View source for Isotopes of darmstadtium

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox darmstadtium isotopes}}
[[Darmstadtium]] (<sub>110</sub>Ds) is a [[synthetic element]], and thus a [[standard atomic weight]] cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no [[stable isotope]]s. The first [[isotope]] to be synthesized was <sup>269</sup>Ds in 1994. There are 11 known [[radioisotope]]s from <sup>267</sup>Ds to <sup>281</sup>Ds (with many gaps) and 2 or 3 known [[nuclear isomer|isomers]]. The longest-lived isotope is <sup>281</sup>Ds with a [[half-life]] of 14 seconds. However, the unconfirmed <sup>282</sup>Ds might have an even longer half-life of 67 seconds.<ref name="Hofmann2016"/>

== List of isotopes ==
{{Anchor|Darmstadtium-268|Darmstadtium-272|Darmstadtium-274|Darmstadtium-278|Darmstadtium-283|Darmstadtium-284}}

<!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above or table below if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).-->

{{Isotopes table
|symbol=Ds
|refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II
|notes=m, unc(), mass#, spin#, spin(), SF
}}
|-id=Darmstadtium-267
| <sup>267</sup>Ds<ref group="n" name="unconfirmed">Unconfirmed isotope</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 157
| 267.14373(22)#
| 10(8)&nbsp;μs<br />[{{val|2.8|13.0|1.3|u=μs}}]
| [[alpha decay|α]]
| <sup>263</sup>Hs
| 3/2+#
|-id=Darmstadtium-269
| <sup>269</sup>Ds
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 159
| 269.14475(3)
| 230(110)&nbsp;μs<br />[{{val|170|160|60|u=μs}}]
| α
| <sup>265</sup>Hs
|
|-id=Darmstadtium-270
| <sup>270</sup>Ds
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 160
| 270.14459(4)
| {{val|205|(48)|u=μs}}
| α
| <sup>266</sup>Hs
| 0+
|-id=Darmstadtium-270m
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>270m</sup>Ds
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1390(60)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|{{val|4.3|(12)|u=ms}}<br />[{{val|3.9|1.5|0.8|u=ms}}]
| α (70%)
| <sup>266</sup>Hs
| rowspan=2|10−#
|-
| [[Isomeric transition|IT]] (30%)
| <sup>270</sup>Ds
|-id=Darmstadtium-271
| rowspan=2|<sup>271</sup>Ds<ref group="n" name="order"/>
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 161
| rowspan=2|271.14595(10)#
| rowspan=2|144(53)&nbsp;ms
|SF (75%)
|(various)
|rowspan=2|
|-
| α (25%)
| <sup>267</sup>Hs
|-id=Darmstadtium-271m
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>271m</sup>Ds<ref group="n" name="order">Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.</ref>
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 68(27)&nbsp;keV
| 1.7(4)&nbsp;ms<br />[{{val|1.63|0.44|0.29|u=ms}}]
| α
| <sup>267</sup>Hs
|
|-id=Darmstadtium-273
| <sup>273</sup>Ds
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 163
| 273.14846(15)#
| 240(100)&nbsp;μs<br />[{{val|190|140|60|u=μs}}]
| α
| <sup>269</sup>Hs
|
|-id=Darmstadtium-273m
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>273m</sup>Ds<ref group="n" name="unconfirmed"/>
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198(20)&nbsp;keV
| 120&nbsp;ms
| α
| <sup>269</sup>Hs
|
|-id=Darmstadtium-275
|<sup>275</sup>Ds<ref name="273Ds,275Ds"/>
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 165
|275.15209(37)#
|{{val|430|290|120|u=μs}}
|α
|<sup>271</sup>Hs
| 3/2#
|-id=Darmstadtium-276
| rowspan=2|<sup>276</sup>Ds<ref name="276Ds-2023">{{cite journal |title=New isotope <sup>276</sup>Ds and its decay products <sup>272</sup>Hs and <sup>268</sup>Sg from the <sup>232</sup>Th + <sup>48</sup>Ca reaction |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |last2=Utyonkov |first2=V. K. |last3=Shumeiko |first3=M. V. |display-authors=et al. |date=2023 |journal=Physical Review C |volume=108 |number=24611 |page=024611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.108.024611|bibcode=2023PhRvC.108b4611O |s2cid=261170871 }}</ref>
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 166
| rowspan=2|276.15302(59)#
| rowspan=2|{{val|150|100|40|u=us}}
| [[Spontaneous fission|SF]] (57%)
| (various)
| rowspan=2|0+
|-
| α (43%)
| <sup>272</sup>Hs
|-id=Darmstadtium-277
| <sup>277</sup>Ds<ref group="n">Not directly synthesized, occurs in [[decay chain]] of <sup>285</sup>Fl</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 167
| 277.15576(42)#
| {{val|6|(3)|u=ms}}<br />[{{val|4.1|3.7|1.3|u=ms}}]
| α
| <sup>273</sup>Hs
|
|-id=Darmstadtium-279
| rowspan=2|<sup>279</sup>Ds<ref group="n">Not directly synthesized, occurs as [[decay product]] of <sup>283</sup>Cn</ref>
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 169
| rowspan=2|279.15998(65)#
| rowspan=2|{{val|186|21|17|u=ms}}<ref name=PuCa2022>{{cite journal |title=Investigation of <sup>48</sup>Ca-induced reactions with <sup>242</sup>Pu and <sup>238</sup>U targets at the JINR Superheavy Element Factory |journal=Physical Review C |volume=106 |number=24612 |year=2022 |first1=Yu. Ts. |last1=Oganessian |first2=V. K. |last2=Utyonkov |first3=D. |last3=Ibadullayev |page=024612 |display-authors=et al. |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevC.106.024612|bibcode=2022PhRvC.106b4612O |osti=1883808 |s2cid=251759318 }}</ref>
| SF (87%)<ref name=PuCa2022/>
| (various)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (13%)
| <sup>275</sup>Hs
|-id=Darmstadtium-280
| <sup>280</sup>Ds<ref group="n">Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of <sup>288</sup>Fl</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| style="text-align:right" | 170
| 280.16138(80)#
| {{val|360|172|16|u=μs}}<ref name="280Ds2021">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.032503|title = Spectroscopy along Flerovium Decay Chains: Discovery of <sup>280</sup>Ds and an Excited State in <sup>282</sup>Cn|journal = Physical Review Letters|volume = 126|pages = 032503|year = 2021|last1 = Såmark-Roth|first1 = A.|last2 = Cox|first2 = D. M.|last3 = Rudolph|first3 = D.|last4 = Sarmento|first4 = L. G.|last5 = Carlsson|first5 = B. G.|last6 = Egido|first6 = J. L.|last7 = Golubev|first7 = P|last8 = Heery|first8 = J.|last9 = Yakushev|first9 = A.|last10 = Åberg|first10 = S.|last11 = Albers|first11 = H. M.|last12 = Albertsson|first12 = M.|last13 = Block|first13 = M.|last14 = Brand|first14 = H.|last15 = Calverley|first15 = T.|last16 = Cantemir|first16 = R.|last17 = Clark|first17 = R. M.|last18 = Düllmann|first18 = Ch. E.|last19 = Eberth|first19 = J.|last20 = Fahlander|first20 = C.|last21 = Forsberg|first21 = U.|last22 = Gates|first22 = J. M.|last23 = Giacoppo|first23 = F.|last24 = Götz|first24 = M.|last25 = Hertzberg|first25 = R.-D.|last26 = Hrabar|first26 = Y.|last27 = Jäger|first27 = E.|last28 = Judson|first28 = D.|last29 = Khuyagbaatar|first29 = J.|last30 = Kindler|first30 = B.| issue=3 | pmid=33543956 | bibcode=2021PhRvL.126c2503S |display-authors = 3|doi-access = free|hdl = 10486/705608|hdl-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Ds-Forsberg">{{Cite journal |arxiv = 1502.03030|doi = 10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2016.04.025|title = Recoil-α-fission and recoil-α–α-fission events observed in the reaction 48Ca + 243Am|journal = Nuclear Physics A|volume = 953|pages = 117–138|year = 2016|last1 = Forsberg|first1 = U.|last2 = Rudolph|first2 = D.|last3 = Andersson|first3 = L.-L.|last4 = Di Nitto|first4 = A.|last5 = Düllmann|first5 = Ch.E.|last6 = Fahlander|first6 = C.|last7 = Gates|first7 = J.M.|last8 = Golubev|first8 = P.|last9 = Gregorich|first9 = K.E.|last10 = Gross|first10 = C.J.|last11 = Herzberg|first11 = R.-D.|last12 = Heßberger|first12 = F.P.|last13 = Khuyagbaatar|first13 = J.|last14 = Kratz|first14 = J.V.|last15 = Rykaczewski|first15 = K.|last16 = Sarmiento|first16 = L.G.|last17 = Schädel|first17 = M.|last18 = Yakushev|first18 = A.|last19 = Åberg|first19 = S.|last20 = Ackermann|first20 = D.|last21 = Block|first21 = M.|last22 = Brand|first22 = H.|last23 = Carlsson|first23 = B.G.|last24 = Cox|first24 = D.|last25 = Derkx|first25 = X.|last26 = Dobaczewski|first26 = J.|last27 = Eberhardt|first27 = K.|last28 = Even|first28 = J.|last29 = Gerl|first29 = J.|last30 = Jäger|first30 = E.|display-authors = 3|bibcode = 2016NuPhA.953..117F| s2cid=55598355 }}</ref><ref name="Kaji">{{cite journal |last1=Kaji |first1=Daiya |last2=Morita |first2=Kosuke |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Hiromitsu |last4=Haba |first5=Masato |last5=Asai |first6=Kunihiro |last6=Fujita |first7=Zaiguo |last7=Gan |first8=Hans |last8=Geissel |first9=Hiroo |last9=Hasebe |first10=Sigurd |last10=Hofmann |first11=MingHui |last11=Huang |first12=Yukiko |last12=Komori |first13=Long |last13=Ma |first14=Joachim |last14=Maurer |first15=Masashi |last15=Murakami |first16=Mirei |last16=Takeyama |first17=Fuyuki |last17=Tokanai |first18=Taiki |last18=Tanaka |first19=Yasuo |last19=Wakabayashi |first20=Takayuki |last20=Yamaguchi |first21=Sayaka |last21=Yamaki |first22=Atsushi |last22=Yoshida |display-authors=3 |date=2017 |title=Study of the Reaction <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>248</sup>Cm → <sup>296</sup>Lv* at RIKEN-GARIS |journal=Journal of the Physical Society of Japan |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=034201–1–7 |doi=10.7566/JPSJ.86.034201 |bibcode=2017JPSJ...86c4201K }}</ref>
| SF
| (various)
| 0+
|-id=Darmstadtium-281
| rowspan=2|<sup>281</sup>Ds<ref group="n" name="a">Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of <sup>289</sup>Fl</ref><ref group="n" name="order"/>
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 171
| rowspan=2|281.16455(53)#
| rowspan=2|14(3)&nbsp;s
| SF (90%)
| (various)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (10%)
| <sup>277</sup>Hs
|-id=Darmstadtium-281m
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>281m</sup>Ds<ref group="n">Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of <sup>293</sup>Lv, unconfirmed</ref><ref group="n" name="order"/>
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(240)#&nbsp;keV
| 0.9(7)&nbsp;ms<br />[{{val|0.25|1.18|0.11|u=s}}]
| α
| <sup>277</sup>Hs
|
|-id=Darmstadtium-282
| <sup>282</sup>Ds<ref group="n">Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of <sup>290</sup>Fl, unconfirmed</ref>
|style="text-align:right" | 110
|style="text-align:right" | 172
|282.16617(32)#
| 4.2(33)&nbsp;min<br />[{{val|67|320|30|u=s}}]
| α
| <sup>278</sup>Hs
|0+
{{Isotopes table/footer}}

==Isotopes and nuclear properties==

===Nucleosynthesis===
[[Superheavy element]]s such as darmstadtium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in [[particle accelerator]]s that induce [[fusion reaction]]s. Whereas most of the isotopes of darmstadtium can be synthesized directly this way, some heavier ones have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher [[atomic number]]s.<ref name="AM89">{{Cite journal |first1=Peter |last1=Armbruster |name-list-style=amp|first2=Gottfried|last2=Munzenberg |title=Creating superheavy elements |journal=Scientific American |volume=34 |pages=36–42 |year=1989}}</ref>

Depending on the energies involved, the former are separated into "hot" and "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets ([[actinide]]s), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50&nbsp;[[electronvolt|MeV]]) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.<ref name="fusion">{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Robert C. |last2=Gäggeler |first2=Heinz W. |last3=Karol |first3=Paul J. |last4=Nakahara |first4=Hiromichi |last5=Vardaci |first5=Emanuele |last6=Vogt |first6=Erich |title=Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report) |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=81 |issue=7 |page=1331 |year=2009 |doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05|doi-access=free }}</ref> In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20&nbsp;MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the [[ground state]], they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.<ref name="AM89" /> The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see [[cold fusion]]).<ref name="Ds-Fleischmann">{{cite journal |last1=Fleischmann |first1=Martin |last2=Pons |first2=Stanley |year=1989 |title=Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry |volume=261 |issue=2 |pages=301–308 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3 }}</ref>

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;110.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>62</sup>Ni||<sup>270</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>207</sup>Pb
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>271</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>272</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>209</sup>Bi
|<sup>59</sup>Co||<sup>268</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>226</sup>Ra
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>276</sup>Ds||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>232</sup>Th
|<sup>44</sup>Ca||<sup>276</sup>Ds||{{No|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>232</sup>Th
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>280</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>233</sup>U
|<sup>40</sup>Ar||<sup>273</sup>Ds||{{No|Failure to date}}<ref name=reactions89/>
|-
!<sup>235</sup>U
|<sup>40</sup>Ar||<sup>275</sup>Ds||{{No|Failure to date}}<ref name=reactions89/>
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>40</sup>Ar||<sup>278</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>34</sup>S||<sup>278</sup>Ds||{{Yes|Successful reaction}}
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>36</sup>S||<sup>280</sup>Ds||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>30</sup>Si||<sup>278</sup>Ds||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>250</sup>Cm
|<sup>30</sup>Si||<sup>280</sup>Ds||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|}

====Cold fusion====
Before the first successful synthesis of darmstadtium in 1994 by the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI]] team, scientists at GSI also tried to synthesize darmstadtium by bombarding lead-208 with nickel-64 in 1985. No darmstadtium atoms were identified. After an upgrade of their facilities, the team at GSI successfully detected 9 atoms of <sup>271</sup>Ds in two runs of their discovery experiment in 1994.<ref name="95Ho01">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01291181|title=Production and decay of<sup>269</sup>110|year=1995|last1=Hofmann |first1=S.|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=350|pages=277–280|last2=Ninov|first2=V.|last3=Heßberger|first3=F. P.|last4=Armbruster|first4=P.|last5=Folger|first5=H.|last6=Münzenberg|first6=G.|last7=Schött|first7=H. J.|last8=Popeko|first8=A. G.|last9=Yeremin|first9=A. V.|last10=Andreyev|first10=A. N.|last11=Saro|first11=S.|last12=Janik|first12=R.|last13=Leino|first13=M.|bibcode = 1995ZPhyA.350..277H|issue=4 |s2cid=125020220 }}</ref> This reaction was successfully repeated in 2000 by GSI (4 atoms), in 2000<ref name="Ds-Ginter-2003">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.67.064609|title=Confirmation of production of element 110 by the <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n) reaction|year=2003|last1=Ginter |first1=T. N.|journal=Physical Review C|volume=67|page=064609 |last2=Gregorich|first2=K.|last3=Loveland|first3=W.|last4=Lee|first4=D.|last5=Kirbach|first5=U.|last6=Sudowe|first6=R.|last7=Folden|first7=C.|last8=Patin|first8=J.|last9=Seward|first9=N.|first10=P. |last10=Wilk|first11=P. |last11=Zielinski |first12=K. |last12=Aleklett|first13=R. |last13=Eichler|first14=H. |last14=Nitsche|first15=D. |last15=Hoffman |bibcode=2003PhRvC..67f4609G |issue=6 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233771}}</ref><ref name="Ds-Ginter-2002">{{cite web|url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5446&context=lbnl|title=Confirmation of production of element 110 by the <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n) reaction|publisher=LBNL repositories |date=8 December 2002 |access-date=2008-03-02|last1=Ginter|first1=T. N.|last2=Gregorich |first2=K.|last3=Loveland|first3=W.|last4=Lee|first4=D.|last5=Kirbach|first5=U.|last6=Sudowe|first6=R.|last7=Folden|first7=C.|last8=Patin|first8=J.|last9=Seward|first9=N. }} (preprint)</ref> and 2004<ref name="271Ds-Folden">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.212702 |title=Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>64</sup>Ni,n)<sup>271</sup>Ds and <sup>208</sup>Pb(<sup>65</sup>Cu,n)<sup>272</sup>111|year=2004|last1=Folden|first1=C. M. |journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=93|page=212702|pmid=15601003|last2=Gregorich|first2=KE|last3=Düllmann|first3=ChE|last4=Mahmud|first4=H|last5=Pang|first5=GK|last6=Schwantes|first6=JM|last7=Sudowe|first7=R|last8=Zielinski|first8=PM|last9=Nitsche|first9=H|last10=Hoffman|first10=D.|issue=21|bibcode=2004PhRvL..93u2702F|url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2704&context=lbnl}}</ref> by the [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL) (9 atoms in total) and in 2002 by [[RIKEN]] (14 atoms).<ref name="Ds-Morimoto">{{cite journal|doi=10.1140/epja/i2003-10205-1|title=Production and decay of the isotope <sup>271</sup>Ds (Z = 110)|year=2004|last1=Morita |first1=K.|journal=The European Physical Journal A|volume=21 |last2=Morimoto|first2=K.|last3=Kaji|first3=D.|last4=Haba|first4=H.|last5=Ideguchi|first5=E.|last6=Kanungo|first6=R.|last7=Katori|first7=K.|last8=Koura|first8=H.|last9=Kudo|first9=H.|first10=T. |last10=Ohnishi|first11=A. |last11=Ozawa|first12=T. |last12=Suda|first13=K. |last13=Sueki|first14=I. |last14=Tanihata|first15=H. |last15=Xu|first16=A. V. |last16=Yeremin|first17=A. |last17=Yoneda|first18=A. |last18=Yoshida|first19=Y.-L. |last19=Zhao|first20=T. |last20=Zheng|pages=257–263|bibcode = 2004EPJA...21..257M|issue=2 | s2cid=123077512 }}</ref> The GSI team studied the analogous reaction with nickel-62 instead of nickel-64 in 1994 as part of their discovery experiment. Three atoms of <sup>269</sup>Ds were detected.<ref name="95Ho01"/> A fourth decay chain was measured but was subsequently retracted.<ref name="NYT20021015">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/15/science/at-lawrence-berkeley-physicists-say-a-colleague-took-them-for-a-ride.html?scp=2&sq=victor%20ninov&st=cse&pagewanted=1 |title=At Lawrence Berkeley, Physicists Say a Colleague Took Them for a Ride |author=George Johnson |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 October 2002}}</ref>

In addition to the official discovery reactions, in October–November 2000, the team at GSI also studied the analogous reaction using a lead-207 target in order to synthesize the new isotope <sup>270</sup>Ds. They succeeded in synthesising eight atoms of <sup>270</sup>Ds, relating to a ground state isomer, <sup>270</sup>Ds, and a high-[[Spin (physics)|spin]] [[metastable state]], <sup>270m</sup>Ds.<ref name="270Ds">{{cite journal|url=http://www.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk/etext/68/text/Hofmann_et_al_EPJ_A10_(2001)_5.pdf|title=The new isotope <sup>270</sup>110 and its decay products <sup>266</sup>Hs and <sup>262</sup>Sg |last1=Hofmann |journal=Eur. Phys. J. A |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=5–10 |year=2001 |doi=10.1007/s100500170137 |last2=Heßberger |first2=F. P. |last3=Ackermann |first3=D. |last4=Antalic |first4=S. |last5=Cagarda |first5=P. |last6=Ćwiok |first6=S. |last7=Kindler |first7=B. |last8=Kojouharova |first8=J. |last9=Lommel |first9=B. |first10=R. |last10=Mann |first11=G. |last11=Münzenberg |first12=A. G. |last12=Popeko |first13=S. |last13=Saro |first14=H. J. |last14=Schött |first15=A. V. |last15=Yeremin |bibcode = 2001EPJA...10....5H |s2cid=124240926 }}</ref>

In 1986, a team at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]] (JINR) in [[Dubna]], [[Russia]], studied the reaction:

:{{su|p=209|b=83|a=r}}Bi + {{su|p=59|b=27}}Co → {{su|p=267|b=110}}Ds + {{su|p=1|b=0}}n

They were unable to detect any darmstadtium atoms. In 1995, the team at LBNL reported that they had succeeded in detecting a single atom of <sup>267</sup>Ds using this reaction. However, several decays were not measured and further research is required to confirm this discovery.<ref name="267Ds">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.51.R2293|pmid=9970386|title=Evidence for the possible synthesis of element 110 produced by the <sup>59</sup>Co+<sup>209</sup>Bi reaction|year=1995|last1=Ghiorso |first1=A. |journal=Physical Review C|volume=51|pages=R2293–R2297|last2=Lee|first2=D.|last3=Somerville|first3=L.|last4=Loveland|first4=W.|last5=Nitschke|first5=J.|last6=Ghiorso|first6=W.|last7=Seaborg|first7=G.|last8=Wilmarth|first8=P.|last9=Leres|first9=R.|first10=A. |last10=Wydler|first11=M. |last11=Nurmia|first12=K. |last12=Gregorich|first13=K. |last13=Czerwinski|first14=R. |last14=Gaylord|first15=T. |last15=Hamilton|first16=N. J. |last16=Hannink|first17=D. C. |last17=Hoffman|first18=C. |last18=Jarzynski|first19=C. |last19=Kacher|first20=B. |last20=Kadkhodayan|first21=S. |last21=Kreek|first22=M. |last22=Lane|first23=A. |last23=Lyon|first24=M. A. |last24=McMahan|first25=M. |last25=Neu|first26=T. |last26=Sikkeland|first27=W. J. |last27=Swiatecki|first28=A. |last28=Türler|first29=J. T. |last29=Walton|first30=S. |last30=Yashita |display-authors=3 |bibcode = 1995PhRvC..51.2293G|issue=5 }}</ref>

====Hot fusion====
In the late 1980s, the GSI team attempted to synthesize element 110 by bombarding a target consisting of various uranium isotopes—<sup>233</sup>U, <sup>235</sup>U, and <sup>238</sup>U—with accelerated [[argon]]-40 ions. No atoms were detected;<ref name="Ds-Hofmann">{{cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Sigurd |date=2002 |title=On Beyond Uranium |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=[https://archive.org/details/onbeyonduraniumj0000hofm/page/150 150] |isbn=0-415-28496-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/onbeyonduraniumj0000hofm/page/150 }}</ref> a limiting cross section of 21&nbsp;pb was reported.<ref name=reactions89/>

In September 1994, the team at Dubna detected a single atom of <sup>273</sup>Ds by bombarding a [[plutonium-244]] target with accelerated [[sulfur]]-34 ions.<ref name="273Ds">{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.54.620 |pmid = 9971385|title=α decay of <sup>273</sup>110: Shell closure at N=162|year=1996|last1=Lazarev |first1=Yu. A.|journal=Physical Review C|volume=54|pages=620–625|last2=Lobanov|first2=Yu.|last3=Oganessian|first3=Yu.|last4=Utyonkov|first4=V.|last5=Abdullin|first5=F.|last6=Polyakov|first6=A.|last7=Rigol|first7=J.|last8=Shirokovsky|first8=I.|last9=Tsyganov|first9=Yu.|first10=S. |last10=Iliev|first11=V. G. |last11=Subbotin|first12=A. M. |last12=Sukhov|first13=G. V. |last13=Buklanov|first14=B. N. |last14=Gikal|first15=V. B. |last15=Kutner|first16=A. N. |last16=Mezentsev|first17=K. |last17=Subotic|first18=J. F. |last18=Wild|first19=R. W. |last19=Lougheed|first20=K. J. |last20=Moody |display-authors=3 |bibcode = 1996PhRvC..54..620L|issue=2 }}</ref>

Experiments were done in 2004 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus <sup>280</sup>Ds, produced in the reaction:

:{{su|p=232|b=90|a=r}}Th + {{su|p=48|b=20}}Ca → {{su|p=280|b=110}}Ds* → fission

The result revealed how compound nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling [[magic number (physics)|magic]] and doubly magic nuclei such as <sup>132</sup>Sn (''[[atomic number|Z]]''&nbsp;=&nbsp;50, ''[[neutron number|N]]''&nbsp;=&nbsp;82). No darmstadtium atoms were obtained.<ref name="280Ds">[http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html Flerov lab annual report 2004]</ref> A compound nucleus is a loose combination of [[nucleon]]s that have not arranged themselves into [[nuclear shell]]s yet. It has no internal structure and is held together only by the collision forces between the target and projectile nuclei. It is estimated that it requires around 10<sup>−14</sup>&nbsp;s for the nucleons to arrange themselves into nuclear shells, at which point the compound nucleus becomes a [[nuclide]], and this number is used by [[IUPAC]] as the minimum [[half-life]] a claimed isotope must have in order to be recognized as being discovered.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=590}}</ref><ref name="nuclidetable"/>

The <sup>232</sup>Th+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction was attempted again at the FLNR in 2022; it was predicted that the <sup>48</sup>Ca-induced reaction leading to element 110 would have a lower yield than those leading to lighter or heavier elements. Seven atoms of <sup>276</sup>Ds were reported, with lifetimes ranging between {{val|9.3|u=us}} and {{val|983.1|u=us}}; four decayed by spontaneous fission and three decayed via a two-alpha sequence to <sup>272</sup>Hs and the spontaneously fissioning <sup>268</sup>Sg.<ref name="276Ds-2023"/> The maximum reported cross section for the production of <sup>276</sup>Ds was about 0.7&nbsp;pb and a sensitivity limit an order of magnitude lower was reached. This reported cross section is lower than that of all reactions using <sup>48</sup>Ca as a projectile, with the exception of <sup>249</sup>Cf + <sup>48</sup>Ca, and it further supports the existence of [[magic number (physics)|magic number]]s at ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;108, ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;162 and ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;114, ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;184.<ref name="276Ds-2023"/> In 2023, the JINR team repeated this reaction at a higher beam energy and also found <sup>275</sup>Ds.<ref name=275Ds/> They intend to further study the reaction to search for <sup>274</sup>Ds.<ref name=275Ds>{{cite news |title=New darmstadtium isotope discovered at Superheavy Element Factory |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/new-darmstadtium-isotope-discovered-at-superheavy-element-factory/ |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> The FLNR also successfully synthesised <sup>273</sup>Ds in the <sup>238</sup>U+<sup>40</sup>Ar reaction.<ref name="273Ds,275Ds">{{cite journal |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yuri |display-authors=etal |date=6 May 2024 |title=Synthesis and decay properties of isotopes of element 110: <sup>273</sup>Ds and <sup>275</sup>Ds |url= |journal=Physical Review C |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=054307 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.054307 |access-date=}}</ref>

====As decay product====
<div style="float:right; margin:0; font-size:85%;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+List of darmstadtium isotopes observed by decay
! Evaporation residue !! Observed darmstadtium isotope
|-
|<sup>277</sup>Cn ||<sup>273</sup>Ds<ref name="96Ho01">
{{cite journal
|last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Ninov |first2=V. |last3=Heßberger |first3=F. P. |last4=Armbruster |first4=P. |last5=Folger |first5=H. |last6=Münzenberg |first6=G. |last7=Schött |first7=H. J. |last8=Popeko |first8=A. G. |last9=Yeremin |first9=A. V. |last10=Saro |first10=S. |last11=Janik |first11=R. |last12=Leino |first12=M. 
 |year=1996
 |title=The new element 112
 |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Physik A]]
 |volume=354 |issue=1 |pages=229–230
 |bibcode=1996ZPhyA.354..229H
 |doi=10.1007/BF02769517
|s2cid=119975957 }}</ref>
|-
|<sup>285</sup>Fl, <sup>281</sup>Cn||<sup>277</sup>Ds<ref name="277Ds">
{{Cite news
 |author=Public Affairs Department
 |date=26 October 2010
 |title=Six New Isotopes of the Superheavy Elements Discovered: Moving Closer to Understanding the Island of Stability
 |url=http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2010/10/26/six-new-isotopes
 |publisher=[[Berkeley Lab]]
 |access-date=2011-04-25
}}</ref>
|-
|<sup>291</sup>Lv, <sup>287</sup>Fl, <sup>283</sup>Cn||<sup>279</sup>Ds<ref name="279Ds">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Yeremin |first1=A. V.
 |year=1999
 |title=Synthesis of nuclei of the superheavy element 114 in reactions induced by <sup>48</sup>Ca
 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 |volume=400 |issue=6741 |pages=242–245
 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..242O
 |doi=10.1038/22281
|s2cid=4399615
 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
|-
|<sup>288</sup>Fl, <sup>284</sup>Cn||<sup>280</sup>Ds
|-
|<sup>288</sup>Mc, <sup>284</sup>Nh, <sup>280</sup>Rg ? || <sup>280</sup>Ds ?
|-
|<sup>293</sup>Lv, <sup>289</sup>Fl, <sup>285</sup>Cn||<sup>281</sup>Ds<ref name="04Og01">
{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607|title=Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions <sup>244</sup>Pu(<sup>48</sup>Ca,xn)<sup>292−x</sup>114 and <sup>245</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,xn)<sup>293−x</sup>116|year=2004|journal=Physical Review C|volume=69|bibcode=2004PhRvC..69e4607O|issue=5|pages=054607|last1=Oganessian |first1=Y. T.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Y.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Shirokovsky|first6=I.|last7=Tsyganov|first7=Y.|last8=Gulbekian|first8=G.|last9=Bogomolov|first9=S. | first10=B. |last10=Gikal | first11=A. |last11=Mezentsev | first12=S. |last12=Iliev | first13=V. |last13=Subbotin | first14=A. |last14=Sukhov | first15=A. |last15=Voinov | first16=G. |last16=Buklanov | first17=K. |last17=Subotic | first18=V. |last18=Zagrebaev | first19=M. |last19=Itkis | first20=J. |last20=Patin | first21=K. |last21=Moody | first22=J. |last22=Wild | first23=M. |last23=Stoyer | first24=N. |last24=Stoyer | first25=D. |last25=Shaughnessy | first26=J. |last26=Kenneally | first27=R. |last27=Lougheed|display-authors=10|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|<sup>290</sup>Fl, <sup>286</sup>Cn ? || <sup>282</sup>Ds ?<ref name="Hofmann2016"/>
|}</div>
Darmstadtium has been observed as a decay product of [[copernicium]]. Copernicium currently has seven known isotopes, five of which have been shown to alpha decay into darmstadtium, with [[mass number]]s 273, 277, and 279–281. To date, all of these bar <sup>273</sup>Ds have only been produced by decay of copernicium. Parent copernicium nuclei can be themselves decay products of [[flerovium]] or [[livermorium]]. Darmstadtium may also have been produced in the electron capture decay of [[roentgenium]] nuclei which are themselves daughters of [[nihonium]] and [[moscovium]].<ref name="nuclidetable">{{cite web|url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=110&n=171|title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides|publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory|last=Sonzogni|first=Alejandro|location=National Nuclear Data Center|access-date=2008-06-06|archive-date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714135726/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=110&n=171|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, in 2004, the Dubna team ([[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR]]) identified darmstadtium-281 as a product in the decay of livermorium via an alpha decay sequence:<ref name="04Og01"/>

:{{nuclide|livermorium|293}} → {{nuclide|flerovium|289}} + {{nuclide|helium|4}}
:{{nuclide|flerovium|289}} → {{nuclide|copernicium|285}} + {{nuclide|helium|4}}
:{{nuclide|copernicium|285}} → {{nuclide|darmstadtium|281}} + {{nuclide|helium|4}}

====Retracted isotopes====
;<sup>280</sup>Ds
The first synthesis of [[Flerovium|element 114]] resulted in two atoms assigned to <sup>288</sup>Fl, decaying to the <sup>280</sup>Ds, which underwent [[spontaneous fission]]. The assignment was later changed to <sup>289</sup>Fl and the darmstadtium isotope to <sup>281</sup>Ds. Hence, <sup>280</sup>Ds remained unknown until 2016, when it was populated by the hitherto unknown alpha decay of <sup>284</sup>Cn (previously, that nucleus was only known to undergo spontaneous fission). The discovery of <sup>280</sup>Ds in this decay chain was confirmed in 2021; it undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of 360&nbsp;μs.<ref name="280Ds2021"/>

;<sup>277</sup>Ds
In the claimed synthesis of <sup>293</sup>Og in 1999, the isotope <sup>277</sup>Ds was identified as decaying by 10.18&nbsp;MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 3.0&nbsp;ms. This claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope was finally created in 2010 and its decay data supported the fabrication of previous data.<ref name="Ds-Ogasnesson">see [[Oganesson]]</ref>

;<sup>273m</sup>Ds
In the synthesis of <sup>277</sup>Cn in 1996 by GSI (see [[copernicium]]), one decay chain proceeded ''via'' <sup>273</sup>Ds, which decayed by emission of a 9.73&nbsp;MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 170&nbsp;ms. This would have been assigned to an isomeric level. This data could not be confirmed and thus this isotope is currently unknown or unconfirmed.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

;<sup>272</sup>Ds
In the first attempt to synthesize darmstadtium, a 10&nbsp;ms SF activity was assigned to <sup>272</sup>Ds in the reaction <sup>232</sup>Th(<sup>44</sup>Ca,4n).<ref name=reactions89>{{cite journal |title=Reactions of <sup>40</sup>Ar with <sup>233</sup>U, <sup>235</sup>U, and <sup>238</sup>U at the barrier |first1=U. W. |last1=Scherer |first2=W |last2=Brüchle |first3=M. |last3=Brügger |first4=C. |last4=Frink |first5=H. |last5=Gäggeler |first6=G. |last6=Herrmann |first7=J. V. |last7=Kratz |first8=K. J. |last8=Moody |first9=M. |last9=Schädel |first10=K. |last10=Sümmerer |first11=N. |last11=Trautmann |first12=G. |last12=Wirth |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A |volume=335 |pages=421–430 |year=1990 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/BF01290190|bibcode=1990ZPhyA.335..421S |s2cid=101394312 }}</ref> Given current understanding regarding stability, this isotope has been retracted from the table of isotopes.

====Nuclear isomerism====
[[Image:270Ds decay scheme.png|thumb|250px|right|The current partial decay level scheme for <sup>270</sup>Ds proposed following the work of Hofmann et al. in 2000 at GSI<ref name="270Ds"/>]]
;<sup>281</sup>Ds
The production of <sup>281</sup>Ds by the decay of <sup>289</sup>Fl or <sup>293</sup>Lv has produced two very different decay modes. The most common and readily confirmed mode is [[spontaneous fission]] with a half-life of 11&nbsp;s. A much rarer and as yet unconfirmed mode is alpha decay by emission of an alpha particle with energy 8.77&nbsp;MeV with an observed half-life of around 3.7&nbsp;min. This decay is associated with a unique decay pathway from the parent nuclides and must be assigned to an isomeric level. The half-life suggests that it must be assigned to an isomeric state but further research is required to confirm these reports.<ref name="04Og01"/> It was suggested in 2016 that this unknown activity might be due to <sup>282</sup>Mt, the great-granddaughter of <sup>290</sup>Fl via electron capture and two consecutive alpha decays.<ref name="Hofmann2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=S. |first3=R. |last3=Mann |first4=J. |last4=Maurer |first5=G. |last5=Münzenberg |first6=S. |last6=Antalic |first7=W. |last7=Barth |first8=H. G. |last8=Burkhard |first9=L. |last9=Dahl |first10=K. |last10=Eberhardt |first11=R. |last11=Grzywacz |first12=J. H. |last12=Hamilton |first13=R. A. |last13=Henderson |first14=J. M. |last14=Kenneally |first15=B. |last15=Kindler |first16=I. |last16=Kojouharov |first17=R. |last17=Lang |first18=B. |last18=Lommel |first19=K. |last19=Miernik |first20=D. |last20=Miller |first21=K. J. |last21=Moody |first22=K. |last22=Morita |first23=K. |last23=Nishio |first24=A. G. |last24=Popeko |first25=J. B. |last25=Roberto |first26=J. |last26=Runke |first27=K. P. |last27=Rykaczewski |first28=S. |last28=Saro |first29=C. |last29=Scheidenberger |first30=H. J. |last30=Schött |first31=D. A. |last31=Shaughnessy |first32=M. A. |last32=Stoyer |first33=P. |last33=Thörle-Popiesch |first34=K. |last34=Tinschert |first35=N. |last35=Trautmann |first36=J. |last36=Uusitalo |first37=A. V. |last37=Yeremin |display-authors=3 |date=2016 |title=Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120 |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=2016 |issue=52 |pages=180 |doi=10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4|bibcode=2016EPJA...52..180H |s2cid=254113387 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/897926 }}</ref>

;<sup>271</sup>Ds
Decay data from the direct synthesis of <sup>271</sup>Ds clearly indicates the presence of two nuclear isomers. The first emits alpha particles with energies 10.74 and 10.69&nbsp;MeV and has a half-life of 1.63&nbsp;ms. The other only emits alpha particles with an energy of 10.71&nbsp;MeV and has a half-life of 69&nbsp;ms. The first has been assigned to the ground state and the latter to an isomeric level. It has been suggested that the closeness of the alpha decay energies indicates that the isomeric level may decay primarily by delayed [[isomeric transition]] to the ground state, resulting in an identical measured alpha energy and a combined half-life for the two processes.<ref name="98Ho01">{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/61/6/002|year=1998|last=Hofmann |first=S|journal=Reports on Progress in Physics|volume=61|pages=639–689|bibcode = 1998RPPh...61..639H|title=New elements - approaching|issue=6 |s2cid=250756383 }}</ref>

;<sup>270</sup>Ds
The direct production of <sup>270</sup>Ds has clearly identified two nuclear isomers. The ground state decays by alpha emission into the ground state of <sup>266</sup>Hs by emitting an alpha particle with energy 11.03&nbsp;MeV and has a half-life of 0.10&nbsp;ms. The metastable state decays by alpha emission, emitting alpha particles with energies of 12.15, 11.15, and 10.95&nbsp;MeV, and has a half-life of 6&nbsp;ms. When the metastable state emits an alpha particle of energy 12.15&nbsp;MeV, it decays into the ground state of <sup>266</sup>Hs, indicating that it has 1.12&nbsp;MeV of excess energy.<ref name="270Ds"/>

===Chemical yields of isotopes===

====Cold fusion====
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing darmstadtium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Projectile !! Target !! CN !! 1n !! 2n !! 3n
|-
|<sup>62</sup>Ni||<sup>208</sup>Pb||<sup>270</sup>Ds||3.5&nbsp;pb||||
|-
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>208</sup>Pb||<sup>272</sup>Ds||'''15&nbsp;pb, 9.9&nbsp;MeV'''||||
|}

===Fission of compound nuclei with Z = 110===
Experiments have been performed in 2004 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus <sup>280</sup>Ds. The nuclear reaction used is <sup>232</sup>Th+<sup>48</sup>Ca. The result revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as <sup>132</sup>Sn (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;50, ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;82).<ref name="Ds-jinr-2004">see [http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html Flerov lab annual report 2004]</ref>

===Theoretical calculations===

====Decay characteristics====
Theoretical calculation in a quantum tunneling model reproduces the experimental alpha decay half-live data.<ref name="prc06npa07">{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=73|issue=1|page=014612|year=2006|title=α decay half-lives of new superheavy elements|author=P. Roy Chowdhury |author2=C. Samanta |author3=D. N. Basu|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.73.014612|arxiv = nucl-th/0507054 |bibcode = 2006PhRvC..73a4612C |s2cid=118739116 }}</ref><ref name="Ds-Samanta">{{cite journal| journal=Nucl. Phys. A|volume=789|issue=1–4|pages=142–154|year=2007| title=Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements|author=C. Samanta |author2=P. Roy Chowdhury |author3=D. N. Basu|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001|arxiv = nucl-th/0703086 |bibcode = 2007NuPhA.789..142S |s2cid=7496348 }}</ref> It also predicts that the isotope <sup>294</sup>Ds would have alpha decay half-life of the order of 311 years.<ref name="prc08ADNDT08">{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=77|page=044603|year=2008|title=Search for long lived heaviest nuclei beyond the valley of stability|author=P. Roy Chowdhury |first2=C. |last2=Samanta |first3=D. N. |last3=Basu|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603|bibcode = 2008PhRvC..77d4603C|issue=4|arxiv = 0802.3837 |s2cid=119207807 }}</ref><ref name="Ds-Chowdhury">{{cite journal|journal=[[Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables]]|year=2008|title=Nuclear half-lives for α -radioactivity of elements with 100 ≤ Z ≤ 130 |first1=P. Roy |last1=Chowdhury |author2=C. Samanta| author3=D. N. Basu |doi=10.1016/j.adt.2008.01.003|volume=94|pages=781–806|bibcode = 2008ADNDT..94..781C|issue=6 |arxiv = 0802.4161 |s2cid=96718440 }}</ref>

====Evaporation residue cross sections====
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Channel (product) !! σ<sub>max</sub> !! Model !! Ref
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>272</sup>Ds||1n (<sup>271</sup>Ds)||10&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="Ds-Feng">{{cite journal|arxiv=0707.2588|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044606|title=Formation of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions|year=2007|last1=Feng |first1=Zhao-Qing|journal=Physical Review C|volume=76|page=044606|last2=Jin|first2=Gen-Ming|last3=Li|first3=Jun-Qing|last4=Scheid|first4=Werner|bibcode = 2007PhRvC..76d4606F|issue=4 |s2cid=711489 }}</ref>
|-
!<sup>232</sup>Th
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>280</sup>Ds||4n (<sup>276</sup>Ds)||0.2&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengHotFusion">{{cite journal|arxiv=0803.1117|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003|title=Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions|year=2009|last1=Feng |first1=Z|journal=Nuclear Physics A|volume=816|issue=1–4|pages=33–51|last2=Jin|first2=G|last3=Li|first3=J|last4=Scheid|first4=W|bibcode = 2009NuPhA.816...33F |s2cid=18647291 }}</ref>
|-
!<sup>230</sup>Th
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>278</sup>Ds||4n (<sup>274</sup>Ds)||1&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengHotFusion"/>
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>40</sup>Ar||<sup>278</sup>Ds||4n (<sup>274</sup>Ds)||2&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="FengHotFusion"/>
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>36</sup>S||<sup>280</sup>Ds||4n (<sup>276</sup>Ds)||0.61&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="Feng108114">{{cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Z.|last2=Jin|first2=G.|last3=Li|first3=J.|title=Production of new superheavy Z=108-114 nuclei with <sup>238</sup>U, <sup>244</sup>Pu and <sup>248,250</sup>Cm targets|date=2009|arxiv=0912.4069|journal=[[Physical Review C]]|volume=80|pages=057601|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.80.057601|s2cid=118733755 }}</ref>
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>30</sup>Si||<sup>278</sup>Ds||4n (<sup>274</sup>Ds)||65.32&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="Feng108114"/>
|-
!<sup>250</sup>Cm
|<sup>30</sup>Si||<sup>280</sup>Ds||4n (<sup>276</sup>Ds)||3.54&nbsp;pb||DNS||<ref name="Feng108114"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

[[Category:Isotopes of darmstadtium| ]]
[[Category:Darmstadtium]]
[[Category:Lists of isotopes by element|Darmstadtium]]

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