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{{Short description|Component of international climate change agreements}}
[[File:Probability that countries achieve their Paris Agreement Goals according to their nationally determined contributions (NDCs).webp|thumb|upright=1.6|Probability that countries achieve their [[Paris Agreement]] Goals according to their nationally determined contributions (left: entire world; right: Europe only)<ref name="Liu2021">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Peiran R. |last2=Raftery |first2=Adrian E. |date=9 February 2021 |title=Country-based rate of emissions reductions should increase by 80% beyond nationally determined contributions to meet the 2 °C target |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=29 |bibcode=2021ComEE...2...29L |doi=10.1038/s43247-021-00097-8 |issn=2662-4435 |pmc=8064561 |pmid=33899003 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Available under [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|CC BY 4.0]].</ref>]]

The '''nationally determined contributions''' (NDCs) are commitments that countries make to reduce their [[greenhouse gas emissions]] as part of [[climate change mitigation]]. These commitments include the necessary [[Climate change policies|policies]] and measures for achieving the global targets set out in the [[Paris Agreement]]. The Paris Agreement has a long-term temperature goal which is to keep the rise in [[global surface temperature]] to well below {{convert|2|C-change}} above [[Industrial Revolution|pre-industrial]] levels. The treaty also states that preferably the limit of the increase should only be {{convert|1.5|C-change}}. To achieve this temperature goal, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced as soon as, and by as much as, possible.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNFCCC |title=The Paris Agreement |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |archive-date=19 March 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> To stay below 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This figure takes into account each country's documented pledges or NDCs.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |last=Schleussner |first=Carl-Friedrich |title=The Paris Agreement – the 1.5 °C Temperature Goal |url=https://climateanalytics.org/briefings/15c/ |access-date=2022-01-29 |website=Climate Analytics |language=en}}</ref>

NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.<ref name=":2" /> The Paris Agreement requires each of the 193 Parties to prepare, communicate and maintain NDCs outlining what they intend to achieve.<ref name=":2" /> NDCs must be updated every five years.<ref name=":2" />

Prior to the [[Paris Agreement]] in 2015, the NDCs were referred to as ''intended nationally determined contributions'' (INDCs) and were non-binding. The INDCs were initial, voluntary pledges made by countries, whereas the NDCs are more committed but also not legally binding.

The rates of emissions reductions need to increase by 80% beyond NDCs to likely meet the 2{{nbsp}}°C upper target range of the Paris Agreement (data as of 2021).<ref name=":1" /> The probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low. Therefore, with current trends the probability of staying below 2&nbsp;°C of warming is only 5%&nbsp;– and if NDCs were met and continued post-2030 by all signatory [[economy|systems]] the probability would be 26%.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Liu2021" />

==Role within Paris Agreement==
Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are "at the heart of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of its long-term goals".<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Nationally Determined Contributions |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs#eq-5 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=unfccc}}</ref>{{excerpt|Paris Agreement#Nationally determined contributions|file=no}}

==Process==
[[File:Nationally-determined-contributions (OWID 0644).png|thumb|Number of countries that have submitted first and second versions of NDCs by 2023<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nationally determined contributions to climate change |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nationally-determined-contributions |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]]
[[File:Number of parties in multilateral environmental agreements, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Number of parties in multilateral environmental agreements, such as the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change]]<ref>[[Hannah Ritchie|Ritchie]], [[Max Roser|Roser]], Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. [https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 13)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' (2018).</ref>]]
The establishment of NDCs combine the top-down system of a traditional [[International Agreement|international agreement]] with bottom-up system-in elements through which countries put forward their own goals and policies in the context of their own national circumstances, capabilities, and priorities. The overall goal is to reduce global [[greenhouse gas emissions]] enough to limit [[Anthropogenic effect|anthropogenic]] temperature rise to well below 2&nbsp;°C (3.6&nbsp;°F) above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5&nbsp;°C (2.7&nbsp;°F).<ref name="wri">{{cite web |date=2014-10-17 |title=What is an INDC? |url=http://www.wri.org/indc-definition |access-date=2015-03-22 |website=World Resources Institute}}</ref><ref>The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)s</ref>

NDCs contain steps taken towards emissions reductions and also aim to address steps taken to adapt to climate change impacts, and what support the country needs, or will provide, to address climate change. After the initial submission of INDCs in March 2015, an assessment phase followed to review the impact of the submitted INDCs before the [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference]].<ref name="wri"/>

The information gathered from parties' individual reports and reviews, along with the more comprehensive picture attained through the "[[global stocktake]]" will, in turn, feed back into and shape the formulation of states' subsequent pledges. The logic, overall, is that this process will offer numerous avenues where domestic and transnational political processes can play out, facilitating the making of more ambitious commitments and putting pressure on states to comply with their nationally determined goals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falkner |first1=Robert |title=The Paris Agreement and the New Logic of International Climate Politics |journal=International Affairs |year=2016 |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1107–25 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12708 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67741/2/Falkner_Paris%20agreement_2016.pdf }}</ref>

NDCs are the first [[greenhouse gas]] targets under the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] that apply equally to both developed and developing countries.<ref name="wri" />

=== Timeframe ===
The NDCs should be set every five years and are to be registered by the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change#Secretariat|UNFCCC Secretariat]].<ref>Article 4(9), [https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en Paris Agreement (2015)]</ref> The timeframes facilitate periodic updates to reflect changing circumstances or increased ambitions.

NDCs are established independently by the parties (countries or regional groups of countries) in question. However, they are set within a binding iterative "catalytic" framework designed to ratchet up climate action over time.<ref name=":12" /> Once states have set their initial NDCs, these are expected to be updated on a 5-year cycle. Biennial progress reports are to be published that track progress toward the objectives set out in states' NDCs. These will be subjected to technical review, and will collectively feed into a global stocktaking exercise, itself operating on an offset 5-year cycle, where the overall sufficiency of NDCs collectively will be assessed.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

== Current status ==

[[File:Paris agreement emission reduction targets.png|thumb|150px|Paris climate accord emission reduction targets and real-life reductions offered]]

Through the [[Climate Change Performance Index]], [[Climate Action Tracker]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/|title=Countries &#124; Climate Action Tracker|website=climateactiontracker.org}}</ref> and the [[Climate Clock]], people can see on-line how well each individual country is currently on track to achieving its Paris agreement commitments. These tools however only give a general insight in regards to the current collective and individual country emission reductions. They do not give insight in regards on the emission reductions offered per country, for each measure proposed in the NDC.

As of 31 March 2020, 186 parties (185 countries plus the European Union) had communicated their first NDCs to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] Secretariat. A report by the UN stated in 2020 that: "the world is way off track in meeting this target at the current level of nationally determined contributions."<ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=SDG Report 2020 |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal-13/ |access-date=11 September 2020 |website=UN Stats}}</ref>

The [[Sustainable Development Goal 13]] on climate action has an indicator related to NDCs for its second target: Indicator 13.2.1 is the "Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".<ref name=":172">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> 

== Challenges ==
[[File:Updated probabilistic forecast of CO2 Emissions, based on data to 2015 and the method of Raftery et al.webp|thumb|300px|Updated probabilistic forecast of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, based on data to 2015<ref name="Liu2021" />]]Countries face a number of challenges in NDC implementation, for example establishing a mandate for coordinating actions around NDCs and driving their implementation; and addressing resource constraints for developing and implementing climate change policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Planning for NDC implementation: A Quick-Start Guide |url=http://www.cdkn.org/ndc-guide/ |access-date=2017-01-23 |website=www.cdkn.org |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The rates of emissions reductions need to increase by 80% beyond NDCs to likely meet the 2{{nbsp}}°C upper target range of the Paris Agreement (data as of 2021).<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Limiting warming to 2 C requires emissions reductions 80% above Paris Agreement targets |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-limiting-requires-emissions-reductions-paris.html |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The probabilities of major emitters meeting their NDCs without such an increase is very low. Therefore, with current trends the probability of staying below 2&nbsp;°C of warming is only 5%&nbsp;– and if NDCs were met and continued post-2030 by all signatory [[economy|systems]] the probability would be 26%.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Liu2021" /> {{excerpt|Paris Agreement#Effectiveness}}

==History==
NDCs have an antecedent in the [[pledge and review]] system that had been considered by international climate change negotiators back in the early 1990s.<ref name="Dessler">{{cite book |author=[[Andrew Dessler]] |title=The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate |author2=Edward A Parson |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-316-63132-4 |pages=28, 137–148, 175–179, 198–200}}
</ref> All countries that were parties to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) were asked to publish their intended nationally determined contributions (INDC) at the [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] held in [[Warsaw]], Poland, in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2014 |title=adopted by the Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change at its nineteenth session |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/cop19/eng/10a01.pdf#page=3 |access-date=15 December 2015 |website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=INDC - Climate Policy Observer |url=http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211202251/http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc |archive-date=2017-02-11 |access-date=2015-12-15 |website=Climate Policy Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> The intended contributions were determined without prejudice to the legal nature of the contributions.<ref name=":0" /> The term was intended as a compromise between "quantified emissions limitation and reduction objective" (QELROs) and "[[Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action]]s" (NAMAs) that the [[Kyoto Protocol]] used to describe the different legal obligations of developed and developing countries.

After the Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016, the INDCs became the first NDC when a country ratified the agreement unless it decided to submit a new NDC at the same time. NDCs are the first greenhouse gas targets under the UNFCCC that apply equally to both developed and developing countries.<ref name="wri" />

=== Intended nationally determined contributions (INDC) submissions ===
On 27 February 2015, [[Switzerland]] became the first nation to submit its INDC.<ref name="unfccc">{{cite web |title=INDC - Submissions |url=http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx |access-date=2015-03-22 |website=www4.unfccc.int}}</ref> Switzerland said that it had experienced a temperature rise of 1.75&nbsp;°C since 1864, and aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 50% by 2030.<ref name="downtoearth">{{cite web |title=Switzerland, EU are the first to submit 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/switzerland-eu-are-first-submit-intended-nationally-determined-contributions |access-date=2015-03-22 |website=downtoearth.org.in}}</ref>

[[India]] submitted its INDC to the UNFCCC in October 2015, committing to cut the emissions intensity of GDP by 33–35% by 2030 from 2005 levels.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-03 |title=India to cut emissions intensity |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/india-to-cut-emissions-intensity/article7717155.ece |access-date=2015-10-03 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>  On its submission, India wrote that it needs "at least USD 2.5 trillion" to achieve its 2015–2030 goals, and that its "international climate finance needs" will be the difference over "what can be made available from domestic sources."<ref>{{cite web |title=India's intended nationally determined contribution |url=http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf |website=United Nations FCCC |page=31 |location=Section 5.1, Third Paragraph}}</ref>

Of surveyed countries, 85% reported that they were challenged by the short time frame available to develop INDCs. Other challenges reported include difficulty to secure high-level political support, a lack of certainty and guidance on what should be included in INDCs, and limited expertise for the assessment of technical options. However, despite challenges, less than a quarter of countries said they had received international support to prepare their INDCs, and more than a quarter indicated they are still applying for international support.<ref name="newclimate">{{cite web |date=2015-03-05 |title=Second wave of climate change proposals (INDCs) expected in September after a first wave in March |url=http://newclimate.org/2015/03/05/second-wave-of-climate-change-proposals-indcs-expected-in-september-after-a-first-wave-in-march/ |access-date=2015-03-22 |website=newclimate.org}}</ref> The INDC process and the challenges it presents are unique to each country and there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach or methodology.<ref name="CDKN">{{cite web |title=Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs): Sharing lessons and resources |url=http://cdkn.org/indc/ |access-date=2015-04-15 |website=Climate and Development Knowledge Network}}</ref>

== By country ==
Information about NDCs by country are shown in some of the country climate change articles below.
{{Climate change regions|show}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Net zero emissions}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs#eq-5 NDC portal at UNFCCC website]
* {{cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/documents/268571 |title=NDC Synthesis Report |publisher=United Nations Climate Change Commission |date=26 February 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021}}

{{climate change}}

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