Alfred Helmut Naujocks (20 September 1911 – 4 April 1966), alias Hans Müller, Alfred Bonsen, and Rudolf Möbert, was a German SS functionary during the Third Reich. He took part in the staged Gleiwitz incident, a false flag operation intended to provide the justification for the attack on Poland by Nazi Germany, which ultimately culminated in starting World War II.
Alfred Naujocks | |
|---|---|
 Naujocks following his surrender to American forces in October 1944 | |
| Birth name | Alfred Helmut Naujocks |
| Nickname(s) |
|
| Born | 20 September 1911 Kiel, Prussia, German Empire |
| Died | 4 April 1966 (aged 54) Hamburg, West Germany |
| Allegiance |  Nazi Germany |
| Service |  Waffen-SS
|
| Years of service | 1931-1945 |
| Rank | SS-Sturmbannführer |
| Known for | Led the Gleiwitz incident |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Awards | Iron Cross |
| Alma mater | University of Kiel |
| Other work | businessman, alleged member of ODESSA |
Early life
editNaujocks was born in Kiel and attended the University of Kiel,[1] where he studied engineering. In 1931, after an incomplete apprenticeship as a precision mechanic, he joined the SS.[2] A well known amateur boxer, he was frequently in brawls with the communists.[3] He then signed on as a low-ranking driver for the Sicherheitsdienst SD-Regional Command East, Berlin in 1934, but was soon entrusted with special assignments such as murder.[4] He led an undercover attack on an anti-Nazi radio station in the village of Slapy in Czechoslovakia on 23 January 1935. Black Front activist Rudolf Formis was killed in the incident;[5] Naujocks confessed to the murder in 1944 while in American custody.[6] By autumn 1937, Naujocks had been promoted to Hauptsturmführer (captain) and by the following year, had been promoted again to Sturmbannführer (major).[4]
World War II
editOn 10 August 1939, Reinhard Heydrich informed Naujocks of his mission to lead a small group of German operatives to seize the Gleiwitz radio station.[7] Three weeks later, on the night of 31 August, Naujocks led the attack on the German radio station at Gleiwitz, one of twenty-one similar concentrated attacks which the German government quickly attributed to the Poles. Once inside the radio station, a short anti-German message in Polish was broadcast (the precise content of the message is now uncertain). Shots were fired in the studio and a corpse left on the floor near the microphone.[8]
This attack formed Hitler's justification to the Reichstag regarding the necessary "pacification" of Poland, thereby igniting the Second World War in Europe.[9]
More recently, author and researcher Jak Mallmann Showell's investigation has suggested that Naujocks' claims as to his actions at the Gleiwitz radio station may have been a fabrication to curry special handling by the Allies after the war. Mallmann Showell discerned that Naujocks is the sole source for details of his personal actions on the night of 31 August 1939. He also avers that the Poles may have accessed the site to obtain Enigma machine secrets for the Allies.[clarification needed][10] General Lahousen confirmed he provided Naujocks the Polish uniforms.[11]
Later, on 9 November 1939, Naujocks (along with Walter Schellenberg) participated in the Venlo incident, which saw the capture in the Netherlands of two British SIS agents, Captain Sigismund Payne Best and Major Richard Henry Stevens.[3] For this, he was personally awarded the Iron Cross by Hitler. Naujocks also assisted Schellenberg in the secret assignment of spying on Berlin brothel Salon Kitty's clientele.
In early 1940, Naujocks was put in charge of the counterfeiting unit of the SD charged with forging British bank notes under Operation Andreas. By late 1940, Naujocks had been removed from his position after he fell out of favor with Heydrich.
In 1941, he was dismissed from the SD after disputing one of Heydrich's orders. He was demoted and had to serve in the Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front. In 1943, due to ill health, he was sent to the West, where he served as an economic administrator the following year for German troops in Belgium, while involving himself in the deaths of several Belgian underground and Danish resistance members.[3]
After his promotion to Obersturmführer (first lieutenant) he participated in sabotage and terrorist actions against the Danish population from December 1943 until autumn 1944, as the leader of the "Peter Group", including the murder of Lutheran pastor Kaj Munk. Later leadership passed to SS-Hauptsturmführer Otto Alexander Friedrich Schwerdt (SS-Jagdverbände). Circa November 1944, Naujocks turned himself over to American forces, who subsequently placed him in detention as a possible war criminal by the end of the war.[3]
Later life
editAt the Nuremberg Trials, Naujocks declared the attack against the Gleiwitz radio tower was under orders from Heinrich Müller, the head of Gestapo and his superior, Reinhard Heydrich. After the war, he was not considered high-ranking enough to stand trial, but was called as a witness at the Nuremberg Trials.[12]
In 1947, Naujocks was extradited to Denmark to stand trial. There, he was found guilty of his role in the murders of Danish resistance fighters and sentenced to 15 years in prison. However, in 1950, Naujocks' sentence was reduced to 4 years, resulting in his immediate release.[13]
Following the trials, Naujocks worked as a businessman in Hamburg, where he eventually sold his story to the media as The Man who Started the War. He was alleged to have been involved in running ODESSA, together with Otto Skorzeny, who handled contracts with the Spanish government, supplying passports and arranging for funds. Naujocks and his associates allegedly handled former Nazi war criminals going to Latin America, being responsible for their reception and protection there.[3] Naujocks died of a heart attack in Hamburg on 4 April 1966, aged 54.[14][15]
Notes
edit- ^ Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 518–520. LCCN 60-6729.
- ^ Weale 2010, p. 137.
- ^ a b c d e S. Wistrich, Robert (4 July 2013). Who's Who in Nazi Germany (3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-136-41388-9.
- ^ a b Weale 2010, p. 138.
- ^ Klimek, Antonín (2003). Vítejte v první republice. Praha: Havran. pp. 251–253. ISBN 80-86515-33-8.
- ^ Alfred Naujocks: Eine verflixt heikle Geschichte (in German) Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Weale 2010, p. 139.
- ^ Ailsby 2001, p. 112.
- ^ Benz (2007). A Concise History of the Third Reich, p. 170.
- ^ Mallmann Showell, Jak P. (2009), Enigma U-Boats; Breaking the Code, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-59114-238-6
- ^ Bullock, Alan (1958). Hitler : a study in tyranny. Internet Archive. New York : Bantam Books.
Naujocks' story is confirmed by General Lahousen, of the German Counter-Intelligence, whose job it was to provide the Polish uniforms.
- ^ "Brief of Interrogation of Alfred Naujocks / Office of U.S.; Chief of Counsel / APO 403, U.S. Army / Interrogation Division". lawcollections.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Rodak, Wojciech (10 September 2019). "DeSSperado. Wszystkie zbrodnie Alfreda Naujocksa". Nasza Historia (in Polish). Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Stalin enthauptet die Rote Armee: Der Fall Tuchatschewskij (in German)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^ Berliner Zeitung: Vor fünfzig Jahren kam der Film "Der Fall Gleiwitz" in die Kinos, 17. September 2011
References
edit- Ailsby, Christopher (2001). The Third Reich Day by Day. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-1167-6.
- Benz, Wolfgang (2007). A Concise History of the Third Reich. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52025-383-4
- Mallmann Showell, Jak P. (2009). Enigma U-Boats, revised edition, page 166.
- Shirer, William L. 1990 [1959]. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: MJF Books. ISBN 978-0-83177-404-2
- Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408703045.