Frank Leslie

Frank Leslie
Photograph of Frank Leslie, c. 1861
Born	Henry Carter (1821-03-29)March 29, 1821 Ipswich, England
Died	January 10, 1880(1880-01-10) (aged 58)

Frank Leslie (March 29, 1821 – January 10, 1880) was an English-born American engraver, illustrator, and publisher of family periodicals.

Leslie was born on March 29, 1821,^[1] in Ipswich, England as Henry Carter, the son of Joseph Carter, the proprietor of a long-standing and prosperous glove manufacturing firm. He was educated in Ipswich and he then trained for commerce in London. As a boy on his way to and from school, he passed a silversmith's shop whose workers he took a detailed interest in, especially those who engraved designs and letters upon various articles of silver and gold. He took note of the tools that were used and the manner of using them and acquired the necessary tools to do the work himself.^[2] At the age of 13, he did his first wood engraving of the coat of arms of his home town.^[3]

At 17, he was sent to London to learn more about the glove-making business in the extensive dry goods establishment of his uncle, but every moment that could be snatched from the "dreary drudgery of the desk's dead wood" was surreptitiously devoted to sketching, drawing or engraving. His father, uncle and relatives so discouraged his artistic aspirations, that he was constrained to keep his work a secret from them. He contributed sketches to the Illustrated London News, signing them as Frank Leslie to insure his anonymity. These were so cordially welcomed that he eventually gave up commerce and was made superintendent of engraving on that journal.^[3] He made himself an expert and inventor in his new work. It was here that he learned the operation known as overlaying – the system of regulating light and shade effects – in pictorial printing, a system which he was the first to introduce to the United States.^[2]

He was first married in England, and had three sons with his first wife,^[3] Harry, Alfred and Scipio. He and she separated in 1860.^[2] He legally changed his name to Frank Leslie in 1857.^[3]

In 1848 he came to the United States,^[2] in 1852 working for Gleason's Pictorial in Boston. He discovered he could accelerate the engraving process significantly by dividing a drawing into many small blocks and distributing the work among many engravers. A job on a large-format wood engraving which might have taken a month for a single wood engraver to complete, could be completed in a day by 30 engravers.^[3]

In 1853,^[3] he arrived in New York City to engrave woodcuts for P. T. Barnum's short-lived Illustrated News. After its failure, he began publishing the first of his many illustrated journalistic ventures, Frank Leslie's Ladies' Gazette of Fashion and Fancy Needlework, with good woodcuts by Leslie & Hooper, a partnership which dissolved in 1854.^[4] The New York Journal soon followed, with Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (1855) (called Leslie's Weekly), The Boy's and Girl's Weekly, The Budget of Fun, and many others. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, which included news as well as fiction, survived until 1922.^[5]

Illustrations made by Leslie and his artists on the battlefield during the American Civil War are well regarded for their historical value. He was commissioner to the Paris Exhibition of 1867 and received a prize there for his artistic services.

When the editor of Frank Leslie's Lady's Magazine, Ephraim Squier, had fallen ill, the then Miriam Folline Squier volunteered to fill in, and the ill editor still received the salary. Mrs. Squier took on the position permanently; in 1873 she divorced her ill husband and shortly thereafter, about 1874,^[6] she and Leslie were married. It was his second marriage, and her third. Their summer home, Interlaken, was in Saratoga Springs, New York, where they entertained many notables.^[7] In 1877, they undertook a lavish train trip from New York to San Francisco in the company of many friends. Miriam Leslie wrote her book From Gotham to the Golden Gate telling the story of this trip.^[8] The expense of this trip, and a business depression left Leslie's business badly in debt.^[3]

Frank Leslie accepted his last illustration (by Georgina A. Davis) in January 1880^[9] and died the same month, the debts amounted to $300,000, and his will was contested. Miriam Leslie took the business in hand and put it on a paying basis, even going so far as to having her name legally changed to Frank Leslie in June 1881.^[7] She was a notable feminist and author in her own right. Both his and her remains are interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

• Frank Leslie's Weekly

• Die Weltausstellung in Philadelphia 1876. Leslie, New York 1876 digital

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Leslie, Frank" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
• Mrs. Frank Leslie, page 459 in: A woman of the century; fourteen hundred-seventy biographical sketches accompanied by portraits of leading American women in all walks of life. Editors: Frances Elizabeth Willard, Mary Ashton Rice Livermore Publisher: Moulton, Buffalo, N.Y., 1893

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• Houghton Mifflin College
• The Magazine Data File has info on many Frank Leslie publications
• Works by or about Frank Leslie at the Internet Archive

Frank Leslie's diagram of a transatlantic cable (1858)