Atmaram Pandurang or Atmaram Pandurang Turkhadekar (or just Turkhad in English publications[1]) (1823 – 26 April 1898) was an Indian physician and social reformer who founded the Prarthana Samaj and was one of the two Indian co-founders (the other being Sakharam Arjun) of the Bombay Natural History Society.[2] A graduate of Grant Medical College, he was a brother of Dadoba Pandurang (9 May 1814 – 17 October 1882), a scholar of Sanskrit and Marathi. Atmaram Pandurang served briefly as sheriff of Bombay in 1879.[3]
Early life and education
editAtmaram was born to Pandurang Yeshwant and Yashodabai. He went to the Elphinstone Institution (along with fellow student Dadabhai Naoroji) where he studied mathematics under Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar (1812-1846).[4] He then joined the newly opened Grant Medical College and was in the first batch of students that included Dr Bhau Daji Lad and joined on 1 November 1845.
Career
editWith a diploma, he worked in Bhiwandi, running a smallpox vaccination campaign. He later helped frame Article 14 of the Contagious Diseases Act (1868). He was present in the famous Maharaj Libel Case where he deposed as a witness to present evidence that the plaintiff suffered from venereal disease.[5] Atmaram Pandurang was a theistic reformer who opposed many Hindu traditions including child marriage. He believed and openly supported the idea that the minimum age for marriage of girls should be twenty, to the disapproval of contemporary conservative Hindu society.[6][7]
Works
editThe Prarthana Samaj was founded at his home on 31 March 1867 and was influenced by Keshab Chunder Sen.[8] Among the objects of the society at the time of its founding were to openly denounce the caste system, introduce widow-remarriage, encourage female education and abolish child-marriage. He was a Fellow of Bombay University and helped found the Bhandarkar free library.[9] He was selected Sheriff of Bombay in 1879.[10]
Death
editHe died from a lung infection after visiting Lonavala.[11] He was described in obituaries as a "mild Hindu" who held "very advanced views, too much so for the peace of mind of some of his colleagues."[12] His wife Radhabai survived him.[13]
Personal life and family
editPandurang belonged to a highly educated and influential family and his circle of acquaintances included reformists from across the country. When Rabindranath Tagore intended to visit England in 1878, he stayed for a time in their Bombay home and sought to improve his English with the assistance of Pandurang's second daughter Annapurna or Ana. It is believed that the two were attracted to each other and Tagore wrote several poems in her memory (he referred to her as "Nalini").[14] Ana Turkhud, however, married Harold Littledale, professor of history and English literature at Baroda on 11 November 1880 and died in Edinburgh on 5 July 1891.[15]
Ana's older brother Moreshwar Atmaram obtained a gold medal in Practical Chemistry and obtained honours in mathematics and geology at University College London in 1867 and was a vice-principal at Rajkumar College in Baroda.[16] Another daughter Manek Turkhud passed the Licensiate of Medicine and Surgery from Bombay in 1892. In the same year, the daughter of Dadabhai Naoroji, Maneckbai also passed the same examination.[17][18] Another son Dnyaneshwar Atmaram Turkhud (1862-1943) studied at the Grant Medical College and at the University of Edinburgh from 1890 to 1891. He worked at the Haffkine Institute and served as a director of the King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research at Guindy and worked in Kodaikanal on Anopheles mosquitoes until his death.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Report of Annual Meeting of Ramabai Association. 11 March, 1890. Ramabai Association. 1890.
- ^ Millard W. S. (1932) (15 September 1886). "The founders of the Bombay Natural History Society". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 35. No. 1 & 2: 196–197.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ramanna, Mridula (2002). Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay, 1845-1895. Orient Blackswan. p. 46.
- ^ Jambhekar, Ganesh Gangadhar (1950). Memoirs and Writings of Acharya Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar (1812-1846). Pioneer of the Renaissance in Western India and Father of Modern Maharashtra. Poona. p. 57.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Reuben, Rachel (2005). "The Indian Founders". Hornbill (April–June): 13–15.
- ^ Gidumal, Dayaram (1889). The status of woman in India. Bombay: Fort Printing Press. pp. 245–251.
- ^ "Bogus Science". The Hindoo Patriot. 12 September 1887. pp. 436–437.
- ^ Sastri, Sivanath (1912). History of the Brahmo Samaj. Volume II. Calcutta: R. Chatterjee. p. 413.
- ^ Sastri, Sivanath (1912). A history of the Brahmo Samaj. Vol. 2. Calcutta: R Chatterjee. pp. 412, 432.
- ^ Directory Of Bombay City Province 1939. p. 86.
- ^ Pandya, Sunil (2018). Medical Education in Western India: Grant Medical College and Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy's Hospital. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 482.
- ^ "The Late Dr Atmaram Pandurang". The Bombay Gazette. 4 May 1898. p. 6.
- ^ "Testamentary and intestate jurisdiction". The Bombay Chronicle: 5. 20 March 1923.
- ^ Kripalani, Krishna (1962). Rabindranath Tagore. A biography. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 75–77.
- ^ Pal, Sanchari (5 July 2018). "Who Was 'Nalini', The Marathi Girl Rabindranath Tagore Once Fell in Love With". The Better India. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ "Latest Telegrams". The Express and Telegraph. 24 October 1867. p. 2.
- ^ "Foreign Notes. India". The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions. 24: 72. 1893.
- ^ Ramanna, Mridula (2012). Health Care in Bombay Presidency, 1896-1930. Primus Books. p. 139.
- ^ Gupta, Uma Das, ed. (2010). Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c.1784-1947: Project of History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume XV, Part 4. Pearson Education India. p. 587.