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顯微鏡下多血管炎:修订间差异

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有高達80%的病人有出現血尿及[[蛋白尿]]的狀況,甚至可能出現[[急进性肾小球肾炎]]。有20-50%的人可能會出現{{tsl|en|pulmonary hemorrhage|肺出血}}、[[肺纤维化]],或呼吸衰竭<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karras |first=Alexandre |title=Microscopic Polyangiitis: New Insights into Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Therapy |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1673387 |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |language=en |date=2018-08 |volume=39 |issue=04 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1673387 |issn=1069-3424}}</ref>。
有高達80%的病人有出現血尿及[[蛋白尿]]的狀況,甚至可能出現[[急进性肾小球肾炎]]。有20-50%的人可能會出現{{tsl|en|pulmonary hemorrhage|肺出血}}、[[肺纤维化]],或呼吸衰竭<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karras |first=Alexandre |title=Microscopic Polyangiitis: New Insights into Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Therapy |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0038-1673387 |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |language=en |date=2018-08 |volume=39 |issue=04 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1673387 |issn=1069-3424}}</ref>。

==病因==
該疾病的病理機轉尚未完全闡明,目前該疾病歸類於ANCA關聯性血管炎(ANCA-Associated Vasculitis,AAV)的一種,意即疾病可能是因{{le|抗中性球細胞質抗體|Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody}}(ANCA)所誘發。患者可能因為遺傳因素、感染、腫瘤、藥物、發炎等原因,導致體內出現ANCA抗體<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakazawa |first1=Daigo |last2=Masuda |first2=Sakiko |last3=Tomaru |first3=Utano |last4=Ishizu |first4=Akihiro |date=February 2019 |title=Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions for ANCA-associated vasculitis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-018-0145-y |journal=Nature Reviews Rheumatology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1038/s41584-018-0145-y |pmid=30542206 |issn=1759-4804|hdl=2115/74654 |s2cid=54474335 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。其中MPA病人身上最常見的ANCA是{{le|抗MPO抗體|p-ANCA}}(MPO-ANCA,舊稱p-ANCA),約有55-65%的病人可在周邊血檢體中驗到MPO-ANCA<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0204-y</ref>。[[嗜中性球]]在與MPO-ANCA結合後,會釋放出發炎物質、溶酶,及過氧化物,導致細胞損傷及發炎,進而造成血管內皮發炎壞死<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nakazawa |first1=Daigo |last2=Masuda |first2=Sakiko |last3=Tomaru |first3=Utano |last4=Ishizu |first4=Akihiro |date=February 2019 |title=Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions for ANCA-associated vasculitis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41584-018-0145-y |journal=Nature Reviews Rheumatology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1038/s41584-018-0145-y |pmid=30542206 |issn=1759-4804|hdl=2115/74654 |s2cid=54474335 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。該疾病會進犯腎臟,並引發壞死性新月體腎絲球腎炎(necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Falk RJ, Jennette JC |title=ANCA are pathogenic—oh yes they are! |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1977–9 |date=July 2002 |doi=10.1681/ASN.V1371977 |pmid=12089397 |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12089397|doi-access=free }}</ref>。


==診斷==<!--
==診斷==<!--
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患者的神經病變,由"肌電圖"(EMG)可顯示出一種"感覺運動性周圍神經病"(sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy)。
患者的神經病變,由"肌電圖"(EMG)可顯示出一種"感覺運動性周圍神經病"(sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy)。

==病因==
而疾病發生機理尚未完全闡明、首先的假設是,發生機理過程是開始於病因不明的自體免疫過程觸發[[P-ANCA]]的產生。<!--These antibodies will circulate at low levels until a pro-inflammatory trigger — such as infection, malignancy, or drug therapy. The trigger upregulates production of p-ANCA. Then, the large number of antibodies make it more likely that they will bind a neutrophil. Once bound, the neutrophil degranulates. The degranulation releases toxins that cause endothelial injury.<ref name="pmid12370273">{{cite journal |author=Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, ''et al.'' |title=Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_2002-10_110_7/page/955 |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=955–63 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12370273 |pmc=151154 |doi=10.1172/JCI15918}}</ref> Most recently, two different groups of investigators have demonstrated that anti-MPO antibodies alone can cause necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Falk RJ, Jennette JC |title=ANCA are pathogenic—oh yes they are! |journal=J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1977–9 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12089397 |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12089397}}</ref>-->


==治療==
==治療==

2024年11月4日 (一) 17:06的版本

顯微鏡下多血管炎
又称顯微性多血管炎(Micropolyangiitis)、微觀性多動脈炎(Microscopic polyarteritis)、微觀多動脈炎結節(Microscopic polyarteritis nodosa)、Wohlwill氏病(Wohlwill's disease)
分类和外部资源
醫學專科免疫學、​風濕病學
ICD-114A44.A0
ICD-10M31.7
DiseasesDB8193
MedlinePlus000874
eMedicine334024
Orphanet727
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

顯微鏡下多血管炎Microscopic polyangiitis[1]MPA[2])是一種自體免疫性疾病。其表現為全身性、寡免疫性英语pauci-immune(pauci-immune)、壞死性的小血管炎。該疾病通常不會出肉芽肿性發炎。

症狀

臨床症狀包括發燒、關節疼痛、肌痛、厭食、消瘦、乏力、體重減輕等全身性體質性症狀(constitutional symptoms)。該疾病可能進犯多種器官,包含咳嗽、呼吸短促、咳血腎功能衰竭、皮膚斑點(紫癜總狀花疹青斑英语livedo racemosa[3])、癲癇、周邊神經病變、腹痛等等[4]

有高達80%的病人有出現血尿及蛋白尿的狀況,甚至可能出現急进性肾小球肾炎。有20-50%的人可能會出現肺出血英语pulmonary hemorrhage肺纤维化,或呼吸衰竭[5]

病因

該疾病的病理機轉尚未完全闡明,目前該疾病歸類於ANCA關聯性血管炎(ANCA-Associated Vasculitis,AAV)的一種,意即疾病可能是因抗中性球細胞質抗體英语Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)所誘發。患者可能因為遺傳因素、感染、腫瘤、藥物、發炎等原因,導致體內出現ANCA抗體[6]。其中MPA病人身上最常見的ANCA是抗MPO抗體英语p-ANCA(MPO-ANCA,舊稱p-ANCA),約有55-65%的病人可在周邊血檢體中驗到MPO-ANCA[7]嗜中性球在與MPO-ANCA結合後,會釋放出發炎物質、溶酶,及過氧化物,導致細胞損傷及發炎,進而造成血管內皮發炎壞死[8]。該疾病會進犯腎臟,並引發壞死性新月體腎絲球腎炎(necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis)[9]

診斷

患者的神經病變,由"肌電圖"(EMG)可顯示出一種"感覺運動性周圍神經病"(sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy)。

治療

常規治療涉及長效劑量的潑尼松,或與之交替性的使用或組合性使用的藥物,如與細胞毒性藥物、比如環磷酰胺硫唑嘌呤交替使用或組合成複方藥物(Combination drug)使用。

血漿置換法(Plasmapheresis),也可以使用在急性期以消除ANCA抗體(Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody)。

註釋

  1. ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. 2007. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0. 
  2. ^ Commissioner, Office of the. FDA approves first treatment for children with rare diseases that cause inflammation of small blood vessels. FDA. 2020-03-24 [2024-11-04] (英语). 
  3. ^ Nagai, Yayoi; Hasegawa, Michiko; Igarashi, Naoya; Tanaka, Setsuko; Yamanaka, Masayoshi; Ishikawa, Osamu. Cutaneous manifestations and histological features of microscopic polyangiitis. European Journal of Dermatology. 2009-01, 19 (1). ISSN 1167-1122. doi:10.1684/ejd.2008.0566. 
  4. ^ Chung, Sharon A.; Seo, Philip. Microscopic Polyangiitis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. August 2010, 36 (3): 545–558. ISSN 0889-857X. PMC 2917831可免费查阅. PMID 20688249. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.04.003. 
  5. ^ Karras, Alexandre. Microscopic Polyangiitis: New Insights into Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Therapy. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2018-08, 39 (04). ISSN 1069-3424. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1673387 (英语). 
  6. ^ Nakazawa, Daigo; Masuda, Sakiko; Tomaru, Utano; Ishizu, Akihiro. Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions for ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. February 2019, 15 (2): 91–101. ISSN 1759-4804. PMID 30542206. S2CID 54474335. doi:10.1038/s41584-018-0145-y. hdl:2115/74654可免费查阅 (英语). 
  7. ^ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-020-0204-y
  8. ^ Nakazawa, Daigo; Masuda, Sakiko; Tomaru, Utano; Ishizu, Akihiro. Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions for ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. February 2019, 15 (2): 91–101. ISSN 1759-4804. PMID 30542206. S2CID 54474335. doi:10.1038/s41584-018-0145-y. hdl:2115/74654可免费查阅 (英语). 
  9. ^ Falk RJ, Jennette JC. ANCA are pathogenic—oh yes they are!. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. July 2002, 13 (7): 1977–9. PMID 12089397. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1371977可免费查阅. 

參見

外部連結