snowy days | 27 | 26 | 24 | 19 | 14 | 4 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 2 | 16 | 24 | 27 | 183 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 83 | 79 | 73 | 72 | 70 | 75 | 79 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 85 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 3 | 33 | 122 | 182 | 192 | 228 | 236 | 154 | 89 | 47 | 7 | 0 | 1,293 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[23] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[24] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod (1991–2020, extremes 1835–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.3 (97.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
31.0 (87.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.6 (16.5) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −11.1 (12.0) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
2.2 (36.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
1.9 (35.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.2 (−42.2) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−28.3 (−18.9) |
−19.7 (−3.5) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−30.9 (−23.6) |
−41.4 (−42.5) |
−41.4 (−42.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50 (2.0) |
40 (1.6) |
40 (1.6) |
40 (1.6) |
42 (1.7) |
73 (2.9) |
75 (3.0) |
68 (2.7) |
59 (2.3) |
67 (2.6) |
52 (2.0) |
59 (2.3) |
665 (26.2) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 31 (12) |
43 (17) |
40 (16) |
5 (2.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
6 (2.4) |
16 (6.3) |
43 (17) |
| Average rainy days | 5 | 4 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 10 | 6 | 151 |
| Average snowy days | 28 | 24 | 18 | 7 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 20 | 26 | 133 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 81 | 74 | 64 | 60 | 69 | 70 | 74 | 79 | 82 | 87 | 86 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 43 | 79 | 145 | 196 | 275 | 287 | 280 | 238 | 152 | 81 | 38 | 25 | 1,839 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[25] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[26] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Saint Petersburg (1991–2020, extremes 1743–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
37.1 (98.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−35.2 (−31.4) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) |
36 (1.4) |
36 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
47 (1.9) |
69 (2.7) |
84 (3.3) |
87 (3.4) |
57 (2.2) |
64 (2.5) |
56 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
670 (26.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 15 (5.9) |
19 (7.5) |
14 (5.5) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
9 (3.5) |
19 (7.5) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 10 | 173 |
| Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 117 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 84 | 79 | 69 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 18.9 | 45.5 | 120.5 | 177.9 | 255.6 | 254.3 | 267.7 | 228.1 | 134.8 | 61.8 | 23.0 | 8.1 | 1,596.2 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[27] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA[28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Samara (1991–2020, extremes 1852–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.9 (96.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
39.4 (102.9) |
39.9 (103.8) |
34.0 (93.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
7.3 (45.1) |
39.9 (103.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
3.2 (37.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
2.3 (36.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.0 (−47.2) |
−36.9 (−34.4) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−41.3 (−42.3) |
−44.0 (−47.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56 (2.2) |
44 (1.7) |
42 (1.7) |
40 (1.6) |
38 (1.5) |
48 (1.9) |
47 (1.9) |
41 (1.6) |
46 (1.8) |
49 (1.9) |
46 (1.8) |
52 (2.0) |
549 (21.6) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 37 (15) |
54 (21) |
50 (20) |
7 (2.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
5 (2.0) |
19 (7.5) |
54 (21) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 122 |
| Average snowy days | 24 | 20 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 4 | 15 | 22 | 104 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 80 | 79 | 67 | 58 | 64 | 67 | 69 | 73 | 76 | 83 | 83 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64 | 102 | 149 | 214 | 305 | 303 | 310 | 275 | 190 | 108 | 47 | 46 | 2,113 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[29] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[30] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sochi (1991–2020, extremes 1870–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
34.7 (94.5) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
39.4 (102.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 177 (7.0) |
134 (5.3) |
133 (5.2) |
109 (4.3) |
107 (4.2) |
95 (3.7) |
120 (4.7) |
106 (4.2) |
140 (5.5) |
177 (7.0) |
175 (6.9) |
178 (7.0) |
1,651 (65.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 1 (0.4) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
| Average rainy days | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 189 |
| Average snowy days | 6 | 6 | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 20 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 72 | 72 | 75 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 72 | 75 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 96 | 105 | 145 | 161 | 221 | 258 | 279 | 281 | 226 | 195 | 121 | 86 | 2,174 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[31] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[32] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
35.6 (96.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
32.2 (90.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −17.6 (0.3) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
16.8 (62.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
6.9 (44.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −22.8 (−9.0) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
0.8 (33.4) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
−23.5 (−10.3) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
3.8 (38.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −54.4 (−65.9) |
−44.9 (−48.8) |
−40.4 (−40.7) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−38.0 (−36.4) |
−48.8 (−55.8) |
−54.4 (−65.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
6 (0.2) |
18 (0.7) |
34 (1.3) |
64 (2.5) |
63 (2.5) |
27 (1.1) |
7 (0.3) |
9 (0.4) |
11 (0.4) |
250 (9.8) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 12 (4.7) |
12 (4.7) |
4 (1.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
9 (3.5) |
12 (4.7) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 83 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 18 | 89 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 75 | 66 | 53 | 49 | 57 | 64 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 76 | 78 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 115 | 155 | 225 | 248 | 287 | 288 | 270 | 247 | 211 | 167 | 113 | 92 | 2,418 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[33] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[34] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
27.7 (81.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.6 (92.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
33.6 (92.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.9 (10.6) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
5.3 (41.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.3 (61.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.0 (5.0) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.4 (−24.5) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−21.3 (−6.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−28.1 (−18.6) |
−31.4 (−24.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) |
16 (0.6) |
27 (1.1) |
43 (1.7) |
97 (3.8) |
105 (4.1) |
159 (6.3) |
176 (6.9) |
103 (4.1) |
67 (2.6) |
36 (1.4) |
19 (0.7) |
860 (33.9) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 5 (2.0) |
4 (1.6) |
3 (1.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
3 (1.2) |
5 (2.0) |
| Average rainy days | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 133 |
| Average snowy days | 7 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 47 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 58 | 57 | 60 | 67 | 76 | 87 | 92 | 87 | 77 | 65 | 60 | 60 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 178.2 | 180.8 | 209.6 | 182.3 | 170.3 | 131.1 | 120.3 | 150.2 | 198.0 | 194.6 | 160.0 | 150.3 | 2,025.7 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[35] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA[36] | |||||||||||||
| Sea temperature data for Vladivostok | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | -1.2 (29.8) |
-1.6 (29.1) |
-0.9 (30.4) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
8.64 (47.6) |
| Source: [37] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Yakutsk/Jakutsk weather station (WMO identifier: 24959), 98.3m amsl, 1991−2020, extremes 1829–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −11.5 (11.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −34.0 (−29.2) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −36.9 (−34.4) |
−32.9 (−27.2) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
15.6 (60.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−37.0 (−34.6) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −39.8 (−39.6) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
1.5 (34.7) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−39.5 (−39.1) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −63.0 (−81.4) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
−54.9 (−66.8) |
−41.0 (−41.8) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−40.9 (−41.6) |
−54.5 (−66.1) |
−59.8 (−75.6) |
−64.4 (−83.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10 (0.4) |
9 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
8 (0.3) |
20 (0.8) |
30 (1.2) |
40 (1.6) |
37 (1.5) |
30 (1.2) |
19 (0.7) |
17 (0.7) |
9 (0.4) |
235 (9.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 27 (11) |
31 (12) |
33 (13) |
21 (8.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (1.6) |
15 (5.9) |
22 (8.7) |
33 (13) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 75 |
| Average snowy days | 26 | 24 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 3 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 157 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 76 | 70 | 59 | 53 | 56 | 62 | 68 | 71 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 20.7 | 102.6 | 252.8 | 296.8 | 288.2 | 334.8 | 334.0 | 262.9 | 170.1 | 96.3 | 66.9 | 11.5 | 2,251.1 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[38] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA[39] | |||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Russia::Climate and vegetation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
- ^ "Climate". Library Of Congress. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Meteo.ru". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "NOAA NCDC Climate Data Online". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Arkhangelsk" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Arhangelsk (Arkhangelsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Chita" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "Cita/Kadala (Chita) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net- Climate Data for Irkutsk 1991–2020" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Irkutsk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Kaliningrad" (in Russian). Погода и климат. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Kaliningrad Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ^ "Climate Khabarovsk". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ "KHABAROVSK 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net (Weather and Climate – The Climate of Krasnoyarsk)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Krasnojarsk (Krasnoyarsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)" (in Russian). Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Climate monitor 2005-2011" (in Russian). Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Thermograph.ru averages". Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ^ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ^ "Moscow, Russia - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
- ^ Климат Мурманска [The Climate of Murmansk]. Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) (in Russian). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Murmansk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Gorkij (Nizhny Novgorod) Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Leningrad/Pulkovo Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Kujbysev/Bezencuk (Samara) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Weather and Climate – The Climate of Sochi" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Soci (Sochi) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Climate Ulan-Ude". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "ULAN-UDE/MUHINO 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
- ^ "Climate Vladivostok". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "VLADIVOSTOK 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Climate Jakutsk". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Jakutsk 1991–2020". NOAA. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
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