Chen (state)

It is written 陳 the same as the Chen surname. In ancient texts, it is sometimes misspelled as 敶, also pronounced Chen.^[1]

Chen was originally from Taihao (太昊、太皞), the capital of Fuxi's clan.^[2] It was south of the Yellow River.^[2][3]

Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province.^[4][5][6] Zhu Xi explains that Wanqiu means "[a hill] with a crater on top surrounded by high walls on all four sides".^[7]

According to tradition, the royal family of Chen were descendants of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun. After the conquest of the Shang dynasty in 1046/45 BC, King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed his son-in-law Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, at Chen, and Man became known as Duke Hu of Chen (Chen Hugong).^[8][9]

Duke Shēn of Chen, son of Hugong then became second duke of Chen.^[10]

Chen later became an ally state of Chu, fighting as an ally of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. It was finally unified with the Chu in 479 BC. Many people of Chen then took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the many of Chinese people with the family name Chen today. After the destruction of the old Chu capital at Ying, Chen became the Chu capital.

• The founding duke, formally known as Duke Hu of Chen, is credited with being the originator of the Hu (surname) and the Chen (surname).^[11]
• The Chen clan would later found the Chen dynasty of China and then the Trần dynasty, a golden age of Vietnam (陳朝 Tran is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chen).
• In 1400 AD, Hồ Quý Ly overthrew the Trần dynasty and established the Hồ dynasty (Hồ is the Vietnamese pronunciation for "Hu"). He claimed to be a descendant of Chen Hugong and Emperor Shun, and changed the name of Vietnam from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu (大虞), or Great Ngu (Ngu is the Vietnamese pronunciation for Yu 虞 the legendary state of Emperor Shun).^[12]
• In ancient times 陳 sounded similar to 東 dong, meaning 'East'. It also sounded similar to 田 tian. After the warring states period, some members of the Chen clan in Qi (state) adopted the surname 田 Tian, which later became popular in Chinese and Japanese surnames.

In summary, surnames with descent from Chen include:

• Chen surname 陳姓
• Gui surname 妫姓
• Hu surname 胡姓
• Tian surname 田姓
• Yu surname 虞姓
• Yao surname 姚姓
• Yuan surname 袁姓

The Shijing has at least 10 songs dedicated to Chen:《宛丘》、《東門之枌》、《衛門》、《東門之池》、《東門之楊》、《墓門》、《防有鵲巢》、《月出》、《株林》、《澤陂》。^[13]

The state of Chen lasted nearly 600 years and produced over 25 rulers. In chronological order from first to last (note Hu Gong means Duke of Hu and vice versa):

1. Duke Hu of Chen
2. Duke Shēn of Chen ^[10]
3. Duke Xiang of Chen
4. Duke Xiao of Chen
5. Duke Shèn of Chen
6. Duke You of Chen
7. Duke Xi of Chen
8. Duke Wu of Chen
9. Duke Yi of Chen
10. Duke Ping of Chen
11. Duke Wen of Chen
12. Duke Huan of Chen
13. Chen Tuo
14. Duke Li of Chen
15. Duke Zhuang of Chen
16. Duke Xuan of Chen
17. Duke Mu of Chen
18. Duke Gong of Chen
19. Duke Ling of Chen
20. Xia Zhengshu
21. Duke Cheng of Chen
22. Duke Ai of Chen
23. Prince Liu
24. Chuan Fengxu
25. Duke Hui of Chen
26. Duke Huai of Chen
27. Duke Min of Chen

Note: the reign lengths of the dukes before Duke You of Chen are derived from conjecture, and are only for reference.

See zh:陈国君主世系图

• Chen (surname), 陳姓 adopted by people of Chen state
• Chen Hugong, founding emperor
• Emperor Shun (舜帝), forefather of Chen
• Tian Qi 田齊
• Gui surname 妫姓
• Hu surname 胡姓
• Tian surname 田姓
• Yu surname 虞姓
• Yao surname 姚姓
• Yuan surname 袁姓
• Yuan Taotu, relative of Chen family

• Han, Zhaoqi, ed. (2010). "Houses of Chen and Qi". Shiji 史记 (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
• Ngô, Sĩ Liên (1479). Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư [Complete Annals of Dai Viet] (in Vietnamese).
• Yang, Kuan (2003). Xi Zhou Shi 西周史 [History of the Western Zhou] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-208-04538-5.

• 《史記》卷36：陳杞世家 [Shiji]
• 《春秋左氏傳》(始見於隱公三年) [Spring and Autumn period]