Thòaⁿ-sò͘

Thoàⁿ-sò͘, ₆C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon
	Spectral lines of carbon
Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	Thoàⁿ-sò͘, C
Eng-bûn	carbon
Tông-sò͘-thé	graphite, diamond
Gōa-hêng	graphite: black; diamond: clear
Thoàⁿ-sò͘ tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
	phêng-sò͘ ← Thoàⁿ-sò͘ → chek-sò͘
Goân-chú-hoan	6
Goân-chú-liōng	12.011 (12.0096–12.0116)
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	to-goân-chú hui-kim-sio̍k; sometimes considered a metalloid
Cho̍k, hun-khu	14 cho̍k, p khu
Chiu-kî	tē 2 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[He] 2s2 2p2
per shell	2, 4
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	kò͘-thé
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘ (sek-un)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3 ; graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3 ; diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Sam-siòng-tiám	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	graphite: 117 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	graphite: 8.517 J·mol−1·K−1 ; diamond: 6.155 J·mol−1·K−1
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 2.55
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1 ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1 ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1 ; (more)
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals pòaⁿ-kèng	170 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	graphite: simple hexagonal ; (black)
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	diamond cubic
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	diamond: 18,350 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	diamond: 0.8 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	graphite: 119–165 W·m−1·K−1 ; diamond: 900–2300 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m
Chû-sèng	diamagnetic
Young hē-sò͘	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear hē-sò͘	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk hē-sò͘	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson pí	diamond: 0.1
Mohs ngē-tō͘	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7440-44-0
Le̍k-sú
Hoat-hiān	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
	Chú bûn-chiong: Thoàⁿ-sò͘ ê tông-ūi-sò͘

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ (炭素)^[14] sī hoà-ha̍k hû-hō C, goân-chú-hoan 6, ê 1 chióng hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. Thoàⁿ-sò͘ sī 1 chióng hui-kim-sio̍k (nonmetal), ū 4 ê goân-chú-kè (valency) ê goân-sò͘, i ū chin chē tông-sò͘-thé (allotropy), pí-lūn kóng soān-chio̍h he̍k-chiá sī chio̍h-ba̍k.

Thoàⁿ-sò͘ mā sī cho͘-sêng iú-ki-bu̍t ê chú-iàu sêng-hun, sī kò͘-chō chhut tē-kiû téng seng-bu̍t ê ki-pún goân-sò͘.

Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t

Thòaⁿ-sò͘ thang keng-kòe sio-chiap ê thòaⁿ-sò͘–thòaⁿ-sò͘ kiat-ha̍p, chiâⁿ chò te̍k-pia̍t tn̂g liān, chit-ê sèng-chit mā hō chò chiâⁿ-liān (catenation).

Iú-ki hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t lāi-bīn siāng tan-sûn ê sī thòaⁿ-hòa chúi-sò͘ (hydrocarbon). Che sī chi̍t lūi iú-ki hun-chú, hâm chúi-sò͘ kap chi̍t liân-á ê thòaⁿ-sò͘ goân-chú. Liân-á ê tn̂g-tō͘ kap chok-iōng-ki (functional group) thang éng-hióng hun-chú ê sèng-chit.

Chham-khó

↑ Conventional Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
↑ Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
↑ Lide, D. R., pian. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th pán.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
↑ https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. 2007-11-24 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931–1932). "炭素". 臺日大辭典 Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten [Tâi-Ji̍t Tōa Sû-tián]. OCLC 25747241.

Pún bûn-chiuⁿ sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia.

[CIAAW-1] Conventional Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[IUPAC-2] Standard Atomic Weights 2013. Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[CRC-3] Lide, D. R., pian. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th pán.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-4] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-5] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[6] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[7] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[8] "Carbon: Binary compounds". 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[ioffe-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[10] ttps://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm

[11] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[12] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.

[13] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. 2007-11-24 khòaⁿ--ê.

[14] Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931–1932). "炭素". 臺日大辭典 Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten [Tâi-Ji̍t Tōa Sû-tián]. OCLC 25747241.

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