Chandravalli is an archaeological site located in the Chitradurga district of the state of Karnataka, India.[1] The region is a valley formed by three hills, Chitradurga, Kirabanakallu and Jolagudda.[2] It is a semi-arid region with scrub vegetation with a stream running through it.[3] Excavations at Chandravalli have revealed earthen pots, painted bowls and coins of Indian dynasties like Vijayanagar, Satavahana and Hoysalas as well as denarii of Roman emperor Augustus Caesar and a coin of the Chinese Han dynasty Emperor Wu Ti belonging to 2nd Century BC.[2][4]
 Chandravalli | |
  Shown within India | |
| Location | Chitradurga, Karnataka, India |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 14°12′32″N 76°23′10″E / 14.20889°N 76.38611°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| Length | 730 m (2,400 ft) |
| Width | 730 m (2,400 ft) |
| Area | 53.3 ha (132 acres) |
| History | |
| Periods | Satavahana |
Mythology
editChandravalli (moon shaped) was known as Chandanavati, name attributed to the king as this place was once ruled by Chandrahasa (king of Kuntala).
Chandravalli cave temple
editThe Chandravalli cave temple (also known as the Ankali Mutt - Saints from Ankalagi (Belgaum) came here for meditation)[5] is semilunar in shape located between two giant monolithic rocks, a pre-historic site is about three km from Chitradurga. There is a lake which is adds the importance to cave temple. The forest around the lake is a good place for bird watching.
History
editAt Chandravalli there is a rock inscription of the first Kannada dynasty Kadambas founder Mayurasharma (345 CE) found in the Bhairaweshwara temple. Chandravalli is the first capital city of Kadamba dynasty.
Prehistoric period
editChandravalli is pre-historic archaeological site, historians found painted pottery and coins from the pre-historic and Shatavahana period and found that the human habitation existed during the Iron Age.
Excavation history
editIn 1909 B L Rice, R Narasimhachar and R Shamashastry carried out the excavation work at Chandravalli. During 1929-30 M H Krishna did the significant contribution.[6]
Chandravalli was first excavated by R. Narasimhachar who was the Director of Department of Archaeology and Museums of the Mysore state.[2][7] Further excavations were carried out by H. M. Krishna in 1928-29 and finally by Mortimer Wheeler under the guidance of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1947.[2]
- Findings
Two distinct periods; megalithic and Satavahana were noticed during the excavations. It was found that Chandravalli was inhabited from Iron Age onwards. The inscriptions found in the nearby hillocks belonged to the Chalukya and Hoysala period, with one belonging to the king Mayurasharma, the founder of the Kadamba dynasty.[2]
- General layout
The total measurement of the site excavated was 730 m × 730 m, and the general layout of the site contained a housing complex with walls of bricks, covered stone drains, red-gravel rammed floors and fireplaces made of bricks.[2] It was also a mortuary site.[3]
- Earthen ware
The earthen ware found included megalithic pottery, painted vessels coated by a russet coloured wash (Russet-coated painted ware), red and black coloured ware as well as rouletted ware.[2] The paintings on these wares were linear and geometric and consisted of criss-cross, dotted lines, hatched triangles and other patterns. The shapes of these wares were vessels with funnel-shaped lid, carinated bowls, three-legged vessels and other forms.[2]
- Coins
Coins of the following Indian kings were found: Krishnaraja Wodeyar III of Mysore, Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar, various Satavahana kings and Viraraya of Hoysala kingdom. Among the foreign coins found were denarii of Augustus Caesar and a coin of the Chinese Han dynasty Emperor Wu Ti.[2]
- Trade ties with ancient Rome
Assessment of historic settlement has led to an interesting finding on the existence of commercial contacts with ancient Roman world.[8]
- Other objects
Other objects found included neoliths, a cist with a skeleton in it, pots containing bones and teeth of animals and a Roman bulla. One of the cists also appeared to contain the legs of a sarcophagus.[2]
Notes
edit- ^ "In and Around Chitradurga". Webpage of the Chitradurga district. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p97
- ^ a b Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, Human Relations Area Files Inc. (2001), p367
- ^ S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1995), p343
- ^ Datta, Sravasti (7 March 2013). "Bastion on the hill". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "This cave holds many secrets". Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ "introduction". Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Chandravalli inhabitants had trade ties with ancient Rome - Bangalore Mirror". bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
References
edit- Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1995) [1995]. Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0999-9.
- Ghosh, Amalananda (1990) [1990]. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09262-5.
- Peter Neal Peregrine, Melvin Ember, Human Relations Area Files Inc. (2001) [2001]. Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46262-1.
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