Bruger:MellowMurmur/Lene Hau

MellowMurmur/Lene Hau
Lene Hau i sit laboratorium på Harvard, 2007
Personlig information
Født	Lene Vestergaard Hau 13. november 1959 (65 år) Vejle, Danmark
Nationalitet
Bopæl	Boston, USA
Uddannelse og virke
Uddannelses­sted	Aarhus Universitet
Forsknings­område	Fysik og Nanoteknologi
Arbejdssted	Harvard University, Rowland Institute for Science
Betydningsfulde elever	Naomi Ginsberg, Christopher Slowe, Zachary Dutton, Anne Goodsell, Trygve Ristrophe
Kendt for	sit arbejde med lysets hastighed, Bose-Einstein-kondensaten, nanoteknologi og kvanteoptik
Nomineringer og priser
Udmærkelser	Ole Rømer-medaljen (2001)[1] George Ledlie Prize (2008)[2] Rigmor og Carl Holst-Knudsens Videnskabspris (2008)[3]

Lene Vestergaard Hau (født 1959) er en dansk forsker, med Ph.d. fra fysikstudiet på Aarhus Universitet. Hun startede som forskerassistent i USA og har efterfølgende arbejdet for Rowland Institute for Science, der er et forskningscenter i Boston. Hun er nu ansat som professor ved Harvard Universitet i instituttet for fysik.

Den 18. februar 1999 vakte hun international opsigt, da det lykkedes hende og hendes forskerteam at sænke lysets hastighed drastisk. Det lykkedes at bremse lysets hastighed fra 300.000 kilometer/sekund til 17 meter/sekund. Det blev gjort ved at køle en lille cigarformet sky af natriumatomer ned til en temperatur få milliontedele grad varmere end det absolutte nulpunkt på -273,15 grader. ^{[4] [5]}

I 2001 lykkedes det hende og hendes forskerteam at oplagre/stoppe en lyspuls, i en nedkølet sky af natriumatomer, ved hjælp at en koblingslaser. Når koblingslaseren lidt senere tændtes, genoptog den tidligere oplagrede lyspuls sin rejse ud af skyen. ^{[6][7] [8] [9]}

Den nedkølede sky af natriumatomer, anvendt ved begge forsøg, er faktisk i en ny fasetilstand ud over de kendte; fast, flydende, gasform, plasma, (neutronstjerne?, kvarkstjerne?) – nemlig Bose-Einstein kondensat. Atomerne i Bose-Einstein kondensatet (BEC) er kvantefysisk sammenfiltret, hvilket bl.a. har den effekt, at hele skyen virker som et stort atom.

Lene Vestergaard Hau (born in Vejle, Denmark, on November 13, 1959) is a Danish physicist. In 1999, she led a Harvard University team who, by use of a Bose-Einstein condensate, succeeded in slowing a beam of light to about 17 metres per second, and, in 2001, was able to stop a beam completely.^[10] Later work based on these experiments led to the transfer of light to matter, then from matter back into light,^[11] a process with important implications for quantum encryption and quantum computing.

Hau har en bachelorgrad i matematik fra 1984 og en kandidatgrad i fysik hos Aarhus Universitet fra 1986 . I hendes phd.-studier i kvantefysik har Hau arbejdet på idéer tilsvarende dem indenfor lysledende kabler - men hvor hendes arbejde involverede strenge af atomer i en atombærende silicon krystal. Under arbejdet på hendes doktorgrad, brugte Hau syv måneder ved CERN, det Europæiske Center for Forskning i Partikelfysik ved Geneve. Hun opnåede sin doktorgrad fra Aarhus Universitet i Denmark i 1991, og på dette tidspunkt havde hendes interesser i forskning skiftet retning. I 1991 sluttede hun sig til Rowland Institute for Science ved Cambridge som videnskabelig medarbejder, og begyndte at udforske mulighederne i langsomme og kolde atomer. I 1999 accepterede Hau en to-årig aftale som postdoc ved Harvard University. Hendes formelle uddannelse er i teoretisk fysik, men hendes interesse har bevæget sig mod eksperimentel forskning i en bestræbelse på at danne en ny form for stof kendt som Bose-Einstein-kondensat. Hau søgte midler hos National Science Foundation til at lave en en batch af kondensatet, men blev afvist, fordi hun var teoretiker, og experimentet derfor blev vurdere for svært for hende at udrette.^[12] Ufortrødent fandt hun midler andetsteds, og blev en af de første af en håndfuld fysikere, der formåede at skabe et sådant kondensat. I september 1999 blev hun udnævnt til Gordon Mckay Professor i Anvendt Fysik og Professor i Fysik ved Harvard.^[13] Hun blev tildelt uopsigelighed i 1999, og er nu Mallinckrodt Professor i Fysik og Anvendt Fysik ved Harvard. I 2001 blev hun den første person, der bremsede lys fuldkomment,^[7] ved brug af Bose–Einstein-kondensat. Siden da har hun begået en stor mængde forskning og ny eksperimentelt arbejde i elektromagnetisk induceret transparens, flere områder indenfor kvantefysik, fotonik, har bidraget til udvikling af nye kvante-anordninger og nye nanoteknologiske applikationer.

I 2007 var Lene Hau med til gemme lysets information i stof og derefter ca. 0,14 μm væk konvertere stofinformationen til lysinformation igen. ^[14]

Hun modtog i 2010 Danes Worldwides årlige hædersbevis "Årets Verdensdansker" fordi hun ifølge Danes Worldwide eftertrykkeligt og vedholdende har sat Danmark på verdenskortet. ^[15]

Mere nyligt arbejde har involveret forskning i nye interactioner mellem ultrakolde atomer og nanoskopiske systemer. Udover at undervise i fysik og anvendt fysik, har hun undervist i Energy Science ved Harvard,^[16] med emner som solceller, atomkraft, batterier and fotosyntese. Udover eksperimenter og forskning, holder hun foredrag ved internationale konferencer, og er involveret i udvikling af videnskabelige retningslinjer i diverse institutioner. Hun var hovedtaler^[17] ved EliteForsk-konferencen 2013 i København den 7 februar 2013 med deltagelse fra ministre, samt senior videnskabspolitiske og forskningsmæssigt involverede fra Danmark.^[18]

I 2006 formåede Hau og hendes kollegaer på Harvard University at overføre en qubit fra lys til en atomar bølge og tilbage til lys igen ved brug af Bose-Einstein kondensater.^[19] Experimentet beror på, at atomer ifølge kvantemekanisk teori kan opføre sig som bølger så vel som partikler. Dette tillader atomer at gøre nogle ellers kontraintuitive ting så som at passere igennem to åbninger på samme tid. I et Bose-Einstein kondensat bliver en lyspuls komprimeret med en faktor på 50 millioner, uden at information i den bliver tabt. I dette Bose-Einstein kondensat, bliver informationen i lysimpulsen overført til atomare bølger, og fordi alle atomerne bevæger sig sammenhængende, bliver informationen ikke opløst i tilfældigt støj. Lyset får nogle af skyens ca. 1.8 millioner natrium-atomer til at gå ind i kvantesuperpositioner. En laser kan bruges til at forme en puls i de atomare bølger, og når denne laser slukkes, bevares en kopi i stoffet. Før dette var forskere ikke i stand til at styre optisk information under dets rejse udover ved at forstærke signalet for at undgå svind. Dette eksperiment af Hau og hendes kollegaer, markerer den første vellykkede manipulation af sammenhængende optisk information. Undersøgelsen har fået ros af Irina Novikova, fysiker ved College of William and Mary i Williamsburg, som bemærker: "Before this result, light storage was measured in milliseconds. Here it's fractional seconds. It's a really dramatic time."^[20] – da.: Før dette resultat blev opbevaring a lys målt i millisekunder. Her er der tale om brøkdele af sekunder. Det er en virkelig markant tid.

Om forsøgets potentiale har Hau sagt: "While the matter is traveling between the two Bose–Einstein condensates, we can trap it, potentially for minutes, and reshape it – change it – in whatever way we want. This novel form of quantum control could also have applications in the developing fields of quantum information processing and quantum cryptography."^[21] – da.: Når stoffet rejser mellem de to Bose-Einstein kondensater, kan vi fange det – måske i hele minutter – omforme det og ændre det som det passer os. Denne nye form for kvantekontrol kan måske også bruges i udvikling indenfor kvanteinformationsbehandling og kvantekryptografi. Om de udviklingsmæssige implikationer har Jeremy Bloxham – dekan for naturvidenskab i fakultetet for kunst og videnskab – sagt, “This feat, the sharing around of quantum information in light-form and in not just one but two atom-forms, offers great encouragement to those who hope to develop quantum computers,”^[22] – da.: Denne bedrift – deling af kvanteinformation i lys og ikke bare en, men to atom-tilstande, er en stor opmuntring for dem, som håber på at udvikle kvantecomputere. Hau er blevet tildelt George Ledlie Prisen for dette stykke arbejde, og Harvard's prorektor – Steven Hyman – har bemærket, “her work is path-breaking. Her research blurs the boundaries between basic and applied science, draws on the talent and people of two Schools and several departments, and provides a literally glowing example of how taking daring intellectual risks leads to profound rewards.”^[22] – da.: Hendes arbejde er banebrydende. Hendes forskning udvasker afgrænsningerne mellem grundforskning og anvendt videnskab, anvender talenter og folk fra to disclipliner og adskillige afdelinger, og er en bogstaveligt talt lysende eksempel på, at dristig intellektuel risikotagning kan lede til stor belønning.

In 2009 Hau and team laser-cooled clouds of one million rubidium atoms to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. They then launched this millimeter-long atomic cloud towards a suspended carbon nanotube, located some two centimeters away and charged to hundreds of volts. The results were published in 2010, heralding new interactions between cold atoms and nanoscale systems.^[23] They observed that most atoms passed by, but approximately 10 per million were inescapably attracted, causing them to dramatically accelerate both movement and temperature. "At this point, the speeding atoms separate into an electron and an ion rotating in parallel around the nanowire, completing each orbit in just a few trillionths of a second. The electron eventually gets sucked into the nanotube via quantum tunneling, causing its companion ion to shoot away – repelled by the strong charge of the 300-volt nanotube – at a speed of roughly 26 kilometers per second, or 59,000 miles per hour."^[24] Atoms can rapidly disintegrate, without having to collide with each other in this experiment. The team is quick to note that this effect is not produced by gravity, as calculated in blackholes that exist in space, but by the high electrical charge in the nanotube. The experiment combines nanotechnology with cold atoms to demonstrate a new type of high-resolution, single-atom, chip-integrated detector that may ultimately be able to resolve fringes from the interference of matter waves. The scientists also foresee a range of single-atom, fundamental studies made possible by their setup.^[25]

• Honorary Alum 2011 – Aarhus Universitet^[26]
• Carlsberg Foundation’s Research Award^[27] from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters^[28] on October 6, 2011. The prize of 1 million kroner is in connection with the 200 year anniversary of brewer J.C. Jacobsen, founder of the Carlsberg Breweries and the Carlsberg Foundation.
• Awarded the The H.C. Ørsted Lectureship 2010^[29]
• Recipient of 'World Dane 2010' from the Global Network of Danes Worldwide. She received the annual award "Årets Verdensdansker" (Best World Dane) because she, according to Danes Worldwide, "emphatically and persistently has put Denmark on the world map".^[30]
• Selected National Security Science and Engineering Faculty Fellow by the United States Department of Defense, January 25, 2010.^[31]
• An honorary appointment to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters^[32]
• American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow, December 7, 2009.^[33]
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences, April 20, 2009.^[34]
• Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2008^[35]
• Delivered the Capital Science Lecture at Carnegie Institution for Science in 2008^[36]
• Rigmor and Carl Holst-Knudsen Award for Scientific Research^[37]
• George Ledlie Prize in September 2008.^[38]
• Richtmyer Memorial Award, by the American Association of Physics Teachers 2004^[39]
• Delivered a Nano Lecture on Slow Light for the Annals of Improbable Research (AIR) 2003 ^[40]
• Delivered the Leon Pape Memorial Lecture, 2003^[41]
• "Genius Grant" – MacArthur Fellow 2001–2006^[42]
• NKT Award, by the Danish Physical Society 2001;^[43]
• The Ole Romer Medal, by the president of the Danish Natural Science Research Council, 2001;^[44]
• An Honorary Degree, Æreshåndværker Kjøbenhavns Håndværkerforening, in the presence of Her Majesty, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, Copenhagen, 2001;^[45]
• Samuel Friedman Rescue Award, given by the Samuel Friedman Foundation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001;^[46]
• Recipient of the Year 2000 Award from the Top Danmark Foundation,^[47] Copenhagen;
• Appointed Gordon Mckay^[48] Professor of Applied Physics at Harvard, as well as Principal Investigator for the Atom Cooling Group at the Rowland Institute. 1991
• A Carlsberg Scholarship which enabled her to spend a year undertaking research, by the Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark, 1988;^[10]
• Recipient of the Research Fellowship, 1986–1989, by the Faculty of Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark.^[49]

• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Manipulating Light^[50] Unit 7 of the Annenberg Foundation's "Physics for the 21st Century"
• Anne Goodsell, Trygve Ristroph, J. A. Golovchenko, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Field ionization of cold atoms near the wall of a single carbon nanotube ^[23] (2010)
• Rui Zhang, Sean R. Garner, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Creation of long-term coherent optical memory via controlled nonlinear interactions in Bose–Einstein condensates ^[51] (2009)
• Naomi S. Ginsberg, Sean R. Garner, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Coherent control of optical information with matter wave dynamics^[52] (2007).
• Naomi S. Ginsberg, Joachim Brand, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Observation of Hybrid Soliton Vortex-Ring Structures in Bose–Einstein Condensates ^[53] (2005).
• Chien Liu, Zachary Dutton, Cyrus H. Behroozi, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Observation of coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses^[54]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, S. E. Harris, Zachary Dutton, Cyrus H. Behroozi, Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas^[55]

• Kvantemekanik
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Quantum Optics: Slowing single photons^[56]
• Brian Murphy and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Electro-optical nanotraps for neutral atoms, ^[57]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Optical information processing in Bose–Einstein condensates, ^[58]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Quantum physics – Tangled memories, ^[59]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Nonlinear optics: Shocking superfluids, ^[60]
• Christopher Slowe, Laurent Vernac, Lene Vestergaard Hau, A High Flux Source of Cold Rubidium^[61]
• Christopher Slowe, Naomi S. Ginsberg, Trygve Ristroph, Anne Goodsell, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Ultraslow Light & Bose–Einstein Condensates:Two-way Control with Coherent Light & Atom Fields ^[62]
• Marin Soljacic, Elefterios Lidorikis, J. D. Joannopoulos, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Ultra Low-Power All-Optical Switching^[63]
• Trygve Ristroph, Anne Goodsell, J. A. Golovchenko, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Detection and quantized conductance of neutral atoms near a charged carbon nanotube^[64]
• Zachary Dutton, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Storing and processing optical information with ultra-slow light in Bose–Einstein condensates^[65]
• Zachary Dutton, Naomi S. Ginsberg, Christopher Slowe, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, The Art of Taming Light: Ultra-slow and Stopped Light^[66]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Frozen Light ^[67]
• Zachary Dutton, Michael Budde, Christopher Slowe, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Observation of quantum shock waves created with ultra-compressed slow light pulses in a Bose–Einstein Condensate^[68]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Taming Light with Cold Atoms^[69] Invited feature article. Published by Institute for Physics, UK.
• B. D. Busch, Chien Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, L. Vestergaard Hau, Observation of interaction dynamics in finite-temperature Bose condensed atom clouds^[70]
• C. Liu, B.D. Busch, Z. Dutton, and L. V. Hau, Anisotropic Expansion of Finite Temperature Bose Gases – Emergence of Interaction Effects between Condensed and Non-Condensed Atoms,^[71] Proceedings of the conference on New Directions in Atomic Physics, Cambridge, England, July 1998, eds. C. T. Whelan, R.M. Dreizler, J.H. Macek, and H.R.J Walters, (Plenum, 1999).
• Lene Hau, BEC and Light Speeds of 38 miles/hr: Proceedings of the Workshop on Bose–Einstein Condensation and Degenerate Fermi Gases, from Workshop on Bose–Einstein Condensation and Degenerate Fermi Gases^[72] Hau's talk: Podcast and image files.^[73]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, B. D. Busch, Chien Liu, Zachary Dutton, Michael M. Burns, J. A. Golovchenko, Near Resonant Spatial Images of Confined Bose–Einstein Condensates in the 4-Dee Magnetic Bottle^[74]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, B. D. Busch, Chien Liu, Michael M. Burns, J. A. Golovchenko, Cold Atoms and Creation of New States of Matter: Bose–Einstein Condensates, Kapitza States, and '2D Magnetic Hydrogen Atoms, (Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions : Invited papers of the 20th International Conference of Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICEAC) Vienna, Austria, July 23–29, 1997) F. Aumayr and H.P. Winter, editors^[75]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, J. A. Golovchenko, and Michael M. Burns, Supersymmetry and the Binding of a Magnetic Atom to a Filamentary Current^[76]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, J. A. Golovchenko, and Michael M. Burns, A new atomic beam source: The "candlestick" ^[77]
• Lene Vestergaard Hau, Michael M. Burns, and J. A. Golovchenko, Bound states of guided matter waves: An atom and a charged wire ^[78]
• "Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold"^[79]
• "Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold" Tom Schactman Pub Date: Dec. 1st, 1999 Publisher: Houghton Mifflin^[80]

• Quantum Physics, 14 Dec 2000, Many-particle entanglement with Bose--Einstein condensates (engelsk)
• Lene Vestergaard Hau (biography from University of St Andrews) (engelsk)
• "Light and matter united". Harvard University Gazette. februar 7, 2007.{{cite journal}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)
• "Hau Lab at Harvard". Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Harvard University. Hentet 2008-08-03.
• "Trapping Light and Saving It for Later" (audio). Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. 2007-02-09. Hentet 2008-08-03. Scientists manage to stop light, hold it trapped in a cloud of chilled atoms known as a Bose Einstein condensate, and then release it in a second cloud a short distance away. We'll talk about the work and its potential applications in information processing.
• "What Visions in the Dark of Light". Scientific American. Vol. 297, no. 3. Scientific American, Inc. september 2007. s. 50-53. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-50. Hentet 2008-08-03.{{cite news}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Dato automatisk oversat (link)Article subtitle: "Lene Vestergaard Hau made headlines by slowing light to below highway speed. Now the ringmaster of light can stop it, extinguish it and revive it - and thereby give quantum information a new look."