View source for M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck

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{{Redirect|M151}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2010}}
{{Infobox automobile
|name=M151 Truck, Utility, ¼-Ton, 4×4
|image=AMG M151 A2 (1978) GB (owner Gavin Broad).JPG
|caption=The M151 A2, first introduced in 1968.
|manufacturer=[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Kaiser (automobile)|Kaiser]], [[AM General]]
|production=> 100,000 (1959–1988) last production of 1,000 units built for Pakistan (1988) At AM General and line dismantled.
|predecessor=[[Willys M38A1]]
|successor=[[HMMWV|AM General HMMWV]]
|class=¼ ton truck/personnel transport, [[four wheel drive]]
|body_style=jeep
|platform=
|layout=[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front engine, 4WD]]
|engine=[[Inline 4 engine|inline 4-cyl.]], {{convert|141.5|cuin|L|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|71|hp|abbr=on}} at 4,000&nbsp;rpm / {{convert|128|ft·lbf|N·m|abbr=on}} at 1,800&nbsp;rpm
|transmission=4-speed + reverse [[manual transmission]]<br /> single-speed, part-time [[transfer case]]
|length={{convert|132.7|in|mm|-1|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|64.3|in|mm|-1|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|71|in|mm|-1|abbr=on}} with top up<br />reducible to {{convert|53|in|mm|-1|abbr=on}}
|weight={{convert|2400|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|wheelbase={{convert|85|in|mm|-1|abbr=on}}
|assembly=
|related=[[M422 Mighty Mite|M422 "Mighty Mite"]] contemporary
}} 
The '''Truck, Utility, ¼-Ton, 4×4,''' or simply '''M151''' was the successor to the Korean War [[Willys M38|M38]] and [[Willys M38A1|M38A1]] [[Jeep]] [[Military light utility vehicle|Light Utility Vehicle]]s. The M151 had an [[unibody|integrated body]] design which offered a little more space than prior jeeps, and featured all-around [[independent suspension]] with coil springs. It has since been replaced by the larger [[Humvee|AM General HMMWV]] in most utility roles in frontline use. With some M151A2 units still in U.S. military service in 1999, the M151 series achieved a longer run of service than that of the World War II/Korean War-era [[Willys MB|MB/GPW]], M38, and M38A1 series combined.

== History ==
In 1951 [[Ford Motor Company]] was awarded the contract to design a ¼-ton 4×4 truck to replace the M38 and M38A1 model jeeps. The M151 was developed to specifications and guidance of the U.S. Army's Ordnance Tank Automotive Command. Design started in 1951 and testing and prototyping lasted through most of the fifties. Although the M151 was developed and initially produced by Ford, production contracts for the M151A2 were later also awarded to [[Kaiser Motors|Kaiser]] and [[AM General|AM General Corp]], a subsidiary of AMC.

== Design ==
[[File:JeepRightTopDownM151.jpg|thumb|M151A2 with top up and closed]]
Although the M151 mostly retained the same basic layout and dimensions of its predecessors, it was for all intents and purposes a completely new design. Unlike previous jeep designs, whose structure consisted of a steel tub bolted onto a separate steel frame, the M151 utilized an [[Vehicle frame|integrated frame]] design, which integrated the box frame rails and the sheet-steel body into a [[unibody]] structure. Eliminating the separate frame gave the M151 slightly more ground clearance, while at the same time lowering the center of gravity. Although the vehicle's dimensions were only slightly enlarged — the 85 inch wheelbase was 4 inches longer than its predecessor, or 5 inches compared to the [[Willys MB]], and the width was increased 3 inches — combined with the improved space efficiency of the integrated body design, the vehicle was a bit roomier than previous jeeps, while retaining the same light weight.
[[File:JeepFrontM151.jpg|thumb|Front has grille with horizontal slats]]
Another area improved upon in the M151 was the suspension. Dispensing with the rigid [[live axle]]s in the front and rear that all [[Willys MB|previous military jeeps]] used (a layout still used on modern day Jeeps, such as the [[Jeep CJ]] and [[Jeep Wrangler|Wrangler]]), the M151 was instead equipped with [[independent suspension]] and coil springs. This made it capable of high-speed, cross-country travel, while boasting high maneuverability and agility. The new suspension also had the added benefit of providing a more comfortable ride.

Due to copyright and trademark issues, the M151 did not feature Jeep's distinctive seven vertical slot grille, instead, a horizontal grille was used.

== Handling problems ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
Unlike other military transports, such as the WWII and Korean War-era [[Jeeps]] and Dodge and Chevrolet transport trucks, the M151 was never widely released into the civilian market. This was partly because it did not meet federal highway safety standards for civilian vehicles, and because of a series of rollover accidents. While the high pivot rear [[swing axle]] geometry on the M151A1 was responsible for the rollovers, injuries and fatalities, the industry (Ford and the Army) claimed that they were primarily due to driver errors, with operators unprepared for the increased performance compared to the Jeeps, which it replaced. The swing axle rear design was prone to significant [[Camber angle|camber]] changes when subjected to cornering, resulting in the rear lifting, the inside wheel tucking under which often led to a vehicle rollover.  Steering input as commonly found in a high-speed emergency avoidance maneuvers or hard cornering, was a recipe for disaster. The vehicle's tendency to lose control was reduced when there was weight in the rear, so drivers would often place an ammunition box filled with sand under the rear seat when no other load was being carried. The box could simply be emptied or abandoned when the extra weight was not needed. [[Recoilless rifle]] carrier models were especially prone to rollover accidents due to their stiffer rear springs and were typically subjected to severe speed restrictions any time the gun was not aboard.

Ford Motor Company designed the M151A1 beginning in 1951. By 1965 the world knew of the problems with swing axles (e.g. ''[[Unsafe at Any Speed]]'' by Ralph Nader). Nevertheless, when, in 1969, an automotive engineer at the [[Human Engineering Laboratory]] at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] wrote a report that included: 1) an analysis that showed the high pivot swing axle in the M151A1 was inherently unstable under cornering, 2) retrofits that had proven to solve the problem on [[Chevrolet Corvair|Corvairs]], VWs, and [[Formula Vee|Formula Vees]] and, 3) ways of designing a replacement. The Director of the Human Engineering Lab rejected this report and when the solutions were forwarded to the Ford engineers they rejected them as well.

The handling issues were eventually resolved by a redesign of the rear suspension, introduced in the M151A2 model. However, due to liability concerns, the U.S. Department of Defense deemed all M151 series vehicles "unsafe for public highway use", limiting their public use. Continuing problems with vehicle roll-overs into the 1980s led the U.S. military to retrofit many M151 series vehicles with the "[[Roll over protection structure]]" (ROPS), a roll cage intended to protect both front and rear seat passengers.

== Service ==
[[File:82d Airborne jeep Urgent Fury 1983.JPEG|thumbnail|Soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division in a heavily loaded M151 during [[Operation Urgent Fury]]]]

First put into service in the early 1960s, the M151 played an active part in US military operations well into the 1980s, when it was phased out in favor of the [[Humvee|HMMWV]]. Despite its official replacement, the M151 has some distinct advantages over its much larger and heavier successor, like being small enough to fit inside a [[CH-53]] heavy transport helicopter.

Various models of the M151 have seen successful military service in 15 different [[NATO]] countries and M151s were sold to many countries, including Canada, Denmark, the United Kingdom and non-NATO countries like Egypt, Lebanon, Israel, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Currently,{{when|date=May 2021}} the M151 is used by over 100 countries worldwide.

== Post-military use ==

In the late 1980s the M151s began being phased out of service in favour of the HMMWV. A few (perhaps 1,000) were sold via Government Surplus auctions, and those that were not sold via [[Foreign Military Sales]] (FMS) overseas were cut into four pieces and scrapped. However some individuals were able to buy these "quartered" M151s and simply weld the four sections back together, and rebuilt them into drivable condition. Some vehicles sold in the United States were simply cut in half, some of which were simply welded back together and driven. Additionally, beginning in the late 1990s a few companies dealing in Military surplus items bought M151s from some of the foreign governments that received the vehicles via FMS for reconditioning and further sales.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

===The Growler===
[[File:GrowlerCombatVehicle.jpg|thumb|right|A Growler Light Strike Vehicle, Prime Mover variant, for the U.S. Marine Corps in December 2005, with a towed mortar.]]
[[Growler Manufacturing and Engineering]] designs and sells the [[Growler (jeep)|Internally Transportable Light Strike Vehicle]] based on the M151 drivetrain. The Internally Transportable Light Strike Vehicle is intended to replace Fast Attack Vehicle variants of the M151, and is reduced in size to fit into the [[V-22 Osprey]] tiltrotor transport. Although originally intended to utilize the M151 drivetrain, the result is an all new design and contains no M151 parts or design elements.

==Variants==
{{multiple image |direction=vertical |width=220 |header=Variant models |image1=Ford MUTT M151A1C FSN 2320-763-1091 pic1.JPG |caption1=M151A1C with 106&nbsp;mm recoilless rifle |image2=Ford M718 MUTT Ambulance.jpg |caption2=M718 Ambulance variant |image3=TOW fired from Jeep.jpg |caption3=[[BGM-71 TOW|TOW missile]] being fired from M151A2 |image4=Ford M-825 1971 (14313389751).jpg |caption4=Ford M-825 (1971) |image5=Jeep (6110162662).jpg |caption5=Rare hardtop model for [[United States Air Force Security Police]] }}
* '''M151''' (1960) – Original, standard version of the [[Greenfield project#Other uses|clean-sheet]], Ford designed, all new jeep. Because of its simple [[independent suspension|independent rear suspension]], it had a dangerous tendency to flip over when cornered too aggressively by unaware drivers. The cheap [[swing axle|swing-axle]] rear suspension design (like that of the original [[VW Beetle]] and [[Chevrolet Corvair]]), would result in large rear-wheel [[camber angle]] changes, and could cause drastic [[Understeer and oversteer|oversteer]] and a subsequent roll-over.{{sfnp|Crismon|2001}}{{sfnp|Doyle|2003}}
* '''M151A1''' (1964) – Second version: minor changes in the rear suspension, mostly aimed at allowing the vehicle to carry heavier loads. Addition of turn signals to front fenders. The essentials of the rear suspension remained unchanged and the same applies to the handling problems in corners.{{sfnp|Crismon|2001}}{{sfnp|Doyle|2003}}{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-10|1968}}{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-20|1971|p=194}}
** '''M151A1C''' – The M151A1C equipped with a 106&nbsp;mm recoilless rifle on a pedestal-mount. Capable of carrying six rounds of ammunition and weapon tools. Including the driver, it provides space for two men and has a cruising range of 442&nbsp;km or 275 miles.{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-10|1968}}
** '''M151A1D''' – Tactical nuclear variant. This was an M151A1C modified to mount the [[Davy Crockett (nuclear device)|Davy Crockett Atomic Warhead Launcher]] (in parallel development with a similarly equipped M38A1 and other tactical vehicles).
** '''M718''' – Front-line ambulance variant with an extended rear body to enable the transport of wounded patients on litters.{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-10|1968}} Crewed by two — a driver and a medic, it could carry three litters.<ref>[http://www.military-today.com/trucks/m151.htm M151 MUTT Light Utility Vehicle – Military-Today]</ref> Notably, although the M718 is larger than an M151 in all three dimensions – its greater length, width and height resulted from only minimal changes to the standard M151 design — retaining both the same [[wheelbase]] and [[axle track|track width]] unchanged. The spare wheel was moved from the rear to the side, to allow the rear body extensions, but also resulting in the increase in width. The ambulance "body" of the M718 consisted mostly just of taller bows, and a longer, taller, canvas top. The changes to the body and chassis, compared to the base M151 were remarkably minimal, considering its predecessor, the M170 jeep ambulance, had received a full {{convert|20|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} wheelbase stretch from the base [[Willys M38A1|M38A1]] jeep.
* '''M151A2''' (1968) – The A2 fielded a significantly revised rear suspension that greatly improved safety in fast cornering. The M151 now had [[Semi-trailing arm suspension]]. Many smaller upgrades including improved turn signals. The A2 can be identified by the large combination turn signal/blackout lights on the front fenders, which also had been modified to mount the larger lights, as opposed to earlier A1's that had flat front fenders.{{sfnp|Crismon|2001}}{{sfnp|Doyle|2003}}{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-20|1971|p=194}}
** '''M151A2 TOW''' – tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided (TOW) anti-tank missile variant.{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-10|1983|p=1-4}}
** '''M718A1''' – Front-line ambulance variant that featured an extended rear body to allow the transport of litters.{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-10|1983|p=1-4}}
** '''M825''' – Variant with M40 106&nbsp;mm recoilless rifle mounted on rear. It had racks in the cargo bed to carry 4 shells.{{sfnp|TM 9-2320-218-10|1983|p=1-4}}
** '''M1051''' – Firefighting variant which saw exclusive use by the Marine Corps.
** '''MRC108''' – Forward Air Control variant, with multi-band communications equipment.
* '''Fast Attack Vehicles'''
** '''M151A2 FAV''' – Fast Assault Vehicle variant designed to be carried inside a [[Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion|CH-53 helicopter]]. Modification mainly involves adding a combination radiator grille armor plate and spare tire carrier, a field radio bracket between the front seats, roll bars or roll-cage, and high-beam lights. It has a heavy weapons pedestal mount post mounted on the rear deck (capable of carrying a [[M2 Browning|Browning M2HB]], [[Mk 19 grenade launcher|Mark 19 Automatic Grenade Launcher]] or [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW II Missile]]). The rear bustles had brackets to mount large storage baskets and the front bustles had brackets to mount small storage baskets for fuel jerry cans or single ammo boxes.
** '''Marine FAV Mk I "Super Jeep"''': Fast Attack Vehicle. Models originally had a flat black paint job and a velcro-fastened cloth "blackout panel" that covered the dashboard gauges. The front-mounted roll bar, which replaced the front folding windshield, was made from threaded heavy-gauge pipe.
** '''Marine FAV Mk II''': Fast Attack Vehicle. Models originally had a MERDC "woodland" camouflage paint job and a welded roll-bar that was reinforced with two angled support braces of heavy-gauge welded pipe between the front seats. Had two high-beam lights mounted under the top of the rollbar. Highly customized by the units converting it, leading to numerous unique modifications.
** '''[[82nd Airborne Division|Airborne]] FAV (AKA Ranger FAV)''': Fast Attack Vehicle. Has a forward-facing [[M60 machine gun|M60 GPMG]] or [[M240 machine gun|M240 MAG GPMG]] in a M32 45° weapons mount welded to the dashboard on the front passenger side, a horizontal storage box containing an [[AT4|AT-4 Anti-Tank Rocket]], and a vertical storage rack behind the front seats that holds 8 to 10 [[M72 LAW]] Rockets. The rear bustles can mount locker baskets that can each contain 4 × M2/M2A1 ammo boxes for the main gun and the front bustles can contain single ammo boxes for the M60.
** '''Air Force FAV''': Has a roll cage and a 360° ring mount over the rear seat. This model was designed by Marine Sgt. David Ferry<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m151.htm "M151A2 FAV"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306152347/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m151.htm |date=2007-03-06 }}, GlobalSecurity</ref> and saw service with the [[Marine expeditionary unit|MEUs]] and other Special Operations units. <br />It got the nickname of "Air Force FAV" from a famous picture of U.S. Air Force Maj. Gen. [[William S. Hinton Jr.]], commander of [[Operation Shining Hope|Joint Task Force Shining Hope]], getting out of one.

==Users==
[[File:Us army bundesgrenzschutz.jpg|thumb|Group of three American soldiers of the [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]], their M151, and two West German [[Bundesgrenzschutz]] officers, 1979.]]
[[File:Saudi Arabian M151 light utility vehicles with recoilless rifles.JPEG|thumb|right|Saudi Arabia used M151s in the [[Gulf War]].]]
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{{div col end}}

==Service history==
* [[Vietnam War]]
* [[Laotian Civil War]]
* [[Guatemalan Civil War]]
* [[Dominican Civil War]]
* [[Cambodian Civil War]]
* [[Six-Day War]]
* [[Lebanese Civil War]]
* [[Western Sahara War]]
* [[Iran-Iraq War]]
* [[United States invasion of Grenada]]
* [[Thai–Laotian Border War]]
* [[Persian Gulf War]]
* [[Somali Civil War]]
* [[2006 Lebanon War]]

==See also==
[[File:Ford M151 MUTT Trailer.jpg|thumb|For the M151 jeep, there was a matching trailer: the [[Jeep trailer|¼-ton M416]]]]
* [[FMC XR311]]
* [[G-numbers]]
* [[Jeep J8]]
* [[M416 trailer]]
* [[Willys FAMAE Corvo]]
* [[Austin Champ]]
* [[UAZ-469]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Crismon|first=Fred W|title=US Military Wheeled Vehicles |edition=3|year=2001|publisher=Victory WW2 |isbn=0-970056-71-0|pages=226–229}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52WIEG-1TjgC&pg=PA36|last=Doyle|first=David|title=Standard Catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles|edition=2|year=2003|publisher=Krause|isbn=0-87349-508-X|pages=36–40|access-date=2018-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001518/https://books.google.nl/books?id=52WIEG-1TjgC&pg=PA36|archive-date=2018-01-15|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/mwo-9-2320-218-34-87.pdf|title=MWO 9-2320-218-34 Installation of Rollover Protection System ¼-ton vehicle M151A2|year=1987|publisher=US Department of the Army}}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2320-218-10-68.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-218-10 Operators Manual for Truck, Utility: ¼-ton, 4×4, M151...(and others)|year=1968|publisher=US Department of the Army |ref={{sfnref|TM 9-2320-218-10|1968}} }}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2320-218-10-83.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-218-10 Operators Manual for ¼-ton, 4×4, M151 Series Vehicles|year=1983|publisher=US Department of the Army |ref={{sfnref|TM 9-2320-218-10|1983}} }}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2320-218-20-71.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-218-20 Organizational Maintenance Manual Truck, Utility, ¼-ton M151, M151A1 |year=1971|publisher=US Department of the Army |ref={{sfnref|TM 9-2320-218-20|1971}} }}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2320-218-20p-c2-74.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-218-20P Organizational Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools List Truck, Utility: ¼-ton, 4×4, M151...(and others)|year=1974|publisher=US Department of the Army}}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2320-218-34-1-c1-83.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-218-34-1 Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Truck, Utility: ¼-ton, 4×4, M151A2 Series|year=1983|publisher=US Department of the Army}}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2320-218-34p-88.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-218-34P Direct Support and General Support Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools List Truck, Utility: ¼-ton, 4×4, M151...(and others)|year=1988|publisher=US Department of the Army}}
* {{cite book|url=https://sd34575038851.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/tm9-2330-251-14p-90.pdf|title=TM 9-2320-251-14P Operator's, Organizational, Direct Support, and General Support Maintenance Manual for Trailer, Cargo: ¼-ton, 2-Wheel, M416 and M416A1|year=1990|publisher=US Department of the Army}}
* {{cite book|url=http://imfmotorpool.com/063247.PDF|title=TM 9-2320-356-BD Operator's, Organizational, Direct Support, and General Support Maintenance Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair for Wheeled Vehicles|year=1989|publisher=US Department of the Army}}
* [[G-numbers|U.S Army Ordnance Corps Supply Catalog]] G838
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://olive-drab.com/od_mvg_www_jeeps_m151.php  M151 series at Olive-Drab.com]
* [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m151.htm  M151 series at Globalsecurity.com]
* [http://www.imfmotorpool.com/library.html  M151 series Technical Manuals at imfmotorpool.com]
* {{cite web|url=http://nusafm.org/M151-Jeep.aspx|title=M151 Jeep|date=2018|publisher=National US Armed Forces Museum|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/trucks/m151.htm|title=M151 Light utility vehicle|date=2017|publisher=Military-Today.com|access-date=23 Aug 2018}}

{{Ford vehicles}}
{{Post-WWII US Soft Vehicles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:M151}}
[[Category:Military trucks of the United States]]
[[Category:Ford vehicles]]
[[Category:Military light utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s]]

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Return to M151 ¼-ton 4×4 utility truck.

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