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{{Short description|Atlanta-class light cruiser}}
{{Other ships|USS Atlanta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=USS Atlanta (CL-51).jpg
|Ship caption=USS ''Atlanta'' (circa November 1941)
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1942}}
|Ship name=''Atlanta''
|Ship namesake=City of [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company]], [[Kearny, New Jersey]]
|Ship laid down=22 April 1940
|Ship launched=6 September 1941
|Ship sponsor=[[Margaret Mitchell]]
|Ship commissioned = 24 December 1941
|Ship identification=[[Hull classification symbol#Surface combatant type|Hull symbol]]:CL-51
|Ship honors= *[[File:Silver-service-star-3d.png|20px]] 5 × [[Battle star#Navy warships|battle stars]]
*[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]
|Ship fate=Scuttled after severe damage in [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]] by Japanese torpedo and friendly fire from {{USS|San Francisco|CA-38|6}}, 13 November 1942
|Ship struck=13 January 1943
|Ship notes=Approximate location of sinking: {{coord|9|23|S|159|58|E}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption= (as built)<ref name="history">{{cite web | url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_atlanta_class_cruisers.html | title=Atlanta Class Cruisers | publisher=Historyofwar.org | date=13 January 2015 | access-date=22 November 2015 | author=Rickard, J}}</ref><ref name="haze">{{cite web | url=http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/cruisers/ca-cl2.htm | title=US Cruisers List: US Light/Heavy/AntiAircraft Cruisers, Part 2 | publisher=Hazegray.org | date=24 April 2000 | access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>
|Ship class= {{sclass|Atlanta|cruiser|0}} [[light cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|6718|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (standard)
*{{convert|8340|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} (max)
|Ship length={{convert|541|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|oa]]
|Ship beam={{convert|53|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft=*{{convert|20|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} (mean)
*{{convert|26|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} (max)
|Ship power=*4 × [[Steam boiler]]s
*{{convert|75000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*2 × [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|geared turbines]]
*2 × [[Propeller|screw]]s
|Ship speed={{convert|32.5|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}
|Ship range=
|Ship complement=673 officers and enlisted
|Ship sensors=
*2 × FD fire control radar in [[Ship gun fire-control system#Mark 37 GFCS|Mk 37 director]]
*1 × [[List of radars#United States|SC Air search radar]] (in 1942)
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*16 × [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{convert|5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}/38]] [[caliber (artillery)|caliber]] Mark 12 guns (8×2)
*16 × [[1.1"/75 caliber gun|{{convert|1.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}/75]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]] (4 × 4)
*8 × single [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} Oerlikon]] anti-aircraft cannons
*8 × [[Mark 15 torpedo|{{convert|21|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}]] [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship armor=*[[Armor belt|Belt]]: {{convert|1.1|-|3+3/4|in|mm|abbr=on}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|1+1/4|in|mm|abbr=on}}
*[[Gun turret|Turret]]s: {{convert|1+1/4|in|mm|abbr=on}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|2+1/2|in|mm|abbr=on}}
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''USS ''Atlanta'' (CL-51)''' of the [[United States Navy]] was the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|Atlanta|cruiser|4}} of eight [[light cruiser]]s. She was the third Navy ship named after the city of [[Atlanta]], Georgia. Designed to provide [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] protection for US naval task groups, ''Atlanta'' served in this capacity in the naval battles [[Battle of Midway|Midway]] and the [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons|Eastern Solomons]]. ''Atlanta'' was heavily damaged by Japanese and friendly gunfire in a night surface action on 13 November 1942 during the [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]]. The cruiser was sunk on her captain's orders in the afternoon of the same day.

''Atlanta'', in some works, is designated CLAA-51 because of her primary armament as an anti-aircraft cruiser. Hence, all of the ''Atlanta''-class ships are sometimes designated as CLAA. However, her entire battery of {{convert|5|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns were dual-purpose (DP) guns, and were capable of being used against both air and surface targets, able to fire anti-aircraft, [[High-explosive shell#High-explosive|high-explosive]] and [[High-explosive shell#Armour-piercing|armor-piercing]] shells.

The ''Atlanta''-class ships were lightly armored, making them poor surface combatants compared to a typical light cruiser. In terms of armament, the ''Atlanta''-class was closer to a [[destroyer]], being armed with 5-inch guns, than a light cruiser, which were generally equipped with 6-inch guns; but at well over {{convert|500|ft|m|0}} in length, and combined with their large battery of sixteen {{convert|5|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns (reduced to twelve in number for later ships of the class), they were designated as light cruisers. The unusual features of the ''Atlanta''-class is a result of the class originally being intended to be a [[destroyer leader]]. A destroyer leader is larger than its destroyer counterparts to accommodate command staff and resources as well as other general utilities to support the destroyers that they would be paired with. In-line with this intended role the ship was given a complement of torpedoes and relatively thin armor compared to other contemporary light cruisers. Later, the dimensions and tonnage of the ship resulted in a change in designation of the ''Atlanta''-class from a destroyer leader to a light cruiser. Despite this change in designation the ''Atlanta''-class of ships maintained their destroyer leader features, including their destroyer-caliber guns (albeit while mounting significantly more 5&nbsp;in guns than most contemporary destroyers).

==Construction and commissioning==
The first of the new class of ships was laid down on 22 April 1940 at [[Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny]], [[New Jersey]], by the [[Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Co.]], launched on 6 September 1941, sponsored by [[Margaret Mitchell]] (author of ''[[Gone with the Wind (novel)|Gone with the Wind]]''), and commissioned at the [[New York Navy Yard]] on 24 December 1941, [[Captain (United States O-6)#U.S. Navy|Captain]] [[Samuel P. Jenkins]] in command.<ref name=DANFS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/atlanta-cl-51-iii.html|title=Atlanta III (CL-51)|website=NHHC}}</ref>

===Armament===
''Atlanta'' was fitted with eight twin 5-inch gun mounts, placed in a unique configuration. She had three forward mounts and three aft mounts, mounted inline and increasing in height toward the midships, giving her a symmetrical appearance, with a "gap" in the middle superstructure. In addition, the aft battery also had one "wing-mounted" mount on each side, for a total of 16 five-inch guns. The firing arcs of the forward and aft batteries intersected at a very limited angle, giving her an arc of 60° in which she could fire all of her guns broadside (excluding the wing mounts). Because ''Atlanta'' was able to bring all her guns to bear only within that narrow arc, her ability to engage surface targets was limited. Her firing arcs were ideally suited to bringing her guns to bear on an aircraft, however, with a minimum of six guns available from any angle.{{citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=no citation provided for whole paragraph}}

==Service history==
After fitting out, ''Atlanta'' conducted shakedown training until 13 March 1942, first in [[Chesapeake Bay]] and then in [[Maine]]'s [[Casco Bay]], after which she returned to the New York Navy Yard for post-shakedown repairs and alterations. Adjudged to be "ready for distant service" on 31 March, the new cruiser departed New York for the [[Panama Canal Zone]] on 5 April. She reached [[Cristóbal, Panama|Cristobal]] on 8 April. After transiting the isthmian waterway, ''Atlanta'' then cleared [[Balboa, Panama|Balboa]] on 12 April with orders to reconnoiter [[Clipperton Island]], a tiny barren, uninhabited atoll about 670&nbsp;mi (1,080&nbsp;km) southwest of [[Acapulco]], [[Mexico]], in the course of her voyage to the [[Hawaiian Islands]], for any signs of enemy activity. Finding none, she ultimately reached [[Pearl Harbor]] on 23 April.<ref name=DANFS />

===Battle of Midway===
[[File:USS Hornet (CV-8), USS New Orleans (CA-32) and USS Atlanta (CL-51) at sea on 6 June 1942 (80-G-88908).jpg|thumb|left|''Atlanta'' with {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}} and {{USS|New Orleans|CA-32|6}} on 6 June 1942.]]
Punctuating her brief stay in Hawaiian waters with an antiaircraft practice off [[Oahu]] on 3 May, ''Atlanta'', in company with {{USS|McCall|DD-400|2}}, sailed on 10 May as escort for {{USS|Rainier|AE-5|2}} and {{USS|Kaskaskia|AO-27|2}}, bound for [[Nouméa]], [[New Caledonia]]. On 16 May, she joined [[Vice Admiral]] [[William F. Halsey]]'s [[Task Force 16]] (TF 16), formed around the [[aircraft carrier]]s {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}} and {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|2}}, as it steamed back to Pearl Harbor, having been summoned back to Hawaiian waters in response to an imminent [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] thrust in the direction of [[Midway Atoll]]. TF 16 arrived at Pearl on 26 May.<ref name=DANFS />

''Atlanta'' again sailed with TF 16 on the morning of 28 May. Over the days that followed, she screened the carriers as they operated northeast of Midway in anticipation of the enemy's arrival. At the report of Japanese ships to the southwest, on the morning of 4 June, ''Atlanta'' cleared for action as she screened ''Hornet''. [[Squadron (aviation)|Squadrons]] from the American carriers sought out the Japanese, and during that day, planes from {{USS|Yorktown|CV-5|2}} and ''Enterprise'' inflicted mortal damage on four irreplaceable enemy aircraft carriers. Japanese planes twice hit [[Task Force 17|TF 17]], and it took the brunt of the enemy attacks. Over the days that followed the [[Battle of Midway]], ''Atlanta'' remained in the screen of TF 16 until 11 June, when the task force received orders to return to Pearl Harbor.<ref name=DANFS />

Reaching her destination on 13 June, ''Atlanta'', outside brief periods of antiaircraft practice on 21 and 25–26 June, remained in port, taking on stores and provisions and standing on 24-hour and then 48-hour alert into July 1942. [[Drydock]]ed on 1–2 July so that her bottom could be scraped, cleaned and painted, the cruiser completed her availability on 6 July and then resumed a busy schedule of gunnery practice with drone targets, high-speed sleds, and in shore bombardment in the Hawaiian operating area.<ref name=DANFS />

On 15 July 1942, ''Atlanta'', again in TF 16, sailed for [[Tongatapu]]. Anchoring at [[Nukuʻalofa]], [[Tonga]] on 24 July, where she fueled {{USS|Maury|DD-401|2}} and then took on fuel from ''Mobilube'', the light cruiser pushed on later the same day and overtook TF 16. On 29 July, as all preparations proceeded for the invasion of [[Guadalcanal]], ''Atlanta'' was assigned to TF 61.<ref name=DANFS />

Screening the carriers as they launched air strikes to support the initial landings on 7–8 August, ''Atlanta'' remained there until the withdrawal of the carrier task forces on 9 August. For the next several days, she remained at sea, replenishing when necessary while the task force operated near the Solomons.<ref name=DANFS />

===Battle of the Eastern Solomons===
{{further|Battle of the Eastern Solomons}}

As the Americans consolidated their gains on Guadalcanal, the critical need for reinforcements prompted Japanese Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] to send the [[Combined Fleet]] south to cover a large troop convoy. American scout planes spotted the Japanese forces on the morning of 23 August. With the enemy reported to the northwest, ''Enterprise'' and {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}} launched search and attack planes, but they failed to make contact because of deteriorating weather and the fact that the Japanese, knowing that they had been spotted, reversed course.<ref name=DANFS />

Throughout the day on 24 August, ''Atlanta'' received enemy contact reports and screened ''Enterprise'' as she launched a strike group to attack the Japanese carriers. The sighting of an enemy "snooper" at 1328 sent ''Atlanta''{{'}}s sailors to general quarters, where they remained for the next 5{{frac|1|2}} hours. At 1530, the cruiser worked up to {{convert|20|kn|mph kph}} as TF 16 stood roughly north-northwestward "to close [the] reported enemy carrier group." At 1637, with unidentified planes approaching, ''Atlanta'' went to {{convert|25|kn|mph km/h}}. ''Enterprise'' then launched a strike group shortly thereafter, completing the evolution at 1706.<ref name=DANFS />

In the meantime, the incoming enemy bombers and [[fighter aircraft]] from {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōkaku||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuikaku||2}} prompted the task force to increase speed to {{convert|27|kn|mph km/h}}. Shortly after ''Enterprise'' completed launching her own aircraft, the Japanese raid, estimated by Captain Jenkins to consist of at least 18 [[Aichi D3A]]1 "Val" [[dive bomber]]s, came in from the north northwest at 1710. Over the next 11 minutes, ''Atlanta''{{'}}s [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}]], [[1.1"/75 caliber gun|{{convert|1.1|in|mm|abbr=on|1}}]] and [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] batteries contributed to the barrage over ''Enterprise'', as the light cruiser conformed to ''Enterprise''{{'}}s every move as she maneuvered violently to avoid the dive bombers.<ref name=DANFS />

Despite the heavy antiaircraft fire, ''Enterprise'' took one hit and suffered some shrapnel damage from an estimated five near hits. Captain Jenkins later reported that his ship may have shot down five of the attackers.<ref name=DANFS /> ''Atlanta'' was not damaged in the engagement.<ref name=DANFS />

Reporting to [[Task Force 11|TF 11]] for duty the following day, ''Atlanta'' operated with that force, redesignated TF 61 on 30 August, over the next few days. When {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-26||2}} torpedoed ''Saratoga'' on 31 August, the light cruiser screened the stricken [[flagship]] as {{USS|Minneapolis|CA-36|2}} rigged a towline and began taking her out of danger. The force ultimately put into Tongatapu on 6 September, where ''Atlanta'' provisioned ship, fueled from {{USS|New Orleans|CA-32|2}}, and enjoyed a period of upkeep.<ref name=DANFS />

Underway on 13 September, the light cruiser escorted {{USS|Lassen|AE-3|2}} and {{USS|Hammondsport|APV-2|2}} on 15 September. After seeing her charges safely to their destination at [[Dumbea Bay]], Nouméa, on 19 September, ''Atlanta'' fueled, took on stores and ammunition, and sailed on 21 September as part of Task Group 66.4 (TG 66.4). Becoming part of TF 17 on 23 September, the light cruiser was detached the following day to proceed in company with {{USS|Washington|BB-56|2}}, {{USS|Walke|DD-416|2}} and {{USS|Benham|DD-397|2}} to Tongatapu, which she reached on 26 September.<ref name=DANFS />

Underway with those same ships on 7 October, ''Atlanta'' briefly escorted Guadalcanal-bound transports from 11 to 14 October, before putting into [[Espiritu Santo]] for fuel on the afternoon of the 15th. Assigned then to [[Rear Admiral]] [[Willis A. Lee]]'s TF 64, the ship sailed after dark that same day to resume operations covering the ongoing efforts to secure Guadalcanal. Returning briefly to Espiritu Santo for fuel, stores and provisions, the warship stood out from [[Segond Channel]] on the afternoon of 23 October.<ref name=DANFS />

Two days later, with a [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] offensive having failed to eject the Americans from Guadalcanal, Admiral Yamamoto sent the Combined Fleet south in an attempt to annihilate the American naval forces doggedly supporting the marines. ''Atlanta'' operated in TF 64, along with ''Washington'', {{USS|San Francisco|CA-38|2}}, {{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}} and two destroyers, as the opposing forces engaged in the [[Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands]] on 26 October. That day, ''Atlanta'' patrolled astern of the fueling group supporting the two American carrier task forces. On 27 October, when {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-15||2}} attacked TF 64, the force maneuvered at high speed to clear the area.<ref name=DANFS />

On the morning of 28 October, ''Atlanta'' brought on board Rear Admiral [[Norman Scott (admiral)|Norman Scott]] from ''San Francisco'', and became the flagship of the newly designated TG 64.2. After fueling from ''Washington'', ''Atlanta'', screened by four destroyers, headed northwest to shell Japanese positions on Guadalcanal. Reaching the waters off [[Lunga Point]] on the morning of 30 October, ''Atlanta'' embarked [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] liaison officers at 0550, and then steamed west, commencing her bombardment of [[Point Cruz]] at 0629 while the destroyers formed a column astern. Provoking no return fire, TG 64.2 accomplished its mission and returned to Lunga Point, where ''Atlanta'' disembarked the liaison officers. She then proceeded, in company with her screen, to Espiritu Santo, where she arrived on the afternoon of 31 October.<ref name=DANFS />

===Naval Battle of Guadalcanal===
{{Main|Naval Battle of Guadalcanal}}

====Convoy escort====
[[File:USS Atlanta (CL-51) broadside view 1942.jpg|thumb|''Atlanta'' on 25 October 1942.]]
''Atlanta'' served as Admiral Scott's flagship as the light cruiser, accompanied by four destroyers, escorted {{USS|Zeilin|AP-9|2}}, {{USS|Libra|AK-53|2}} and {{USS|Betelgeuse|AK-28|2}} to Guadalcanal. The cruiser and her consorts continued to screen those ships, designated TG 62.4, as they lay off Lunga Point on 12 November unloading supplies and disembarking troops.<ref name=DANFS />

At 0905, the task group received a report that nine bombers and 12 fighters were approaching from the northwest, and would reach their vicinity at about 0930. At about 0920, ''Atlanta'' led the three auxiliaries to the north in column, with the destroyers spaced in a circle around them. 15 minutes later, nine "Vals" from {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiyō||2}} emerged from the clouds over [[Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)|Henderson Field]], the American airstrip on Guadalcanal. The American ships opened fire soon after, putting up a barrage that downed "several" planes. Fortunately, none of the primary targets of the attack, ''Zeilin'', ''Libra'' and ''Betelgeuse'', suffered more than minor damage from several close calls, though ''Zeilin'' sustained some flooding. The three auxiliaries returned to the waters off Lunga Point as soon as the attack ended and resumed working cargo and disembarking troops.

A little over an hour later, at 1050, ''Atlanta'' received word of another incoming Japanese air raid. 15 minutes later, ''Atlanta'' led the three auxiliaries north with the destroyers in a circle around the disposition. The "[[Multiservice tactical brevity code#B|bogeys]]", 27 [[Mitsubishi G4M]] "Bettys" from [[Rabaul]], closed, sighted bearing west by north, approaching from over [[Cape Esperance]] in a very loose "V" formation. Although the destroyers opened fire, the planes proved to be out of range and the ships checked fire. The "Bettys", for their part, ignored the ships and continued on to bomb Henderson Field. Upon the disappearance of the planes, TG 62.4 resumed unloading off Lunga Point.<ref name=DANFS />

On 12 November, ''Atlanta'' was still off Lunga Point, screening the unloading, as part of TF 67 under Rear Admiral [[Daniel J. Callaghan]] in ''San Francisco''. At about 1310, ''Atlanta'' received a warning that 25 enemy planes were headed for Guadalcanal, slated to arrive within 50 minutes. The light cruiser went to general quarters at 1318 and received the signal "prepare to repel air attack...."<ref name=DANFS />

Within six minutes, ''Atlanta'' and the other combatants of the support group formed a screen around the transport group (TG 67.1), and the two groups steamed north together at {{convert|15|kn|mph km/h}}. At about 1410, the Americans sighted the incoming raid, consisting of what appeared to be 25 twin-engined bombers ("Bettys") which broke up into two groups after clearing Florida Island, and came in at altitudes that ranged from {{convert|25|to|50|ft|m|abbr=on|0}}. {{USS|Juneau|CL-52|2}} opened fire at 1412. ''Atlanta'' did so a minute later, training her guns at planes headed for the gap in the screen between ''San Francisco'' and {{USS|Buchanan|DD-484|2}}. ''Atlanta'' claimed to have shot down two "Bettys", just after they dropped their torpedoes, at about 1415, only three minutes before the attack ended. Once the last Japanese plane had been splashed, the work of unloading the transports and cargo ships resumed. One "Betty", crippled by antiaircraft fire, crashed into the after superstructure of ''San Francisco'', inflicting the only damage on the force.<ref name=DANFS />

====Night attack====
The abrupt end of the air attack gave ''Atlanta'' and her colleagues only a brief respite, however, for trouble approached from yet another quarter. A Japanese surface force, made up of two battleships, one cruiser and six destroyers, was detected steaming south toward Guadalcanal to shell Henderson Field. Admiral Callaghan's support group was to "cover [the retiring transports and cargo vessels] against enemy attack." TG 67.4 departed Lunga Point about 1800 and steamed eastward through [[Sealark Channel]], covering the withdrawal of TG 67.1. An hour before midnight, Callaghan's ships reversed course and headed westward.<ref name=DANFS />

''Helena''{{'}}s radar picked up the first contact at a range of {{convert|26000|yd|nmi|abbr=on}}. As the range closed, ''Atlanta''{{'}}s surface search radar, followed by her gunnery radars, picked up a contact on the enemy ships.<ref name=DANFS />

Admiral Callaghan's order for a course change caused problems almost at once, as ''Atlanta'' had to turn to port (left) immediately to avoid a collision with one of the four destroyers in the van, the latter having apparently executed a "ships left" rather than "column left" movement.<ref name=DANFS /> As ''Atlanta'' began moving to resume her station ahead of ''San Francisco'', the {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Akatsuki|1932|6}} illuminated the light cruiser. ''Atlanta'' shifted her main battery to fire at the enemy destroyer, opening fire at a range of about {{convert|1600|yd|m|abbr=on|0}} and, along with other US ships that concentrated on ''Akatsuki''{{'}}s searchlights, overwhelmed the destroyer.<ref>The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal by Robert Ballard and The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal: Night Action 13 November 1942 by James Grace</ref>

As two other Japanese destroyers crossed her line, ''Atlanta'' engaged both with her forward {{convert|5|in|mm|adj=on|0}} mounts, while her aft mounts continued to blast away at the illuminated ship. An additional, unidentified assailant also opened up on the light cruiser from the northeast.<ref name=DANFS /> At about that time, at least one torpedo plowed into ''Atlanta''{{'}}s forward engine room from the port side, fired almost certainly by either {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Inazuma|1932|2}} or {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Ikazuchi|1931|2}}<ref>Entry for 12–13 November: First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on both http://www.combinedfleet.com/ikazuc_t.htm '''AND''' http://www.combinedfleet.com/inazum_t.htm</ref> (''Akatsuki''{{'}}s destroyer consorts). ''Atlanta'' lost all but auxiliary diesel power, suffered the interruption of her gunfire, and had to shift steering control to the steering engine room aft. Meanwhile, ''Akatsuki'' drifted out of the action and soon sank with heavy loss of life. Michiharu Shinya, ''Akatsuki''{{'}}s Chief Torpedo Officer, one of her few survivors, was rescued the next day by US forces and spent the rest of the war in a New Zealand [[prisoner of war]] camp.<ref>The Path From Guadalcanal by Michiharu Shinya and The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal by Robert Ballard</ref> He later stated unequivocally that ''Akatsuki'' had ''not'' been able to fire ''any'' torpedoes that night before being overwhelmed by gunfire.<ref>Editors Note 1 http://www.combinedfleet.com/akatsu_t.htm</ref>

Soon after being torpedoed, ''Atlanta'' was then hit by an estimated nineteen 8-inch (203&nbsp;mm) shells when ''San Francisco'', "in the urgency of battle, darkness, and confused intermingling of friend or foe", fired into her. Though almost all of the shells passed through the thin skin of the ship without detonating, scattering green dye, fragments from their impact killed many men, including Admiral Scott and members of his staff. ''Atlanta'' prepared to return fire on her new assailant, but ''San Francisco's'' own gun flashes disclosed a distinctly "non-Japanese hull profile" that resulted in a suspension of those efforts.<ref name=DANFS /> ''San Francisco's'' shells, which passed high through ''Atlanta's'' superstructure, may have been intended for a Japanese target further beyond her from ''San Francisco's'' perspective.<ref>Morrison Vol 5 XII.4.b note 22</ref>

After the {{convert|8|in|mm|adj=on|0}} fire ceased, ''Atlanta''{{'}}s Captain Jenkins took stock of the situation, and, having only a minor foot wound, made his way aft to Battle II. His ship was badly battered, largely powerless, down by the head and listing slightly to port, and a third of his crew was dead or missing. As the battle continued, the light cruiser's men began clearing debris, jettisoning topside weight to correct the list, reducing the volume of sea water in the ship, and succoring the many wounded.<ref name=DANFS />

====Sinking====
Daylight revealed the presence nearby of three burning American destroyers, the disabled [[USS Portland (CA-33)|''Portland'']], and the abandoned hulk of {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Yūdachi|1936|2}}, which ''Portland'' summarily dispatched with three salvoes. ''Atlanta'', drifting toward the enemy-held shore east of Cape Esperance, dropped her starboard anchor, and her captain sent a message to ''Portland'' explaining the light cruiser's condition. Boats from Guadalcanal came out to take her most critically wounded. By mid-morning, all of those had been taken off the ship.<ref name=DANFS />

{{USS|Bobolink|AM-20|2}} arrived at 09:30 on 13 November, took ''Atlanta'' under tow, made harder by the cruiser's still lowered anchor, and headed toward Lunga Point. During the voyage, a [[Mitsubishi G4M|"Betty" bomber]] neared the disposition, and one of the two surviving {{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} mounts—which was powered by a diesel generator—fired and drove it off. The other manually-rotated mount could not be trained on the target in time.<ref name=DANFS />

''Atlanta'' reached Kukum about 14:00, at which point Captain Jenkins conferred with his remaining officers. As Jenkins, who was later awarded a [[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]] for his heroism during the battle, later wrote, "It was by now apparent that efforts to save the ship were useless, and that the water was gaining steadily." Even had sufficient salvage facilities been available, he allowed, the severe damage she had taken would have made it difficult to save the ship. Authorized by Commander, South Pacific Forces, to act at his own discretion regarding the destruction of the ship, Jenkins ordered that ''Atlanta'' be abandoned and sunk with a demolition charge.<ref name=DANFS />

Accordingly, all remaining men except the captain and a demolition party boarded [[Higgins boat]]s sent out from Guadalcanal for the purpose. After the charge had been set and exploded, the last men left the battered ship. Ultimately, at 20:15 on 13 November 1942, ''Atlanta'' sank {{convert|3|nmi|lk=in}} west of Lunga Point in about 400&nbsp;ft (120&nbsp;m) of water. Her name was struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on 13 January 1943.<ref name=DANFS /> One hundred seventy of her men were killed and 103 were wounded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-012/h-012-1.html|title=Naval History and Heritage Command|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

====Exploration of the wreck====
The wreck of USS ''Atlanta'' was discovered in 1992 by an expedition led by Dr. [[Robert Ballard]] using a [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]], (ROV). Dr. Ballard was famous for leading the expeditions that discovered {{RMS|Titanic}} and the {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}}. Unfortunately, strong ocean currents and poor visibility prevented the expedition from thoroughly exploring ''Atlanta''. In 1994, two Australian [[Technical diving|technical divers]] Rob Cason and Kevin Denlay traveled to Solomon Islands with the intention of being the first scuba divers to dive ''Atlanta'' but this was unsuccessful because of the lack of a suitable surface support vessel and strong surface currents; this was also the first mixed gas scuba diving expedition to Guadalcanal. However, they did manage to dive one of the two other deepest diveable wrecks; the Japanese transport ''[[Azumasan Maru (1933)|Azumasan Maru]]'', which is almost {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} deep at the stern. Many other World War II wrecks discovered by Dr. Ballard in Iron Bottom Sound are beyond the current technical limit for scuba and are only accessible by ROVs or submersibles. Dr Ballard gives an account of this in his book ''The Lost Ships of Guadalcanal''. In 1995 Denlay returned with American Terrance Tysall - with the specific intention of diving USS ''Atlanta'' -  and one of their 'work-up dives' was on the ''Sasako Maru'', one of the other  deepest diveable wrecks at the time, which is over {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in the collapsed debris field of the bridge. They then went on to make the first successful scuba dive on USS ''Atlanta'', which was at the time the deepest wreck dive by free swimming divers in the southern hemisphere.{{citation needed|date=October 2015|reason=no citation pro vided for whole paragraph}}

In the following years, Denlay and Tysall mounted several larger expeditions to survey ''Atlanta'', exploring and videoing the wreck in detail to a depth of {{convert|130|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} at the bow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guadal Canal
|url=http://www.advanceddivermagazine.com/ezinefreearticles/Guadalcanal.pdf|issue=11|access-date=17 April 2023|website=advanceddivermagazine.com
}}</ref> The civil unrest in Solomon Islands from late 1998 prevented further diving around Guadalcanal for several years. However, on the final expedition that year, the then deepest wreck dive by a woman was made by Kevin's wife, Mirja, on ''Atlanta''. Denlay's last visit to the wreck was in 2002 using a [[Rebreather|closed circuit rebreather]] or CCR, the first CCR dive on ''Atlanta''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.divenewzealand.com/index.asp?s1=dive-articles&id=106|title=Divenewzealand.com|accessdate=17 April 2023}}</ref> Since then, very few dives have been conducted on ''Atlanta'', although in May 2011 a very experienced deep diving team from ''Global Underwater Explorers'' successfully videoed the wreck for documentary purposes, the first survey of the wreck since Denlay's expeditions up to 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=Return to the USS Atlanta: Defender of Guadalcanal|url=http://aptww.org/program/return+to+the+uss+atlanta+defender+of+guadalcanal|website=APT Worldwide|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>
A dive conducted in April 2024 by Bruce Clulow and Peter Taw found the hull and bow of the Atlanta had completely collapsed just forward of the number one 5 inch gun.

==Awards==
''Atlanta'' was awarded five battle stars for her World War II service and a [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] for her "heroic example of invincible fighting spirit" in the battle off Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942.<ref name=DANFS />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last1=Bullard |first1=Thomas |title=Question 28/75 |journal=Warship International |date=1975 |volume=XII |issue=4 |pages=357–358 |issn=0043-0374}}
*{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/atlanta-cl-51-iii.html}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|USS Atlanta (CL-51)}}
*{{navsource|04/051/04051|USS Atlanta}}
* [http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/cdm/landingpage/collection/USSAtlanta U.S.S. Atlanta Photograph Collection, 1942] from the [[Atlanta History Center]]

{{Atlanta class cruiser}}
{{November 1942 shipwrecks}}
{{Recreational dive sites|wresit}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlanta (CL-51)}}
[[Category:Atlanta-class cruisers]]
[[Category:World War II cruisers of the United States]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kearny, New Jersey]]
[[Category:1941 ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in November 1942]]
[[Category:Friendly fire incidents of World War II]]
[[Category:1992 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Wreck diving sites]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites in the Solomon Islands]]

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Template:Further (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:GS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:HMAS (view source) (template editor protected)
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Template:HMSAS (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:HMT (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:HNLMS (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox ship begin (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox ship career (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox ship characteristics (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox ship image (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Jsub (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:MS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MV (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navsource (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:November 1942 shipwrecks (edit)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Other ships (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:PS (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:RMS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Recreational dive sites (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SAS (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:SMS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:SS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sclass (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ship (view source) (template editor protected)
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Template:Shipwrecks navbox footer/link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:USAT (view source) (semi-protected)
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Template:USS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wrap (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(CL-51)"