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{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Mahratta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; beginning of the action.jpg|thumb|right|300px|"Mahrmatta pirates attacking the sloop 'Aurora', of the Bombay Marine, 1812; beginning of the action." This painting by [[Thomas Buttersworth]] depicts [[Maratha Navy]] ships engaging in combat with the [[HCS Aurora (1809)|HCS ''Aurora'']].]]
{{Science and technology in India}}
Maritime powers in the [[Indian subcontinent]] have possessed [[Navy|navies]] for many centuries. Indian dynasties such as the [[Chola|Chola Empire]] used naval power to extend their influence overseas, particularly to [[Southeast Asia]]. The Marakkar Navy under [[Zamorins]] during 15th century and the [[Maratha Navy]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] during the 19th and 18th centuries fought with rival Indian powers and European powers. The [[East India Company]] organised its own private navy, which came to be known as the [[Royal Indian Navy#1612–1830, the Bombay Marine|Bombay Marine]]. With the establishment of the [[British Raj]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the small navy was transformed into "His Majesty's Indian Navy", then "Her Majesty's Indian Marine", and finally the "Royal Indian Marine".

The Royal Indian Marine transported large numbers of Indian troops overseas during the [[World War I|First World War]], and – as the [[Royal Indian Navy]] – took part in naval combat and patrol duties during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. When India became [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independent in 1947]] part of the Royal Indian Navy was allotted to the new state of [[Pakistan]]; the remaining forces took the title of [[Indian Navy]] in 1950. The Indian Navy took part in [[Annexation of Goa|Operation Vijay]] in 1961, wars with Pakistan in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and in more recent operations of a smaller scale.

==Early history==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Indian ship on lead coin of Vashishtiputra Shri Pulumavi.jpg|Ancient Indian ship on lead coin of [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]], testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the [[Sātavāhana Empire]], during the 1st–2nd century CE.
File:Ajanta Cave 2 three-mast sailship.jpg|Painted depiction of a three-masted sailship, c. 5th century from [[Ajanta Caves]].
</gallery>
India has a rich [[Indian maritime history|maritime history]] dating back 5,000 years.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php Interesting facts about India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206014250/http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php |date=6 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/2_5_01.html Maritimbi/asst001/fall97/2chd.htm Economics of the Indus valley civilization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611152017/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/2_5_01.html |date=11 June 2008 }}</ref> The world's first<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1345150.stm Indian seabed hides ancient remains]</ref> tidal dock may have been built at [[Lothal]] around 2300 BCE during the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]], near the present day [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]] harbour on the Gujarat coast.<ref name="RaoY">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 11–17
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The ''[[Rig Veda]]'' composed in the [[2nd millennium BC|2nd millennium BCE]], credits [[Varuna]] with knowledge of the ocean routes and describes naval expeditions.<ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n395/mode/2up Mundaka Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 374{{ndash}}375</ref> A model of a bronze miniature ship with an open deck has been excavated from [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] from West Bengal dating about 1500-500 BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1962 |title=Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi : Gupta, Paresh Chandra Das : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.42371 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=Internet Archive |pages=44, 81 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Chanakya|Kautilya]] (c. 4th century BCE) in his ''[[Arthashastra]]'' mentions the protection of the empire's shipping and destruction of those threatening it. Although navy is not elaborately mentioned as one of the principle arms of Indian military in the Arthashastra, [[Megasthenes]] mentions it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&q=arthashastra+navy&pg=PA247|title=Political Violence in Ancient India|date=2017-09-25|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97527-9|language=en}}</ref> Megasthenes mentions military command consisting of six boards of five members each, (i) [[Navy]] (ii) [[Military transport]] (iii) [[Infantry]] (iv) [[Cavalry]] (v) [[Ratha|Chariot divisions]] and (vi) [[War elephant]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kangle|first=R. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzxwTS0-nbUC&q=megasthenes+navy&pg=PA66|title=A Study|date=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0041-0|language=en}}</ref> During Mauryan empire, Indians had already made trading connections in South east Asia from Thailand and Malaysia peninsula to Cambodia and southern Vietnam. Mauryan period seals and inscriptions has been discovered at the ancient port cities of Thailand and Southern Vietnam. Sea lanes between India and neighbouring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian culture on other societies, particularly in the [[Indian Ocean]] region. Powerful navies included those of the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga kingdom]], [[Maurya]], [[Satavahana]], [[Chola]], [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[empire]]s.<ref>[http://indiannavy.nic.in/history.htm History of the Indian Navy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903023736/http://indiannavy.nic.in/history.htm |date= 3 September 2006 }}</ref> The [[Chola]]s excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to Southeast Asia and China.<ref name="SastriHOSI">{{cite book | title=[[A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar]]| last=Sastri|first=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri| year=1955|page=175|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

=== Early literary evidences ===
The Indian shipping and maritime trade activity have been referenced in [[Arthashastra]]. [[Kautilya]] mentions the superintendent of ships as an officer which was supposed to look after the ports and shipping and security of maritime traders. Four categories of ships have been named, Commercial (Potavanika), Private (Svanaya), Royal (Rajanau) and warship (Himsrika). Commercial ships are further divided into Merchant ships (Samyati) and passenger ship (Pravahana).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Prakash Charan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSW8az3Q_dEC&q=angavijja+ship+india&pg=PA131|title=Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India|date=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-053-2|pages=128|language=en}}</ref>

=== Gupta Empire Navy ===
The five arms of the Gupta military included infantry, cavalry, chariot, elephants and ships. Gunaighar copper plate inscription of [[Vainyagupta|Vainya Gupta]] mentions ships but not chariots.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=44140516|language=en|title=Military Pursuits and National Defence Under the Second Magadhan Empire|last1=Majumdar|first1=Bimal Kanti|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1949|volume=12|pages=105–109}}</ref> Ships had become integral part of Indian military in the 6th century AD.

== Middle Ages ==

===Chola expeditions===
[[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Chola Empire]] in 1030 under [[Rajendra I]].]]
{{further|Chola Navy}}
The [[Chola Empire]] initiated their grand naval conquests during the reign of two of its most illustrious monarchs, [[Raja Raja Chola]] (ruled 985–1014) and his son [[Rajendra Chola]] (ruled 1012–1044). Under Rajendra Chola, the Cholas expanded their empire with the use of their strong navy and subdued many kingdoms of [[South-East Asia]] and occupied the region which included [[Mon kingdoms|Myanmar]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]], [[Sumatra]] etc., and sent ambassadors to countries as far off as [[Song dynasty|China]].

===Kozhikode===
[[File:Calicut 1572.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A panorama of [[Calicut]], on the [[Malabar coast]], shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior.}}]]Manavikraman, [[Samoothiri Raja]] of [[Kozhikode]] began the naval build-up in 1503 in response to [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] attempts at extracting trading privileges.  He commanded and appointed [[Kunjali Marakkar|Kunjali]] as [[Marakkar]] (admiral) of his fleet.

Over the course of the next century, the Samoothiri Rajas successfully repelled various attempts by the Portuguese to overthrow their rule, with each side enlisting various allies over time. Four generations of Kunjali Marakkars served the Samoothiri Rajas. However, over time, the differences between Mohammed Ali, Marakkar IV, and his masters increased, culminating with his self-declaration as the "Lord of the Indian seas". The Samoothiris then collaborated with the Portuguese to defeat Mohammed Ali in 1600. Later, they allied with the [[Dutch East India Company]] to defeat the Portuguese.

== Early Modern Age ==

=== Mughal Navy ===
[[File:Avery_Chasing_the_Great_Mughal's_Ship.jpg|thumb|250x250px|The [[Ganj-i-Sawai]], one of the largest trade ships in the 17th century.]]
The [[Mughal Empire]] maintained a significant naval fleet although it was the weakest branch of the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|military]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Atulchandra |date=1961 |title=Naval Strategy of the Mughals in Bengal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140736 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=170–175 |jstor=44140736 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The navy mainly patrolled coastal areas. The navy was active in the [[Siege of Hooghly]] and the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=H. C. Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im1DAAAAYAAJ&q=nicholson%20bengal%20mughal%2010%20warships |title=Glimpses of History and Culture of Balasore |author2=Indu Bhusan Kar |date=1988 |publisher=Orissa State Museum |editor1-last=Pani |editor1-first=Subas |page=66 |language=en |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847">{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sudip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZJJDAAAQBAJ |title=Unseen Enemy The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617-1847 |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781443863094 |language=En |format=ebook |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> One of the best-documented naval campaign of the Mughal empire were provided during the [[Shaista Khan#Conquest of Chittagong|conflict against kingdom of Arakan]], where in December 1665, Aurangzeb dispatched [[Shaista Khan]], his governor of Bengal to command 288 vessels and more than 20,000 men to pacify the pirate activities within Arakan territory and to capture [[Chittagong]],<ref name="Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy">{{cite journal |last1=de la Garza |first1=Andrew |date=February 2014 |title=Command of the Coast: The Mughal Navy and Regional Strategy |url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/12.1/forum_delagarza.html |journal=World History Connected |publisher=Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois |volume=12 |issue=1 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire]], the province of [[Bengal Subah]] had a large [[Shipbuilding in Bangladesh|shipbuilding industry]]. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250&nbsp;tons annually, .<ref name="ray174">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Indrajit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857) |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-136-82552-1 |pages=174}}</ref>

The chronicle of ''Ahkam 'Alamgiri'',  reveals how the Mughal empire has struggled to establish strong navy, boldened by the failure to prevent losses of Muslim vessels off the coast of the [[Maldives]] islands. Aurangzeb were said to possess four huge vessels at Surat and port of southern Gujarat.<ref name="India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.); Kaveh Yazdani2">{{cite book |author1=Kaveh Yazdani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ |title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.) |date=January 5, 2017 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004330795 |page=258 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=Akbar supposedly possessed 3000 vessels or boats. Later on, the amount was decreased to 768 armed cruisers; (1618–1707) is said to have possessed four great vessels at Surat, the southern Gujarati port |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> Aurangzeb's Vizier, Jafar Khan, blames the Mughal lack of ability to establish an effective navy not due to lack of resources and money, but to the lack of men to direct (the vessels).<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2">{{cite journal |last1=Hasan Askari |first1=Syed |date=1961 |title=Mughal Naval Weakness and Aurangzeb's Attitude Towards the Traders and Pirates on the Western Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140735 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=163–170 |jstor=44140735 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> [[Syed Hasan Askari|Syed Hassan Askari]] concluded that the lack of priority of Aurangzeb to afford his naval project due to his conflicts against the Marathas has hindered him to do so.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" />  Askari maintained that Mughal was largely not independent to control the rampart piracy and European naval incursions, and instead resorted to depend on the strength of friendly Arab forces from [[Muscat]] to keep the Portuguese in check.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" />

However, Askari also highlighted that Aurangzeb are not completely neglect it since he has acquired the British expertise to captured the fort of [[Murud-Janjira#History|Janjira]] island, and thus establishing naval cooperation with semi independent [[Siddi]] community naval force of [[Janjira State]] which resisted the Marathas.<ref name="Mughal Naval Weakness2" /> The proficiency of the Siddi Yaqub navy are exemplified during [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)#Events|Siege of Bombay]], where Siddi Yaqub and his [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila]] fleet blockaded the fortress and forced the submission of the Britain forces.<ref name="The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-17502">{{cite book |last1=Veevers |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzhDwAAQBAJ |title=The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-1750 |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108483957 |edition=Hardcover |page=156 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] maintained large fleets of trade ships including the ''[[Rahīmī]]'' and  ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai]]''.<ref name=":15">{{cite journal |last1=Safdar |first1=Aiysha |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Azam |year=2021 |title=History of Indian Ocean-A south Indian perspective |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/44/v7_no1_21.html |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=186–188 |quote=The Empress, Mariam Zamani then ordered the building of an even larger ship with 62 guns and placements for over 400 musket men. It was named Ganj-i-Sawai, and it was in its day the most fearsome ship on the seas, and its objective was to trade and take pilgrims to Mecca, and on the way back convert all the goods sold into gold and silver as well as bring the pilgrims back. But then the English, posing as pirates, attacked with a 25-ship armada of alleged pirates. At Mecca, they claimed they were slave traders.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=Harking back: The Empress and her two doomed pilgrim ships |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1617497/harking-back-the-empress-and-her-two-doomed-pilgrim-ships}}</ref> The Rahimi was the largest of the Indian ships trading in the Red Sea.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison B. |date=1988 |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=227–238 |doi=10.2307/603650 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=603650}}</ref> It had sailed to vast areas that it was identifiable to sailors from miles away and was known to Europeans as, ''the great pilgrimage ship''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=http://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressofmughalindia |title=Nur Jahan Empress Of Mughal India |pages=150–151 |language=English}}</ref> After being sacked by pirates, this ship was replaced by the ''[[Ganj-i-Sawai|Ganj-i-Sawa]].'' This ship was eventually sacked by English Pirate [[Henry Every]].''<ref>{{cite journal |year=1812 |title=The trial of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, Wm. Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes, at the Old-Bailey, for felony and piracy |journal=A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors |volume=13 |issue=392, column 451}}</ref>''

===Maratha Navy===
{{further|Maratha Navy}}
[[File:Maratha ships scroll.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|A painted scroll depicting different types of ships of the Marathan Navy including some captured English ships.}}]]
The [[Maratha Kingdom]] was established by [[Shivaji]] in 1674. From its inception, the Marathas established a naval force, consisting of cannons mounted on ships. The dominance of the Maratha Navy started with the ascent of [[Kanhoji Angre]] as the ''Darya-Saranga'' by the Maratha chief of [[Satara (city)|Satara]].<ref>http://historion.net/j.biddulph-pirates-malabar-englishwoman-india/page-27.html{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Under that authority, he was master of the Western coast of India from [[Mumbai]] to Vingoria (now [[Vengurla]]) in present-day state of [[Maharashtra]], except for [[Janjira State|Janjira]] which was affiliated with the [[Mughal Empire]]. Until his death in 1729, he repeatedly launched attacks on European merchant vessels, capturing numerous cargo ships of the various East India Companies and extracting a ransom for their return.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

On 29 November 1721, a joint attempt by the Portuguese and the British to put an end to Kanhoji's privateering endeavours failed. Their combined fleet, consisting of 6,000 soldiers in four [[man-of-war]]s, besides other ships led by Captain [[Thomas Mathews]] of the [[Bombay Marine]], failed to achieve its goals. Aided by [[Mendhaji Bhatkar]] and [[Mainak Bhandari]], Kanhoji continued to capture and ransom European merchant ships until his death in 1729.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The Maratha Navy used [[cannon]] armed, single-decker [[snow (ship)|snow]] sail themed warships called [[Grab (ship)|''Grab'']],<ref>''Gazetteer'' (1894). pp. 523-4.</ref> [[Man-of-war|men-of-war]] called ''Pal'' and small [[lateen]] boats called ''[[Gallivat]]'' armed with 6-punder guns or [[swivel gun]]s which assisted the ''Grabs.''<ref>''United Service Magazine'', Vol. 140, (1876), p.307.</ref>

=== Mysorean Navy ===
[[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] developed one of the stronger regional navies in pre-colonial India, and forged alliances with several other non-South Asian powers to try to fend off the British.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDougall |first=Philip |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt6wp962 |title=Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore |date=2014 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-948-4 |edition=NED - New |doi=10.7722/j.ctt6wp962}}</ref>

=={{anchor|British Indian Navy|Colonial Indian Navy|Her Majesty's Indian Marine|Her Majesty's Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine|Royal Indian Navy}} Colonial Indian Navy==
{{Main|Royal Indian Navy}}

===Establishment of the Bombay Marine===
The [[East India Company|English East India Company]] was established in 1600. In 1612, Captain Thomas Best encountered and defeated the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] at the [[Battle of Swally]].  This encounter, as well as [[piracy]], led the English East India Company to build a port and establish a small [[navy]] based at the village of [[Suvali]], near [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]] to protect commerce.  The Company named the force the ''Honourable East India Company's Marine'', and the first fighting ships arrived on 5 September 1612.

This force protected [[merchant shipping]] off the [[Gulf of Cambay]] and the rivers [[River Tapti|Tapti]] and [[River Narmada|Narmada]].  The ships also helped map the coastlines of India, Persia and Arabia.

In 1686, with most of English commerce moving to [[Bombay]], the force was renamed the ''Bombay Marine''. The Bombay Marine was involved in combat against the [[Maratha]]s and the Sidis and participated in the [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]]. The Bombay Marine recruited many Indian [[lascar]]s but commissioned no Indian officers until 1928.

===Expansion of Her Majesty's Indian Navy===
[[File:Indian Navy 1857.JPG|thumb|250px|Sailors of the Indian Navy breaching the Delhi gates during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].]]
In 1830, the Bombay Marine became ''His Majesty's Indian Navy''. The British capture of [[Aden]] increased the commitments of Her Majesty's Indian Navy, leading to the creation of the ''Indus Flotilla''. The Navy then fought in the [[First Opium War|China War]] of 1840.

Her Majesty's Indian Navy resumed the name ''Bombay Marine'' from 1863 to 1877, when it became ''Her Majesty's Indian Marine''.  The Marine then had two divisions; the Eastern Division at [[Calcutta]] and the Western Division at Bombay.

In recognition of the services rendered during various campaigns, ''Her Majesty's Indian Marine'' was titled the ''Royal Indian Marine'' in 1892. By this time it consisted of over 50 vessels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm |title=Indian Naval Hospital Ship INHS Dhanvantari |access-date=2011-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111202914/http://indiannavy.nic.in/genesis.htm |archive-date=11 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===The Royal Indian Marine in World War I===
The Expeditionary Forces of the Indian Army that travelled to [[France]], [[Africa]] and [[Mesopotamia]] to participate in [[World War I]] were transported largely on board ships of the Royal Indian Marine. The convoy transporting the first division of the Indian Cavalry to France sailed within three weeks of the Declaration of War, on 25 August 1914.  At the outset of the war, a number of ships were fitted out and armed at the [[Bombay Dockyard|Naval Dockyard]] in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) and the [[Port of Kolkata|Kidderpore Docks]] in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]). The Indian Marine also kept the harbours of Bombay and [[Aden]] open through intensive [[minesweeping]] efforts. Smaller ships of the Indian Marine, designed for operations in inland waters, patrolled the critical waterways of the [[Tigris]], the [[Euphrates]] and [[Shatt-al-Arab]], in order to keep the supply lines open for the troops fighting in Mesopotamia. A hospital ship operated by the Indian Marine was deployed to treat wounded soldiers.<ref name=RIM-WWI>{{cite web|author1=Indian Navy|author-link=Indian Navy|title=Role of Royal Indian Marine in World War I|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/role-royal-indian-marine-ww-i|website=indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=10 March 2015|date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

By the time the war ended in 1918, the Royal Indian Marine had transported or escorted 1,302,394 men, 172,815 animals and 3,691,836 tonnes of war stores. The Royal Indian Marine suffered 330 casualties and 80 of its personnel were decorated with gallantry awards for service in the war. The Royal Indian Marine played a vital role in supporting and transporting the [[Indian Army during World War I|Indian Army throughout the war]].<ref name=RIM-WWI/>

The first Indian to be granted a commission was Sub Lieutenant D.N Mukherji who joined the Royal Indian Marine as an engineer officer in 1928.

===The Royal Indian Navy in World War II===
{{main|Royal Indian Navy}}

[[File:HMIS Bombay (305827).jpg|thumb|[[HMIS Bombay (J249)|HMIS ''Bombay'']] in [[Sydney Harbour]], 1942.]]
[[File:Commonwealth Forces in Burma IND4428.jpg|thumb|Royal Indian Naval personnel on board a landing craft during combined operations off [[Myebon]], [[Burma]], January 1945.]]
[[File:The Allied Occupation of Japan IND5225.jpg|thumb|[[HMIS Sutlej]] leaves [[Hong Kong]] for [[Japan]] as part of the Allied forces of occupation.]]

In 1934 the Royal Indian Marine changed its name, with the enactment of the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act of 1934. The Royal Indian Navy was formally inaugurated on 2 October 1934, at Bombay.<ref name=bhatia28>Bhatia (1977), p. 28</ref> Its ships carried the prefix '''HMIS''', for His Majesty's Indian Ship.<ref name=collins>D. J. E. Collins, ''The Royal Indian Navy, 1939-45'', vol. 1 (Bombay, 1964)</ref>

At the start of the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Royal Indian Navy was small, with only eight warships. The onset of the war led to an expansion in vessels and personnel described by one writer as "phenomenal". By 1943 the strength of the RIN had reached twenty thousand.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Mollo|page=144|title=Naval, Marine and Air Force uniforms of World War 2|year=1976|isbn=0-02-579391-8}}</ref>
During the War, the [[Women's Royal Indian Naval Service]] was established, for the first time giving women a role in the navy, although they did not serve on board its ships.<ref name=bhatia28/>

During the course of the war six anti-aircraft sloops and several fleet minesweepers were built in the United Kingdom for the R.I.N. After commissioning, many of these ships joined various escort groups operating in the northern approaches to the British Isles. {{HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} and {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}}, each armed with six-high angle 4" guns, were present during the Clyde "Blitz" of 1941 and assisted the defence of this area by providing anti-aircraft cover. For the next six months these two ships joined the Clyde Escort Force, operating in the Atlantic and later the Irish Sea Escort Force where they acted as the senior ships of the groups. While engaged on these duties, numerous attacks against U-boats were carried out and attacks by hostile aircraft repelled. At the time of action in which the [[German battleship Bismarck|Bismarck]] was involved, the Sutlej left Scapa Flow, with all despatch as the senior member of a group, to take over a convoy from the destroyers which were finally engaged in the sinking of the Bismarck.<ref name=Collins248>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p248</ref>

Later {{HMIS|Cauvery|U10|6}}, {{HMIS|Kistna|U46|6}}, {{HMIS|Narbada|U40|6}}, {{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}}, also antiaircraft sloops, completed similar periods in the U.K. waters escorting convoys in the Atlantic and dealing with attacks from hostile U-boats, aircraft and glider bombs. These six ships and the minesweepers all eventually proceeded to India carrying out various duties in the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Cape stations en route. The fleet minesweepers were {{HMIS|Kathiawar|J155|6}}, {{HMIS|Kumaon|J164|6}}, {{HMIS|Baluchistan|J182|6}}, {{HMIS|Carnatic|J199|6}}, {{HMIS|Khyber|J190|6}}, {{HMIS|Konkan|J228|6}}, {{HMIS|Orissa|J200|6}}, {{HMIS|Rajputana|J197|6}}, {{HMIS|Rohilkhand|J180|6}}.<ref name=Collins248 />

[[HMIS Bengal (J243)|HMIS Bengal]] was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]] during World War II, and escorted numerous convoys between 1942 and 1945.<ref>{{cite web|last = Kindell |first = Don  |url= http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm |title = EASTERN FLEET - January to June 1943 |work = ADMIRALTY WAR DIARIES of WORLD WAR 2}}</ref>

The [[Sloop-of-war|sloops]] {{ship|HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}} and {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} played a role in [[Operation Husky]], the Allied invasion of [[Sicily]] by providing air defence and anti-submarine screening to the invasion fleet.<ref>[http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html Inmed] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124112038/http://www.wewerethere.mod.uk/wewerethere_old/inmed.html |date=24 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name=Collins252>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p252</ref>

Furthermore, the Royal Indian Navy participated in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean and was heavily involved in combat operations as part of the [[Burma Campaign]], carrying out raids, shore bombardment, naval invasion support and other activities culminating in [[Operation Dracula]] and the mopping up operations during the final stages of the war.<ref name=Collins255>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p255 - p316</ref>

==== Royal Indian Naval combat losses ====

The sloop [[P-class sloop|HMIS ''Pathan'']] sunk in June 1940 by the Italian Navy Submarine [[Brin-class submarine|''Galvani'']] during the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]].<ref name=r&h23>Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.23</ref><ref name="rin3945">{{cite book |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html#contents |title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945, Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War |last=Collins |first=D.J.E. |work=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan) |date=1964 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1940-11-20a.1988.4 |title=House of commons debate - Indian, Burman, and Colonial War Effort.|work=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|date=20 November 1940}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/ships/indian.htm|title=Fighting the U-boats = Indian Naval forces |work=Uboat.net }}</ref>

In the days immediately following the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]], {{HMS|Glasgow|C21|6}} was patrolling the [[Laccadive Islands]] in search of Japanese ships and submarines. At midnight on 9 December 1941, [[HMS Glasgow]] sank the RIN patrol vessel [[HMIS Prabhavati]] with two lighters in tow en route to Karachi, with 6-inch shells at 6,000 yards (5,500 m). Prabhavati was alongside the lighters and was mistaken for a surfaced Japanese submarine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/22394.html|title=Allied Warships - HMIS Prabhavati}}</ref><ref name=Collins96>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p96</ref><ref name="maccart153">Neil MacCart, ''Town Class Cruisers'', Maritime Books, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-904-45952-1}}, p. 153</ref>

{{HMIS|Indus|U67|6}} was sunk by Japanese aircraft during [[Burma Campaign]] on 6 April 1942.<ref name=Collins>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=J.T.E.|title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945|series=Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War|year=1964|publisher=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan)|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html}}</ref>

==== Royal Indian Naval successes ====

{{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} was ordered in 1939, and built by [[William Denny and Brothers]]. She was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] in 1941,<ref name=ub>{{cite web |url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3915.html |title=HMIS Jumna (U 21) |website=uboat.net |access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> and with [[World War II]] underway, was immediately deployed as a convoy escort. ''Jumna'' served as an anti-aircraft escort during the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Java Sea campaign]] in early 1942, and was involved in intensive anti-aircraft action against attacking Japanese twin-engined level bombers and dive bombers, claiming five aircraft downed from 24 to 28 February 1942.

On 11 November 1942 ''Bengal'' was escorting the Dutch tanker [[MV Ondina|''Ondina'']]<ref name="Visser">{{cite web |last=Visser |first=Jan |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/ondina.html |title=The Ondina Story |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942 |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321233336/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/ondina.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> to the southwest of Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two Japanese [[commerce raider]]s armed with six-inch guns attacked ''Ondina''. ''Bengal'' fired her single four-inch gun and ''Ondina'' fired her 102&nbsp;mm and both scored hits on ''[[Hōkoku Maru]]'', which shortly blew up and sank.<ref name="Visser" /><ref>{{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |date= 2000 |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |access-date= 28 May 2021 |archive-date= 26 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

On 12 February 1944 the [[Japanese submarine Ro-110|Japanese submarine RO-110]] was depth charged and sunk east-south-east off Visakhapatnam, India by the Indian sloop {{HMIS|Jumna|U21|6}} and the Australian minesweepers [[HMAS Launceston (J179)|HMAS Launceston]] and [[HMAS Ipswich (J186)]]. RO-110 had attacked convoy JC-36 (Colombo-Calcutta) and torpedoed and damaged the British merchant Asphalion (6274 GRT).<ref name=ub /><ref>The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 - Collins, p309</ref>

On 12 August 1944 the [[German submarine U-198|German submarine ''U-198'']] was sunk near the [[Seychelles]], in position 03º35'S, 52º49'E, by [[depth charge]]s from {{HMIS|Godavari|U52|6}} and the British frigate [[List of River-class frigates|HMS Findhorn]].<ref name=uboat>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3922.html|title=HMIS Godavari (U 52) of the Royal Indian Navy - Indian Sloop of the Black Swan class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net}}</ref><ref name=Collins />

==== Mutiny of 1946 ====
{{Main|Royal Indian Navy mutiny}}
In February 1946, Indian sailors launched the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]] on board more than fifty ships and in shore establishments, protesting about issues such as the slow rate of demobilization and discrimination in the Navy.<ref>Christopher M. Bell, Bruce A. Elleman, ''Naval mutinies of the twentieth century: an international perspective'' (2003), p. 6: "The first navy to experience a major mutiny after the Second World War was the Royal Indian Navy. For five days in February 1946, Indian sailors rose up against their predominantly British officer corps: approximately 56 ships..."</ref> The mutiny found widespread support and spread all over India, including elements in the Army and the Air Force. A total of seventy-eight ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors were involved in this mutiny.

==Partition and Independence of India==
In 1947, [[India]] was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] and the [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]]. The Royal Indian Navy was split between India and Pakistan, with senior British officers continuing to serve with both navies, and the vessels were divided between the two nations.

{|class="toccolours wikitable plainlinks" align="centre" style="padding:0; border: 1px solid darkgray"
!Vessel type
!India
!Pakistan
|-
![[Frigate]]
|
* HMIS ''Tir''
* HMIS ''Kukri''
|
* HMPS ''Shamsher''
* HMPS ''Dhanush''
|-
![[Sloop of war|Sloop]]
|
* HMIS ''Sutlej''
* HMIS ''Jumna''
* HMIS ''Kistna''
* HMIS ''Cauvery''
|
* HMPS ''Narbada''
* HMPS ''Godavari''
|-
![[Corvette]]s
|
* HMIS ''Assam''
|
|-
![[Minesweeper (ship)|Minesweeper]]
|
* HMIS ''Orissa''
* HMIS ''Deccan''
* HMIS ''Bihar''
* HMIS ''Kumaon''
* HMIS ''Rohilkhand''
* HMIS ''Khyber''
* HMIS ''Carnafic''
* HMIS ''Rajputana''
* HMIS ''Konkan''
* HMIS ''Bombay''
* HMIS ''Bengal''
* HMIS ''Madras''
|
* HMPS ''Kathiawar''
* HMPS ''Baluchistan''
* HMPS ''Oudh''
* HMPS ''Malwa''
|-
!Survey vessel
|
* HMIS ''Investigator''
|
|-
!Trawler
|
* HMIS ''Nasik''
* HMIS ''Calcutta''
* HMIS ''Cochin''
* HMIS ''Amritsar''
|
* HMPS ''Rampur''
* HMPS ''Baroda''
|-
!Motor minesweeper(MMS)
|
* MMS 130
* MMS 132
* MMS 151
* MMS 154
|
* MMS 129
* MMS 131
|-
![[Motor launch (naval)|Motor Launch]] (ML)
|
* ML 420
| –
|-
![[Harbour Defence Motor Launch]] (HDML)
|
* HDML 1110
* HDML 1112
* HDML 1117
* HDML 1118
|
* HDML 1261
* HDML 1262
* HDML 1263
* HDML 1266
|-
! Miscellaneous
| All existing landing craft
|
|}

When India became a [[republic]] on 26 January 1950, the name was changed to the '''[[Indian Navy]]''', and the vessels were redesignated as Indian Naval Ships (INS).

Vice Admiral [[R. D. Katari]] was the first Indian Chief of Naval Staff, appointed on 22 April 1958.

==Indian Navy operations==

===Annexation of Goa, 1961===
The first involvement of the Navy in any conflict came during the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa]] with the success of [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]] against the [[Portuguese Navy]]. Four Portuguese frigates – the [[NRP Afonso de Albuquerque]], the NRP Bartolomeu Dias, the NRP João de Lisboa and the NRP Gonçalves Zarco – were deployed to patrol the waters off [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]], along with several patrol boats (Lancha de Fiscalização).

Eventually only the NRP Afonso de Albuquerque saw action against Indian Navy ships, the other ships having fled before commencement of hostilities. The ''NRP Afonso'' was destroyed by Indian frigates ''INS Betwa'' and ''INS Beas''. Parts of the Afonso are on display at the Naval Museum in [[Mumbai]], while the remainder was sold as scrap.

===Indo-Pakistani war of 1965===
There were no significant naval encounters during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].

On 7 September 1965 a flotilla of the [[Pakistani Navy]] carried out a small-scale bombardment of the Indian coastal town and radar station of [[Dwarka]], 200 miles (300&nbsp;km) south of the Pakistani port of [[Karachi]]. Codenamed [[Operation Dwarka]], it did not fulfill its primary objective of disabling the [[radar station]]. There was no significant Indian retaliation, since 75% of the Indian naval vessels were undergoing maintenance or refitting in the harbor. Some of the Indian fleet sailed from Bombay to Dwarka to patrol the area and deter further bombardment. Operation Dwarka has been described as an "insignificant bombardment"<ref>India's Quest for Security: defence policies, 1947–1965 By Lorne John Kavic, 1967, University of California Press, pp 190</ref> of the town was a "limited engagement, with no strategic value."<ref name=nsd>South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77</ref>

===Indo-Pakistani war of 1971===
[[File:INS Vikrant.jpg|thumb|right|{{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} played a crucial role in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]] by a successful blockade of East Pakistan (present day [[Bangladesh]]).]]
The Indian Navy played a significant role in the bombing of [[Karachi]] harbour in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]. On 4 December, it launched [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War)|Operation Trident]] during which missile boats ''INS Nirghat'' and ''INS Nipat'' sunk the [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] {{ship|PNS|Muhafiz||6}} and [[destroyer]] ''PNS Khyber''. The destroyer ''PNS Shahjahan'' was irreparably damaged. Owing to its success, 4 December has been celebrated as Navy Day ever since.

The operation was so successful that the Pakistani Navy raised a false alarm about sighting an Indian missile boat on 6 December. [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) planes attacked the supposed Indian ship and damaged the vessel before it was identified as being another Pakistani Navy ship, ''[[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|PNS Zulfiqar]]'' which suffered numerous casualties and damage as a result of this friendly fire.

During Operation Python on 8 December, the frigate ''PNS Dacca'' was severely damaged by ''INS Veer'' and the oil storage depot of Karachi was set ablaze. On the western front in the [[Arabian Sea]], operations ceased after the Karachi port became unusable due to the sinking of Panamian vessel ''Gulf Star''. An Indian frigate, ''INS Khukri'' was sunk by submarine ''PNS Hangor''.

On the eastern front, the submarine ''PNS Ghazi'' was sunk outside [[Vishakhapatnam]] harbour. Indian naval aircraft, [[Hawker Sea Hawk|Sea Hawks]] and [[Breguet Alizé|Alizés]], from the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} were instrumental in sinking many [[gunboat]]s and merchant navy vessels in the [[Bay of Bengal]].  The successful blockade of [[East Pakistan]] by the Indian Navy proved to be a vital factor in the Pakistani surrender.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto"
|-
! Type of Vessel
! Indian Navy losses
! Pakistan Navy losses
|-
| Destroyers
| 0 
| 2, {{ship|PNS|Khaibar|1956|6}} and [[PNS Shahjahan]]* (damaged)
|-
| Frigates
| 1, {{INS|Khukri|F149|6}}
| 3
|-
| Submarines
| 0
| 1, {{ship|PNS|Ghazi||6}}
|-
| Minesweeper
| 0
| 1, {{ship|PNS|Muhafiz||6}}
|-
| Navy Aircraft
| 1, ([[Breguet Alize|Alize]])
| 0
|-
| Patrol boats and Gunboats
| 0
| 4 Gunboats and 3 patrol boats
|-
| Merchant navy and others
| 0
| 9 (including one US ammunition ship)
|-
| colspan=3 |
<small><nowiki>*</nowiki>PNS Shahjahan was presumably damaged beyond repair.</small>
|}

===Operations after 1971===
The Indian Armed Forces initiated [[Operation Cactus]] to prevent a coup attempt by a group of [[Maldives|Maldivians]] led by Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by about 200 [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[mercenaries]] from the [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE) in [[Maldives]] in 1988. After Indian [[paratrooper]]s landed at [[Hulhule]] and secured the [[airfield]] and restored the democratically elected government at [[Malé]], the Sri Lankan mercenaries hijacked the freighter ''MV Progress Light'' and took a number of hostages, including the Maldivian Transport minister and his wife. The Indian Navy frigates [[INS Godavari (F20)|INS Godavari]] and [[INS Betwa (F39)|INS Betwa]] captured the freighter, rescued the hostages and arrested the mercenaries near the Sri Lankan coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/cactus.htm |title=Operation Cactus -- Indian Navy |access-date=2009-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063620/http://indiannavy.nic.in/cactus.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

During the [[2006 Lebanon War]], the Indian Navy launched [[Operation Sukoon]] to successfully evacuate 2280 persons from [[Lebanon]], including Indian, 436 [[Sri Lanka]]n and 69 [[Nepal]]i and 7 Lebanese citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=20224|title = Untitled Page}}</ref>

Since 2 November 2008 an Indian Navy frigate [[INS Tabar (F44)|INS Tabar]] accompanied by the destroyer [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS Mysore]] has been on an [[Piracy in Somalia|anti-piracy mission]] off the [[Gulf of Aden]].

== See also ==
* [[Indian Navy]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Indian maritime history]]
* [[List of military operations of India]]
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Naval history of India| ]]
[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:History of organisations based in India|Navy]]
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

HMIS Baluchistan (J182) (edit)
HMIS Carnatic (J199) (edit)
HMIS Cauvery (U10) (edit)
HMIS Godavari (U52) (edit)
HMIS Indus (U67) (edit)
HMIS Jumna (U21) (edit)
HMIS Kathiawar (J155) (edit)
HMIS Khyber (J190) (edit)
HMIS Kistna (U46) (edit)
HMIS Konkan (J228) (edit)
HMIS Kumaon (J164) (edit)
HMIS Narbada (U40) (edit)
HMIS Orissa (J200) (edit)
HMIS Rajputana (J197) (edit)
HMIS Rohilkhand (J180) (edit)
HMIS Sutlej (U95) (edit)
HMS Glasgow (C21) (edit)
INS Khukri (F149) (edit)
INS Vikrant (1961) (edit)
PNS Ghazi (edit)
PNS Khaibar (1956) (edit)
PNS Muhafiz (edit)
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Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to History of the Indian Navy.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy"