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- The study of surface characteristics (or surface properties and processes) is a broad category of Mars science that examines the nature of the materials making up the Martian surface. The study evolved from telescopic and remote-sensing techniques developed by astronomers to study planetary surfaces. However, it has increasingly become a subdiscipline of geology as automated spacecraft bring ever-improving resolution and instrument capabilities. By using characteristics such as color, albedo, and thermal inertia and analytical tools such as reflectance spectroscopy and radar, scientists are able to study the chemistry and physical makeup (e.g., grain sizes, surface roughness, and rock abundances) of the Martian surface. The resulting data help scientists understand the planet's mineral composition and the nature of geological processes operating on the surface. Mars’ surface layer represents a tiny fraction of the total volume of the planet, yet plays a significant role in the planet's geologic history. Understanding physical surface properties is also very important in determining safe landing sites for spacecraft. (en)
- 火星表面特征（或表面性质和作用过程）研究属于一项涉猎广泛的火星科学范畴，它主要研究构成火星表面的材料性质。该研究是随天文学家所开发的望远镜和遥感技术发展而来，然而，随着自动探测器分辨率和仪器功能的不断提高，它已日益成为地质学的一项分支学科。通过应用颜色、反照率和热惯性等特征以及反射光谱学和雷达等分析工具，科学家们能够研究火星表面的化学和物理组成（如粒度、表面粗糙度和岩石丰度）。由此产生的数据将有助于科学家了解该行星的矿物成分和地表运动性质。火星表层只占该行星总体积的一小部分，但在火星地质史中起着重要的作用，了解表面物理特性对于确定航天器的安全着陆点也非常重要。 (zh)
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- 火星表面特征（或表面性质和作用过程）研究属于一项涉猎广泛的火星科学范畴，它主要研究构成火星表面的材料性质。该研究是随天文学家所开发的望远镜和遥感技术发展而来，然而，随着自动探测器分辨率和仪器功能的不断提高，它已日益成为地质学的一项分支学科。通过应用颜色、反照率和热惯性等特征以及反射光谱学和雷达等分析工具，科学家们能够研究火星表面的化学和物理组成（如粒度、表面粗糙度和岩石丰度）。由此产生的数据将有助于科学家了解该行星的矿物成分和地表运动性质。火星表层只占该行星总体积的一小部分，但在火星地质史中起着重要的作用，了解表面物理特性对于确定航天器的安全着陆点也非常重要。 (zh)
- The study of surface characteristics (or surface properties and processes) is a broad category of Mars science that examines the nature of the materials making up the Martian surface. The study evolved from telescopic and remote-sensing techniques developed by astronomers to study planetary surfaces. However, it has increasingly become a subdiscipline of geology as automated spacecraft bring ever-improving resolution and instrument capabilities. By using characteristics such as color, albedo, and thermal inertia and analytical tools such as reflectance spectroscopy and radar, scientists are able to study the chemistry and physical makeup (e.g., grain sizes, surface roughness, and rock abundances) of the Martian surface. The resulting data help scientists understand the planet's mineral com (en)
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- Martian surface (en)
- 火星表面 (zh)
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