Akuammicine

Akuammicine
Names
	IUPAC name Methyl (19E)-2,16-didehydrocur-19-en-17-oate
Identifiers
CAS Number	639-43-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:70499;
ChemSpider	8489522;
PubChem CID	10314057;
UNII	RG055O00BG ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30903914 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H22N2O2/c1-3-12-11-22-9-8-20-14-6-4-5-7-15(14)21-18(20)17(19(23)24-2)13(12)10-16(20)22/h3-7,13,16,21H,8-11H2,1-2H3/b12-3-/t13-,16-,20+/m0/s1 Key: AGZMFTKKLPHOMT-DUJTVWLASA-N;
	SMILES C123C(=C(C4CC1N(CC3)CC4=CC)C(OC)=O)Nc1c2cccc1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C20H22N2O2
Molar mass	322.408 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colourless solid
Melting point	182 °C (360 °F; 455 K)
Acidity (pKa)	7.45
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Akuammicine is a monoterpene indole alkaloid of the Vinca sub-group. It is found in the Apocynaceae family of plants including Picralima nitida,^[1]^[2] Vinca minor and the Aspidosperma.^[3]

History

The alkaloids are a large group of natural products which are classified according to the part-structure which members of a particular group contain. Akuammicine is a monoterpene indole alkaloid of the Vinca sub-group which shares a common biosynthesis with other members, namely that they are derived from strictosidine.^[4]^[5] It was first isolated in 1927 and had been investigated by Sir Robert Robinson and others before its structure was correctly deduced.^[1]^[6]^[7] This was confirmed by X-ray crystallography in 2017.^[8]

Natural occurrence

Picralima nitida, a source of akuammicine

Akuammicine is found in plants of the Apocynaceae family and was first isolated from Picralima nitida.^[1]^[2] It has also been reported in Catharanthus roseus.^[9]

Synthesis

Biosynthesis

As with other indole alkaloids, the biosynthesis of akuammicine starts from the amino acid tryptophan. This is converted into strictosidine before further elaboration.^[4]

Chemical synthesis

Strychnine

Akuammicine has been a target for total synthesis,^[10] partly because of its relationship to the well-known alkaloid strychnine which has often attracted chemists in academia.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Research

Plant metabolites have long been studied for their biological activity and alkaloids in particular are major subjects for ethnobotanical research.^[15] Akuammicine is reported to have effects on glucose uptake^[2] and be a κ- and μ-opioid receptor agonist.^[3]^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Robinson, Robert; Thomas, A. F. (1955). "The Alkaloids of Picralima nitida, Stapf, Th. and H. Durand. Part III. A Note on Akuammicine and pseudoAkuammicine". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 2049. doi:10.1039/jr9550002038. ISSN 0368-1769.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shittu, Hafsat; Gray, Alexander; Furman, Brian; Young, Louise (2010). "Glucose uptake stimulatory effect of akuammicine from Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae)". Phytochemistry Letters. 3 (1): 53–55. Bibcode:2010PChL....3...53S. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2009.11.003. ISSN 1874-3900.
^ ^a ^b Mitaine, A. C.; Mesbah, K; Richard, B; Petermann, C; Arrazola, S; Moretti, C; Zèches-Hanrot, M; Men-Olivier, L. L. (1996). "Alkaloids from Aspidosperma species from Bolivia". Planta Medica. 62 (5): 458–61. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957939. PMID 17252481. S2CID 260251185.
^ ^a ^b Dewick, Paul M (2002). Medicinal Natural Products. A Biosynthetic Approach. Second Edition. Wiley. pp. 350–359. ISBN 0-471-49640-5.
^ Saxton, J. E. (1984). "Recent progress in the chemistry of indole alkaloids and mould metabolites". Natural Product Reports. 1: 21. doi:10.1039/NP9840100021.
^ Smith, G. F.; Wróbel, J. T. (1960). "161. Akuamma alkaloids. Part I. Akuammicine". J. Chem. Soc.: 792–795. doi:10.1039/JR9600000792.
^ Yagudaev, M. R. (1983). "NMR investigation of alkaloids. IV. ¹³C NMR spectra and structures of norfluorocurarine, akuammicine, vincanidine, and vinervinine". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 19 (2): 199–201. doi:10.1007/BF00580558. S2CID 28255077.
^ Yahyazadeh, Mahdi; Jerz, Gerold; Selmar, Dirk; Winterhalter, Peter; Jones, Peter G. (2017). "Crystal structure of akuammicine, an indole alkaloid from Catharanthus roseus". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 73 (11): 1658–1661. Bibcode:2017AcCrE..73.1658Y. doi:10.1107/S2056989017014529. PMC 5683484. PMID 29152344.
^ Scott, A.Ian; Mizukami, Hajime; Hirata, Toshifumi; Lee, Siu-Leung (1980). "Formation of catharanthine, akuammicine and vindoline in Catharanthus roseus suspension cells". Phytochemistry. 19 (3): 488–489. Bibcode:1980PChem..19..488S. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(80)83216-X.
^ Jones, Spencer B.; Simmons, Bryon; Mastracchio, Anthony; MacMillan, David W. C. (2011). "Collective synthesis of natural products by means of organocascade catalysis". Nature. 475 (7355): 183–188. doi:10.1038/nature10232. PMC 3439143. PMID 21753848.
^ Ito, Masayuki; Clark, Cameron W.; Mortimore, Michael; Goh, Jane Betty; Martin, Stephen F. (2001). "Biogenetically Inspired Approach to the Strychnos Alkaloids. Concise Syntheses of (±)-Akuammicine and (±)-Strychnine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 123 (33): 8003–8010. doi:10.1021/ja010935v. PMID 11506556.
^ Sirasani, Gopal; Paul, Tapas; Dougherty, William; Kassel, Scott; Andrade, Rodrigo B. (2010). "Concise Total Syntheses of (±)-Strychnine and (±)-Akuammicine". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 75 (10): 3529–3532. doi:10.1021/jo100516g. PMID 20408591.
^ Sirasani, Gopal; Andrade, Rodrigo B. (2013). Total Synthesis of Strychnos Alkaloids Akuammicine, Strychnine, and Leuconicines a and B. Strategies and Tactics in Organic Synthesis. Vol. 9. pp. 1–44. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-099362-1.00001-1. ISBN 978-0-08-099362-1.
^ Feng, Liang-Wen; Ren, Hai; Xiong, Hu; Wang, Pan; Wang, Lijia; Tang, Yong (2017). "Reaction of Donor-Acceptor Cyclobutanes with Indoles: A General Protocol for the Formal Total Synthesis of (±)-Strychnine and the Total Synthesis of (±)-Akuammicine". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (11): 3055–3058. doi:10.1002/anie.201611734. PMID 28170147.
^ Babiaka, Smith B.; Ntie-Kang, Fidele; Lifongo, Lydia L.; Ndingkokhar, Bakoh; Mbah, James A.; Yong, Joseph N. (2015). "The chemistry and bioactivity of Southern African flora I: A bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of alkaloid and terpenoid classes". RSC Advances. 5 (54): 43242–43267. Bibcode:2015RSCAd...543242B. doi:10.1039/C5RA01912E.
^ Menzies, John R.W; Paterson, Stewart J.; Duwiejua, Mahama; Corbett, Alistair D. (1998). "Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (Fam. Apocynaceae)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 350 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5. PMID 9683021.

[Robinson-1] Robinson, Robert; Thomas, A. F. (1955). "The Alkaloids of Picralima nitida, Stapf, Th. and H. Durand. Part III. A Note on Akuammicine and pseudoAkuammicine". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 2049. doi:10.1039/jr9550002038. ISSN 0368-1769.

[ShittuGray2010-2] Shittu, Hafsat; Gray, Alexander; Furman, Brian; Young, Louise (2010). "Glucose uptake stimulatory effect of akuammicine from Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae)". Phytochemistry Letters. 3 (1): 53–55. Bibcode:2010PChL....3...53S. doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2009.11.003. ISSN 1874-3900.

[Mitaine-3] Mitaine, A. C.; Mesbah, K; Richard, B; Petermann, C; Arrazola, S; Moretti, C; Zèches-Hanrot, M; Men-Olivier, L. L. (1996). "Alkaloids from Aspidosperma species from Bolivia". Planta Medica. 62 (5): 458–61. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957939. PMID 17252481. S2CID 260251185.

[Biosynthesis-4] Dewick, Paul M (2002). Medicinal Natural Products. A Biosynthetic Approach. Second Edition. Wiley. pp. 350–359. ISBN 0-471-49640-5.

[5] Saxton, J. E. (1984). "Recent progress in the chemistry of indole alkaloids and mould metabolites". Natural Product Reports. 1: 21. doi:10.1039/NP9840100021.

[6] Smith, G. F.; Wróbel, J. T. (1960). "161. Akuamma alkaloids. Part I. Akuammicine". J. Chem. Soc.: 792–795. doi:10.1039/JR9600000792.

[7] Yagudaev, M. R. (1983). "NMR investigation of alkaloids. IV. ¹³C NMR spectra and structures of norfluorocurarine, akuammicine, vincanidine, and vinervinine". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 19 (2): 199–201. doi:10.1007/BF00580558. S2CID 28255077.

[8] Yahyazadeh, Mahdi; Jerz, Gerold; Selmar, Dirk; Winterhalter, Peter; Jones, Peter G. (2017). "Crystal structure of akuammicine, an indole alkaloid from Catharanthus roseus". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 73 (11): 1658–1661. Bibcode:2017AcCrE..73.1658Y. doi:10.1107/S2056989017014529. PMC 5683484. PMID 29152344.

[9] Scott, A.Ian; Mizukami, Hajime; Hirata, Toshifumi; Lee, Siu-Leung (1980). "Formation of catharanthine, akuammicine and vindoline in Catharanthus roseus suspension cells". Phytochemistry. 19 (3): 488–489. Bibcode:1980PChem..19..488S. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(80)83216-X.

[10] Jones, Spencer B.; Simmons, Bryon; Mastracchio, Anthony; MacMillan, David W. C. (2011). "Collective synthesis of natural products by means of organocascade catalysis". Nature. 475 (7355): 183–188. doi:10.1038/nature10232. PMC 3439143. PMID 21753848.

[11] Ito, Masayuki; Clark, Cameron W.; Mortimore, Michael; Goh, Jane Betty; Martin, Stephen F. (2001). "Biogenetically Inspired Approach to the Strychnos Alkaloids. Concise Syntheses of (±)-Akuammicine and (±)-Strychnine". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 123 (33): 8003–8010. doi:10.1021/ja010935v. PMID 11506556.

[12] Sirasani, Gopal; Paul, Tapas; Dougherty, William; Kassel, Scott; Andrade, Rodrigo B. (2010). "Concise Total Syntheses of (±)-Strychnine and (±)-Akuammicine". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 75 (10): 3529–3532. doi:10.1021/jo100516g. PMID 20408591.

[13] Sirasani, Gopal; Andrade, Rodrigo B. (2013). Total Synthesis of Strychnos Alkaloids Akuammicine, Strychnine, and Leuconicines a and B. Strategies and Tactics in Organic Synthesis. Vol. 9. pp. 1–44. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-099362-1.00001-1. ISBN 978-0-08-099362-1.

[14] Feng, Liang-Wen; Ren, Hai; Xiong, Hu; Wang, Pan; Wang, Lijia; Tang, Yong (2017). "Reaction of Donor-Acceptor Cyclobutanes with Indoles: A General Protocol for the Formal Total Synthesis of (±)-Strychnine and the Total Synthesis of (±)-Akuammicine". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (11): 3055–3058. doi:10.1002/anie.201611734. PMID 28170147.

[15] Babiaka, Smith B.; Ntie-Kang, Fidele; Lifongo, Lydia L.; Ndingkokhar, Bakoh; Mbah, James A.; Yong, Joseph N. (2015). "The chemistry and bioactivity of Southern African flora I: A bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey of alkaloid and terpenoid classes". RSC Advances. 5 (54): 43242–43267. Bibcode:2015RSCAd...543242B. doi:10.1039/C5RA01912E.

[16] Menzies, John R.W; Paterson, Stewart J.; Duwiejua, Mahama; Corbett, Alistair D. (1998). "Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (Fam. Apocynaceae)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 350 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5. PMID 9683021.

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