The Bihar Subah (Persian: صوبه بهار) was a province (suba) of the Mughal Empire that was formed in 1575 CE. It was one of the original twelve subas established by Emperor Akbar. Its seat was in the city of Patna which was also known as Azimabad. The seat of Azimabad was named after the Mughal prince, Azim-ush-Shan who was the son of Emperor Shah Alam I.[1]
| Bihar Subah | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subah of Mughal Empire | |||||||||
| 1575-1733 | |||||||||
 The Suba of Bihar situated between Awadh and Bengal | |||||||||
| Capital | Patna | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
• Established | 1575 CE | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1733 CE | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
The suba was bordered to the west by the subas of Illahabad and Awadh and to the east by Bengal Subah.[2]
History
editThe suba of Bihar functioned as a link between Hindustan and Bengal. On its northern boundary, it reached into the foothills of the Himalayas although this border was poorly defined as it was covered by the forested Terai. Under Emperor Akbar, Bihar was divided into seven sarkars which were:[1]
- Bihar
- Monghyr
- Champaran
- Rohtas
- Hajipur
- Saran
- Tirhut
Much of the region was now fully integrated into the Empire, particularly around Monghhy and Khokhrah where it was said that "the laws and commands of the provincial administration could be ignored without incurring too many problems." The sarkar of Purnea was not fully integrated into the suba of Bihar but was under an independent faujdar known as the Faujdars of Purnea which acted as a small military frontier between Bihar and Bengal.[1]
In 1733, Emperor Muhammad Shah granted the suba of Bihar to the subadar of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan at which point Bihar and Bengal were merged with one another.[1]
Zamindars
editMuch of Bihar Suba during this time was under the control of semi-autonomous zamindars. Within Bihar, the Zamindars had both economic and military power. Each zamindari would have their own standing army which was typically composed of their own clansmen. Some notable zamindaris include:[3]
Notable subahdars
editNotable Subahdars of Bihar include:[4]
- Mirza Aziz Koka (1580 - 1583)
- Saeed Khan Chaghta
- Mirza Yusuf Mashhadi (1585 - 1587)
- Man Singh I (1587 -1594)
- Jahangir Quli Beg (1605 - 1607)
- Islam Khan I (1607 - 1608)
- Afzal Khan
- Zafar Khan
- Ibrahim Khan Fath-i-Jang
- Jahangir Quli Khan II (1618 - 1620)
References
edit- ^ a b c d Chatterjee, Kumkum (1996). Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820. BRILL. pp. 13–16. ISBN 9789004644748.
- ^ Mahbubul Karim, Khondkar (1974). The Provinces of Bihar and Bengal Under Shahjahan. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. pp. 35–38.
- ^ Tahir Hussain Ansari (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Taylor & Francis. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-00-065152-2.
- ^ Ahmad, Imtiaz (2002). "MUGHAL GOVERNORS OF BIHAR UNDER AKBAR AND JAHANGIR". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 63: 281–288.