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- كانت حملة كيلونغ (أغسطس 1884 – أبريل 1885) حملة عسكرية مثيرة للجدل شنها الفرنسيون في شمال فورموزا (تايوان) إبان الحرب الصينية الفرنسية. بعد شن هجوم فاشل على كيلونغ في أغسطس 1884، أنزل الفرنسيون فيلقَ مشاة قوامه 2000 رجل واستولوا على الميناء في أكتوبر 1884. نظرًا لعدم تمكنهم من التقدم إلى ما وراء رأس جسرهم، فقد حوصروا داخل كيلونغ من قِبل القوات الصينية المتفوقة تحت قيادة المفوض الإمبراطوري ليو مينغتشوان. في نوفمبر وديسمبر 1884 استنزفت الكوليرا والتيفوئيد فيلق المشاة الفرنسي، في حين تدفقت تعزيزات الجيش الصيني إلى فورموزا عبر جزر بسكادورز، ورفع قوامه إلى 35,000 رجل بنهاية الحرب. دُعم في يناير 1885 بقوة قوامها 4,500 رجلًا، وحقق الفرنسيون انتصارين تكتيكيين مبهرين على الصينيين المحاصرين لهم في أواخر يناير وأوائل مارس 1885، لكنهم لم يكونوا أقوياء كفاية لاستغلال هذه الانتصارات. انتهت حملة كيلونغ في أبريل 1885 في جمود استراتيجي وتكتيكي. انتُقدت الحملة في ذلك الوقت من قِبل الأدميرال أميدي كوربيه، قائد سرب الشرق الأقصى الفرنسي، باعتبارها غير هامة من الناحية الاستراتيجية وتضليلًا مدمرًا للبحرية الفرنسية. (ar)
- The Keelung campaign (August 1884–April 1885) was a controversial military campaign undertaken by the French in northern Formosa (Taiwan) during the Sino-French War. After making a botched attack on Keelung in August 1884, the French landed an expeditionary corps of 2,000 men and captured the port in October 1884. Unable to advance beyond their bridgehead, they were invested inside Keelung by superior Chinese forces under the command of the imperial commissioner Liu Mingchuan. In November and December 1884 cholera and typhoid drained the strength of the French expeditionary corps, while reinforcements for the Chinese army flowed into Formosa via the Pescadores Islands, raising its strength to 35,000 men by the end of the war. Reinforced in January 1885 to a strength of 4,500 men, the French won two impressive tactical victories against the besieging Chinese in late January and early March 1885, but were not strong enough to exploit these victories. The Keelung campaign ended in April 1885 in a strategic and tactical stalemate. The campaign was criticised at the time by Admiral Amédée Courbet, the commander of the French Far East Squadron, as strategically irrelevant and a wasteful diversion of the French navy. (en)
- La campagne de Keelung (août 1884-mars 1885) est une campagne militaire menée par les Français au nord de Formose (Taïwan) pendant la guerre franco-chinoise. (fr)
- Kampanye militer Keelung (Agustus 1884–April 1885) adalah kampanye militer kontroversial yang dilancarkan oleh Prancis di Formosa utara (Taiwan) selama Perang Tiongkok-Prancis. Setelah kegagalan serangan ke Keelung pada Agustus 1884, Prancis mendaratkan pasukan ekspedisi sebanyak 2.000 orang dan merebut pelabuhan tersebut pada Oktober 1884. Namun, mereka tidak keluar dari pangkalan mereka dan dikepung di Keelung oleh pasukan Tiongkok yang jumlahnya lebih besar di bawah kepemimpinan komisioner . Pada November dan Desember 1884, penyakit kolera dan tifus semakin melemahkan kekuatan pasukan Prancis, sementara bala bantuan Tiongkok terus berdatangan ke Taiwan lewat Kepulauan Pescadores dan jumlah mereka bertambah menjadi 35.000 orang menjelang akhir perang. Pada Januari 1885, kekuatan pasukan Prancis diperkuat oleh 4.500 pasukan dan mereka berhasil memperoleh dua kemenangan taktis terhadap pasukan Tiongkok pada Januari dan awal Maret 1885, tetapi mereka tidak dapat memanfaatkan kemenangan tersebut. Kampanye militer Keelung pun berakhir pada April 1885 tanpa hasil yang jelas. Kampanye militer ini dikritik oleh Laksamana Amédée Courbet karena dianggap tidak penting dan membuang-buang sumber daya Angkatan Laut Prancis yang sebenarnya dapat dikirimkan ke tempat lain. (in)
- La campagna di Keelung (agosto 1884-aprile 1885) fu una controversa campagna militare intrapresa dalla Francia nel nord di Formosa (Taiwan) durante la Guerra franco-cinese. Dopo un fallito attacco a Keelung nell'agosto 1884, i francesi sbarcarono un corpo di spedizione di 2000 uomini e catturarono il porto nell'ottobre 1884. Incapaci di avanzare oltre la loro testa di ponte, furono attaccati all'interno di Keelung da superiori forze cinesi al comando del commissario imperiale . Nel novembre e dicembre 1884 il colera e il tifo prostrarono corpo di spedizione francese, mentre l'esercito cinese faceva affuire rinforzi attraverso le isole Pescadores, portando la sua forza, alla fine della guerra, a 35000 uomini. Nel gennaio 1885, ottenuti a loro volta rinforzi fino a raggiungere una forza di 4500 uomini, i francesi conseguirono alla fine di gennaio e all'inizio di marzo 1885 due impressionanti vittorie tattiche contro i cinesi assedianti, ma non furono abbastanza forti per sfruttare queste vittorie. La campagna di Keelung si concluse nell'aprile 1885 in una situazione di stallo strategico e tattico. La campagna fu criticata dall'ammiraglio , comandante della Squadra dell'Estremo Oriente, che la ritenne strategicamente irrilevante e uno spreco di risorse per la marina francese. (it)
- 기륭 원정(프랑스어: Expédition de grande qualité Campaign, 1884년 8월 ~ 1885년 4월)은 청불 전쟁 때 포모사(대만) 북부에서 프랑스군에 의해 수행된 논란이 많았던 군사 원정이었다. 1884년 8월, 기륭 공격을 한차례 실패한 이후, 프랑스군은 2,000명으로 구성된 원정대를 기륭에 상륙시켜 1884년 10월에 항구를 점령했다. 교두보를 넘어 진격할 수 없었던 이들은 유명전이 지휘하는 우수한 에 의해 기륭 내부에서 포위당했다. 1884년 11월과 12월에 콜레라와 장티푸스도 의 힘을 빼앗아 갔고, 청나라군의 지원군은 페스카도르 제도를 통해 포모사로 유입되어 전쟁이 끝날 무렵 35,000명으로 증가했다. 1885년 1월, 4,500명의 병력으로 증원된 프랑스군은 1885년 1월 말과 3월 초에 포위한 청나라군에게 두 번의 전술적 승리를 거두었지만, 이러한 승리를 이용할 만큼 압도적이지는 못했다. 기륭 원정은 전략적이고 전술적인 교착 상태로 1885년 4월에 끝났다. 이 원정은 당시 프랑스 극동 전대 사령관인 아메데 쿠르베 제독은 이 원정이 전략적으로 부적절하고, 프랑스 해군에게 쓸데없는 양동작전이라고 비판했다. (ko)
- 西仔反戰役，是指1884年8月5日至1885年6月13日中法戰爭期間，法國與清軍在臺灣北部與澎湖之間發生的戰役總稱。包括基隆戰役、淡水戰役、月眉山戰役、澎湖戰役。 「西仔」指法蘭西；「反」通「叛」是戰爭動亂的總稱。 (zh)
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- Our stay at Fort Misery was dreadful. The rain never let up. It pricked our faces like icicles, put out fires we had spent hours lighting, turned our campsite into a bog and washed out the dye from our clothes. The men slept on beds of liquid mud. Their uniforms, filthy and faded, were a disgraceful sight. As for the Annamese coolies, shivering with cold and fever, we could hardly bear to look at them. Most of them were now clad in French hand-me-downs, which they had either filched from the field hospital or been given by kind-hearted soldiers. The unlucky ones, still clad only in a scanty loincloth, wrapped themselves in sheets or blankets to stay as warm as they could. (en)
- Liu Ming-chuan with some 6,000 men was stationed at Taipehfu in the Banka plain, while the forces at Hobe were daily strengthened, until, in the middle of October, there were assembled about 6,000 men in the neighborhood. Among these were new levies of Hakka hillmen. They were considered by the foreigners to be a dangerous lot to have in the neighborhood, and as they did not speak the same language as the general and other officers, it was feared that misunderstandings might arise with serious results. The other soldiers present were principally northern men, and were said to be well armed. The Hakkas, although armed with their primitive matchlocks, were considered to be brave men and were hardened to the privations of warfare. Their matchlocks are described as long-barrelled guns, fixed into semi-circular shaped stocks, with pans for priming powder, and armlets made of rattan, worn around the right wrist and containing pieces of bark-cord, which, when lighted, would keep alight for hours, if necessary. When in action the Hakka pours a charge of powder down the muzzle; on top of that are dropped two or three slug shot or long pieces of iron, withouL wadding. The trigger is made to receive the lighted piece of bark, and when powder covers the priming pan and all is ready, • the trigger is pulled and if,—if the weather is dry, off goes the gun. The ordinary method of handling these weapons is to place the lower end of the butt against the right breast, high enough to enable the curved end to rest against the cheek, and the eye to look down the large barrel, upon which there are ordinarily no sights. This method is sometimes varied by discharging the guns from the hip, and it is quite customary for the Hakka to lie flat on his back, place the muzzle between his toes, and, raising his head sufficiently to sight along the barrel, to take deliberate aim and fire. He is able to make good practice; while his presence, especially when surrounded by rank grass, is decidedly difficult to determine.
Rev. Dr. Mackay's Tamsui Mission Hospital, with Dr. Johansen in charge, which had rendered such great services to the Chinese wounded and had no doubt been the means of saving many lives, was visited on the 19th by General Sun, who thanked the doctor in charge as well as Dr. Browne of the Cockcliafer for their attentions to the sick and wounded. The patients then numbered only a dozen, a good many of the wounded having left, fearing that the French might land again and kill them; others, seeing their wounds healing nicely, went away into the town. One man who had been shot through the left shoulder, in the region of the collar bone, after a week or ten days' treatment suddenly shouldered his rifle and left for the front, preferring life with his comrades to being confined in the hospital. It was supposed that the bullet had pierced the upper part of his lungs. Another instance occurred seven days after the French landing, when a Chinese walked into the hospital with his skull wounded and the brain visible. Several others, shot through the thighs and arms, bones being splintered in many pieces, bore their pain most heroically. Soon after the engagement, when there were seventy men in the hospital, some being badly wounded with as many as three shots apiece, there was scarcely a groan to be heard. One of the wounded came to the hospital after having had a bullet in his calf for nine or ten days. Dr. Browne extracted the bullet, and off the man went back to the front. Many other instances like the foregoing might be recorded, all of which indicated that the Chinese could recover in a few days from wounds, which, if not actually fatal, would have laid foreign soldiers up for months. (en)
- At Tamsui, the entrance of the river had been closed by laying down six torpedoes in the shape of a semi-circle on the inside of the bar. The Douglas steamers Fokien and Hailoong running to the port, as well as the German steamer Welle, were, whenever necessary, piloted over the torpedoes by the Chinese who had laid them down. The mandarins engaged in planting the guns that had been brought to the island by the latter steamer.
Trade was resumed during the middle of the month at Twatutia, it being regarded for the time as safe, and the country thereabouts had quieted down to such an extent that a good deal of tea was brought in. Life for the foreigners was very much cramped. They were prohibited from making trips into the country; and even in the settlement, with religious processions, crackers, and, gongs going at all times of day, and the watchmen making a great noise with bamboos all night, rest was well nigh impossible except to the Chinese guards told off to protect foreign hongs, who after disappearing all day, except at meal times, "return at night, and instead of guarding the property, turn in early and sleep as soundly as Rip van Winkle did till morning."
Under the impression that the French would attempt to enter the Tamsui river, ballast boats and junks loaded with stones were sunk at the entrance. A number of Hakka hillmen were added to the government force. They were armed with their own matchlocks, which in their ignc ranee they preferred to foreign rifles. Much was expected of them, as the life of warfare they had led on the savage border had trained them to be good shots and handy with their knives.
By the end of August the French had succeeded in holding the shore line at Kelung, but were unable to advance beyond it; and as Chinese soldiers had for some days been erecting earthworks and digging entrenchments on the hills on the east side of the bay overlooking the shipping, the French sent word ashore for the Europeans to come on board the Bayard, as they intended opening fire on the earthworks which were now just visible.1 The firing was not successful either that day or the next, the nature of the country being in favor of the Chinese; and for many days the shelling was a regular event, the Chinese not apparently suffering much damage themselves, or being able to inflict any upon the French. This condition of affairs continued through September, the French having gained only the summits of the near hills surrounding the harbor.
General Liu Mingchuan left Kelung on the 9th to visit Tamsui and Taipehfu. On his arrival at the latter place he was met at the wharf by some 200 soldiers, 5 buglers, and 2 or 3 drummers. The march up the street with the soldiers in front, the band next, and the general in the rear in his chair, made an imposing parade. His presence is also said to have had a most stimulating effect on the soldiers on guard in the foreign hongs. All appeared in full force with uniforms and rifles, although for several days the muster in one hong had produced only one soldier and a boy in a soldier's coat. (en)
- "A most unmistakable scene in the market place occurred. Some six heads of Frenchmen, heads of the true French type were exhibited, much to the disgust of foreigners. A few visited the place where they were stuck up, and were glad to leave it—not only on account of the disgusting and barbarous character of the scene, but because the surrounding crowd showed signs of turbulence. At the camp also were eight other Frenchmen's heads, a sight which might have satisfied a savage or a Hill-man, but hardly consistent with the comparatively enlightened tastes, one would think, of Chinese soldiers even of to-day. It is not known how many of the French were killed and wounded; fourteen left their bodies on shore, and no doubt several wounded were taken back to the ships.
In the evening Captain Boteler and Consul Frater called on General Sun, remonstrating with him on the subject of cutting heads off, and allowing them to be exhibited. Consul Frater wrote him a despatch on the subject strongly deprecating such practices, and we understand that the general promised it should not occur again, and orders were at once given to bury the heads. It is difficult for a general even situated as Sun is—having to command troops like the Hillmen, who are the veriest savages in the treatment of their enemies—to prevent such barbarities.
"It is said the Chinese buried the dead bodies of the Frenchmen after the engagement on 8th instant by order of General Sun. The Chinese are in possession of a machine gun taken or found on the beach. (en)
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- La campagne de Keelung (août 1884-mars 1885) est une campagne militaire menée par les Français au nord de Formose (Taïwan) pendant la guerre franco-chinoise. (fr)
- 기륭 원정(프랑스어: Expédition de grande qualité Campaign, 1884년 8월 ~ 1885년 4월)은 청불 전쟁 때 포모사(대만) 북부에서 프랑스군에 의해 수행된 논란이 많았던 군사 원정이었다. 1884년 8월, 기륭 공격을 한차례 실패한 이후, 프랑스군은 2,000명으로 구성된 원정대를 기륭에 상륙시켜 1884년 10월에 항구를 점령했다. 교두보를 넘어 진격할 수 없었던 이들은 유명전이 지휘하는 우수한 에 의해 기륭 내부에서 포위당했다. 1884년 11월과 12월에 콜레라와 장티푸스도 의 힘을 빼앗아 갔고, 청나라군의 지원군은 페스카도르 제도를 통해 포모사로 유입되어 전쟁이 끝날 무렵 35,000명으로 증가했다. 1885년 1월, 4,500명의 병력으로 증원된 프랑스군은 1885년 1월 말과 3월 초에 포위한 청나라군에게 두 번의 전술적 승리를 거두었지만, 이러한 승리를 이용할 만큼 압도적이지는 못했다. 기륭 원정은 전략적이고 전술적인 교착 상태로 1885년 4월에 끝났다. 이 원정은 당시 프랑스 극동 전대 사령관인 아메데 쿠르베 제독은 이 원정이 전략적으로 부적절하고, 프랑스 해군에게 쓸데없는 양동작전이라고 비판했다. (ko)
- 西仔反戰役，是指1884年8月5日至1885年6月13日中法戰爭期間，法國與清軍在臺灣北部與澎湖之間發生的戰役總稱。包括基隆戰役、淡水戰役、月眉山戰役、澎湖戰役。 「西仔」指法蘭西；「反」通「叛」是戰爭動亂的總稱。 (zh)
- كانت حملة كيلونغ (أغسطس 1884 – أبريل 1885) حملة عسكرية مثيرة للجدل شنها الفرنسيون في شمال فورموزا (تايوان) إبان الحرب الصينية الفرنسية. بعد شن هجوم فاشل على كيلونغ في أغسطس 1884، أنزل الفرنسيون فيلقَ مشاة قوامه 2000 رجل واستولوا على الميناء في أكتوبر 1884. نظرًا لعدم تمكنهم من التقدم إلى ما وراء رأس جسرهم، فقد حوصروا داخل كيلونغ من قِبل القوات الصينية المتفوقة تحت قيادة المفوض الإمبراطوري ليو مينغتشوان. في نوفمبر وديسمبر 1884 استنزفت الكوليرا والتيفوئيد فيلق المشاة الفرنسي، في حين تدفقت تعزيزات الجيش الصيني إلى فورموزا عبر جزر بسكادورز، ورفع قوامه إلى 35,000 رجل بنهاية الحرب. دُعم في يناير 1885 بقوة قوامها 4,500 رجلًا، وحقق الفرنسيون انتصارين تكتيكيين مبهرين على الصينيين المحاصرين لهم في أواخر يناير وأوائل مارس 1885، لكنهم لم يكونوا أقوياء كفاية لاستغلال هذه الانتصارات. انتهت حملة كيلونغ ف (ar)
- The Keelung campaign (August 1884–April 1885) was a controversial military campaign undertaken by the French in northern Formosa (Taiwan) during the Sino-French War. After making a botched attack on Keelung in August 1884, the French landed an expeditionary corps of 2,000 men and captured the port in October 1884. Unable to advance beyond their bridgehead, they were invested inside Keelung by superior Chinese forces under the command of the imperial commissioner Liu Mingchuan. In November and December 1884 cholera and typhoid drained the strength of the French expeditionary corps, while reinforcements for the Chinese army flowed into Formosa via the Pescadores Islands, raising its strength to 35,000 men by the end of the war. Reinforced in January 1885 to a strength of 4,500 men, the Frenc (en)
- Kampanye militer Keelung (Agustus 1884–April 1885) adalah kampanye militer kontroversial yang dilancarkan oleh Prancis di Formosa utara (Taiwan) selama Perang Tiongkok-Prancis. Setelah kegagalan serangan ke Keelung pada Agustus 1884, Prancis mendaratkan pasukan ekspedisi sebanyak 2.000 orang dan merebut pelabuhan tersebut pada Oktober 1884. Namun, mereka tidak keluar dari pangkalan mereka dan dikepung di Keelung oleh pasukan Tiongkok yang jumlahnya lebih besar di bawah kepemimpinan komisioner . Pada November dan Desember 1884, penyakit kolera dan tifus semakin melemahkan kekuatan pasukan Prancis, sementara bala bantuan Tiongkok terus berdatangan ke Taiwan lewat Kepulauan Pescadores dan jumlah mereka bertambah menjadi 35.000 orang menjelang akhir perang. Pada Januari 1885, kekuatan pasukan (in)
- La campagna di Keelung (agosto 1884-aprile 1885) fu una controversa campagna militare intrapresa dalla Francia nel nord di Formosa (Taiwan) durante la Guerra franco-cinese. Dopo un fallito attacco a Keelung nell'agosto 1884, i francesi sbarcarono un corpo di spedizione di 2000 uomini e catturarono il porto nell'ottobre 1884. Incapaci di avanzare oltre la loro testa di ponte, furono attaccati all'interno di Keelung da superiori forze cinesi al comando del commissario imperiale . Nel novembre e dicembre 1884 il colera e il tifo prostrarono corpo di spedizione francese, mentre l'esercito cinese faceva affuire rinforzi attraverso le isole Pescadores, portando la sua forza, alla fine della guerra, a 35000 uomini. Nel gennaio 1885, ottenuti a loro volta rinforzi fino a raggiungere una forza di 4 (it)
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