. |
#,† | IOC English name | Scientific name | Authority | Breeding Range | Code | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. |
102 | Gulls, Terns and Skimmers | Family Laridae | PHY, TAX | The skimmers Rynchops and terns are embedded among the gulls in a monophyletic clade; separation of the families Rynchopidae and Sternidae would render the gull family Laridae paraphyletic relative to these other two groups (Baker et al. 2008) | |||
. |
Anous | Stephens, 1826 | ||||||
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Brown Noddy | Anous stolidus | (Linnaeus, 1758) | TrO : widespread | ||||
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A. s. pileatus | (Scopoli, 1786) | Red Sea, Indian Ocean east through the Pacific to Hawaiian Is. and Easter I. | |||||
. |
A. s. galapagensis | Sharpe, 1879 | Galapagos Is. | |||||
. |
A. s. ridgwayi | Anthony, 1898 | islands off w Mexico to w Costa Rica | |||||
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A. s. stolidus | (Linnaeus, 1758) | islands of the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic | |||||
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Lesser Noddy | Anous tenuirostris | (Temminck, 1823) | IO : w, nw | ENG | Change English name of Anous tenuirostris from suggested Sooty Noddy back to established Lesser Noddy | ||
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A. t. tenuirostris | (Temminck, 1823) | islands of the w Indian Ocean | |||||
. |
A. t. melanops | Gould, 1846 | Houtman Abrolhos Is. (w Australia) | |||||
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Black Noddy | Anous minutus | Boie, F, 1844 | PO, AO : tropical | ||||
. |
A. m. worcesteri | (McGregor, 1911) | Cavilli I. and Tubbataha Reef (Sulu Sea) | |||||
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A. m. minutus | Boie, F, 1844 | ne Australia and New Guinea to Tuamotu Arch. | |||||
. |
A. m. marcusi | (Bryan, 1903) | Marcus and Wake Is. through Micronesia to Caroline Is. | |||||
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A. m. melanogenys | Gray, GR, 1846 | Hawaiian Is. | |||||
. |
A. m. diamesus | (Heller & Snodgrass, 1901) | Clipperton I. (off w Mexico) and Cocos I. (off w Costa Rica) | |||||
. |
A. m. americanus | (Mathews, 1912) | islands in the Caribbean | |||||
. |
A. m. atlanticus | (Mathews, 1912) | tropical s Atlantic islands | |||||
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Procelsterna | Lafresnaye, 1842 | ||||||
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Blue Noddy | Procelsterna cerulea | (Bennett, FD, 1840) | PO : w, c | ||||
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P. c. saxatilis | Fisher, WK, 1903 | Marcus (Japan) and n Marshall Is. (Micronesia) to nw Hawaiian Is. | |||||
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P. c. cerulea | (Bennett, FD, 1840) | Kiritimati I. and Marquesas Is. (Pacific) | |||||
. |
P. c. nebouxi | Mathews, 1912 | Phoenix and Tuvalu Is., Fiji and Samoa | |||||
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P. c. teretirostris | (Lafresnaye, 1841) | Tuamotu Arch., Cook, Austral and Society Is. | |||||
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P. c. murphyi | Mougin & Naurois, 1981 | Gambier Is. (French Polynesia) | |||||
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Grey Noddy | Procelsterna albivitta | Bonaparte, 1856 | PO : s | ||||
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P. a. albivitta | Bonaparte, 1856 | Lord Howe, Norfolk and Kermadec Is., Tonga | |||||
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P. a. skottsbergii | Lönnberg, 1921 | Henderson, Easter, and Sala y Gómez Is. (west of Chile) | |||||
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P. a. imitatrix | Mathews, 1912 | San Ambrosio and San Félix Is (west of Chile) | |||||
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Gygis | Wagler, 1832 | ||||||
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White Tern | Gygis alba | (Sparrman, 1786) | TrO : widespread | PHY, ENG | Gygis is a noddy (Baker et al 2007, Odeen et al 2010); consider English name change to "White Noddy"; see Yeung et al 2009 re taxonomy of Pacific Ocean subspecies | ||
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G. a. alba | (Sparrman, 1786) | islands of the tropical south Atlantic Ocean | |||||
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G. a. candida | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Seychelles and Mascarene Is. to the central Pacific (except ranges of next two ssp.) | |||||
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G. a. microrhyncha | Saunders, H, 1876 | Phoenix, Line and Marquesas Is. | |||||
. |
G. a. leucopes | Holyoak & Thibault, 1976 | Pitcarin Is. | |||||
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Rynchops | Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||
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Black Skimmer | Rynchops niger | Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, LA : widespread | ||||
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R. n. niger | Linnaeus, 1758 | coastal USA and Mexico | |||||
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R. n. cinerascens | von Spix, 1825 | n South America south to Bolivia and nw Argentina | |||||
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R. n. intercedens | Saunders, H, 1895 | e Brazil to Paraguay , Uruguay and ne Argentina | |||||
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African Skimmer | Rynchops flavirostris | Vieillot, 1816 | AF : widespread | ||||
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Indian Skimmer | Rynchops albicollis | Swainson, 1838 | OR : e Pakistan to Burma | ||||
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Creagrus | Bonaparte, 1854 | ||||||
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Swallow-tailed Gull | Creagrus furcatus | (Néboux, 1842) | SA : Galápagos Islands | ||||
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Rissa | Stephens, 1826 | ||||||
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Black-legged Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla | (Linnaeus, 1758) | EU, NA : n coasts | ||||
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R. t. tridactyla | (Linnaeus, 1758) | n, e Canada and n Europe to n Russia | |||||
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R. t. pollicaris | Ridgway, 1884 | e Siberia to w Alaska | |||||
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Red-legged Kittiwake | Rissa brevirostris | (Bruch, 1853) | NA : Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands | ||||
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Pagophila | Kaup, 1829 | ||||||
. |
Ivory Gull | Pagophila eburnea | (Phipps, 1774) | EU, NA : n coasts | ||||
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Xema | Leach, 1819 | ||||||
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Sabine's Gull | Xema sabini | (Sabine, 1819) | EU, NA : n coasts | ||||
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Chroicocephalus | Eyton, 1836 | ||||||
. |
Slender-billed Gull | Chroicocephalus genei | (Brème, 1839) | EU, AF : Iberian Pen. Through the Middle East to Pakistan and India; Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia | ||||
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Bonaparte's Gull | Chroicocephalus philadelphia | (Ord, 1815) | NA : sw Alaska to se Canada | ||||
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Red-billed Gull | Chroicocephalus scopulinus | (Forster, JR, 1844) | AU : New Zealand | ||||
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Silver Gull | Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae | (Stephens, 1826) | AU : Australia | ||||
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C. n. forsteri | (Mathews, 1912) | n and ne Australia, New Caledonia, Loyalty Is. (sw Pacific) | |||||
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C. n. gunni | (Mathews, 1912) | Tasmania | |||||
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C. n. novaehollandiae | (Stephens, 1826) | s Australia | |||||
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Black-billed Gull | Chroicocephalus bulleri | (Hutton, FW, 1871) | AU : New Zealand | ||||
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Andean Gull | Chroicocephalus serranus | (Tschudi, 1844) | SA : Ecuador to sc Chile and sc Argentina | ||||
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Brown-headed Gull | Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus | (Jerdon, 1840) | EU : sc Asia, w China and Tibet | ||||
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Brown-hooded Gull | Chroicocephalus maculipennis | (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823) | SA : e, s coasts | ||||
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Black-headed Gull | Chroicocephalus ridibundus | (Linnaeus, 1766) | EU : widespread | ENG | Change English name of Chroicocephalus (Larus) ridibundus reverts to Black-headed Gull with adoption of Pallas's Gull for Larus ichthyaetus | ||
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Grey-headed Gull | Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus | (Vieillot, 1818) | SA, AF : widespread | ENG | Change English name of Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus to Grey-headed Gull, which prevails in Africa and elsewhere | ||
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C. c. cirrocephalus | (Vieillot, 1818) | coastal Ecuador and Peru, coastal c Brazil to Argentina | |||||
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C. c. poiocephalus | (Swainson, 1837) | coastal Africa south of the Sahara and Madagascar | |||||
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Hartlaub's Gull | Chroicocephalus hartlaubii | (Bruch, 1853) | AF : coastal Namibia to South Africa | ||||
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Saunders's Gull | Chroicocephalus saundersi | Swinhoe, 1871 | EU : coastal e China | ||||
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Hydrocoloeus | Kaup, 1829 | ||||||
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Little Gull | Hydrocoloeus minutus | (Pallas, 1776) | EU : e and n Europe to w Siberia; e Siberia | ||||
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Rhodostethia | MacGillivray, W, 1842 | ||||||
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Ross's Gull | Rhodostethia rosea | (MacGillivray, W, 1824) | EU, NA : n coasts | ||||
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Leucophaeus | Bruch, 1853 | ||||||
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Dolphin Gull | Leucophaeus scoresbii | (Traill, 1823) | SA : extreme s coasts, Falkland Is. | ||||
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Lava Gull | Leucophaeus fuliginosus | (Gould, 1841) | SA : Galapagos Is. | ||||
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Laughing Gull | Leucophaeus atricilla | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, LA : widespread coasts | ||||
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L. a. megalopterus | (Bruch, 1855) | coastal se Canada, e and s USA to e Central America, sw USA, w Mexico | |||||
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L. a. atricilla | (Linnaeus, 1758) | West Indies to n Venezuelan islands | |||||
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Franklin's Gull | Leucophaeus pipixcan | (Wagler, 1831) | NA : sc canada and nc USA | ||||
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Grey Gull | Leucophaeus modestus | (Tschudi, 1843) | SA : n Chile | ||||
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Ichthyaetus | Kaup, 1829 | ||||||
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Relict Gull | Ichthyaetus relictus | (Lönnberg, 1931) | EU : Kazahkstan to Mongolia and nc China | ||||
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Audouin's Gull | Ichthyaetus audouinii | (Payraudeau, 1826) | EU, AF : Mediterranean and nw AF coasts | ||||
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Mediterranean Gull | Ichthyaetus melanocephalus | (Temminck, 1820) | EU : widespread in Europe | ||||
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Pallas's Gull | Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus | (Pallas, 1773) | EU : sw Russia to Mongolia and n China | ENG | Change English name of Larus ichthyaetus from Great Black-headed Gull to Pallas's Gull | ||
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White-eyed Gull | Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus | (Temminck, 1825) | AF : Red Sea | ||||
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Sooty Gull | Ichthyaetus hemprichii | (Bruch, 1853) | AF, EU : east AF and Middle East coasts | ||||
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Larus | Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||
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Pacific Gull | Larus pacificus | Latham, 1801 | AU : s, w Australian coasts | ||||
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L. p. georgii | King, PP, 1826 | w, sw and sc coasts | |||||
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L. p. pacificus | Latham, 1801 | se and Tasmanian coasts | |||||
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Belcher's Gull | Larus belcheri | Vigors, 1829 | SA : wc coast of Peru and n Chile | ENG | Change English name of Larus belcheri from Band-tailed Gull to Belcher's Gull to follow changes by AOU (NACC, SACC 60) | ||
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Olrog's Gull | Larus atlanticus | Olrog, 1958 | SA : ne coast of Argentina | ||||
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Black-tailed Gull | Larus crassirostris | Vieillot, 1818 | EU : e Siberia, Japan, Korea and e China | ||||
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Heermann's Gull | Larus heermanni | Cassin, 1852 | NA, MA : nw coast of Mexico and sw coast of California (USA) | ||||
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Mew Gull | Larus canus | Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, EU : w Europe to Siberia and nw NA | ||||
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L. c. canus | Linnaeus, 1758 | Iceland and the British Isles to White Sea | |||||
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L. c. heinei | Homeyer, 1853 | w Russia to c Siberia | |||||
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L. c. kamtschatschensis | Bonaparte, 1857 | ne Siberia | |||||
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L. c. brachyrhynchus | Richardson, 1831 | n Alaska, w Canada | |||||
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Ring-billed Gull | Larus delawarensis | Ord, 1815 | NA, MA : s Canada and n USA | ||||
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California Gull | Larus californicus | Lawrence, 1854 | NA, MA : nc, w | ||||
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L. c. albertaensis | Jehl, 1987 | c Canada, nc and nw USA | |||||
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L. c. californicus | Lawrence, 1854 | nw USA | |||||
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Great Black-backed Gull | Larus marinus | Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, EU : coastal e NA and w Europe | ||||
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Kelp Gull | Larus dominicanus | Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823 | SA, AU, AF : s coasts | ||||
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L. d. dominicanus | Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823 | South America, Falkland Is., South Georgia, Australia, New Zealand | |||||
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L. d. vetula | Bruch, 1853 | southern Africa | |||||
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L. d. judithae | Jiguet, 2002 | subantarctic islands of the Indian Ocean | |||||
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L. d. melisandae | Jiguet, 2002 | s and sw Madagascar | |||||
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L. d. austrinus | Fleming, JH, 1924 | Antarctica and Antarctic islands | |||||
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Glaucous-winged Gull | Larus glaucescens | Naumann, JF, 1840 | EU, NA : coastal n Pacific | ||||
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Western Gull | Larus occidentalis | Audubon, 1839 | NA : w coast | ||||
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L. o. occidentalis | Audubon, 1839 | sw British Columbia, w USA to c California | |||||
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L. o. wymani | Dickey & van Rossem, 1925 | c California (USA) to Baja California (Mexico) | |||||
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Yellow-footed Gull | Larus livens | Dwight, 1919 | NA, MA : coastal nw Mexico and s California | ||||
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Glaucous Gull | Larus hyperboreus | Gunnerus, 1767 | EU, NA : widespread n coasts | ||||
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L. h. hyperboreus | Gunnerus, 1767 | n Europe to nw Siberia | |||||
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L. h. pallidissimus | Portenko, 1939 | nw Siberia to the Bering Sea | |||||
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L. h. barrovianus | Ridgway, 1886 | Alaska to nw Canada | |||||
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L. h. leuceretes | Schleep, 1819 | nc Canada to Greenland and Iceland | |||||
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Iceland Gull | Larus glaucoides | Meyer, B, 1822 | NA, EU : n AO coast | ||||
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L. g. kumlieni | Brewster, 1883 | ne Canada | |||||
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L. g. glaucoides | Meyer, B, 1822 | s and w Greenland, Novaya Zemlya | |||||
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Thayer's Gull | Larus thayeri | Brooks, WS, 1915 | NA : n Canada and w Greenland | ||||
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European Herring Gull | Larus argentatus | Pontoppidan, 1763 | EU : n | ENG | Change English name of Larus argentatus to European Herring Gull with split of L. smithsonianus (Sangster et al 2005) | ||
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L. a. argenteus | Brehm, CL & Schilling, 1822 | Iceland, nw Europe | |||||
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L. a. argentatus | Pontoppidan, 1763 | Scandinavia to the Kola Pen. (nw Russia) | |||||
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American Herring Gull | Larus smithsonianus | Coues, 1862 | NA : c Alaska to Newfoundland and the Great Lakes | AS | Larus smithsonianus is split from L. argentatus (Sangster et al. 2005); Recognized by BOU, but not by AOU | ||
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Vega Gull | Larus vegae | Palmén, 1887 | EU : ne, e | TAX | Vega Gull includes Mongolian Gull L. mongolicus as ssp following Collinson, J.M., Parkin, D.T., Knox, A.G., Sangster, G., and L. Svensson. 2008. Species boundaries in the Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gull complex. British Birds 101(7):340-363 and, in part, Pierre Yésou (Dutch Birding 24:271-298, 2002) | ||
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L. v. mongolicus | Sushkin, 1925 | e Kazakhstan to Mongolia | |||||
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L. v. vegae | Palmén, 1887 | ne Siberia | |||||
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Caspian Gull | Larus cachinnans | Pallas, 1811 | EU : c Eurasia to ne China | ENG | Change English name of Larus cachinnans from Yellow-legged Gull to Caspian Gull with split of Larus michahellis | ||
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Yellow-legged Gull | Larus michahellis | Naumann, JF, 1840 | EU : w | AS | Larus michahellis is split from L.cachinnans (Sangster et al 2005, AOU 2007); recognized by BOU, AOU. This species retains the English name Yellow-legged Gull of the former, unsplit species. . | ||
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L. m. atlantis | Dwight, 1922 | Azore, Madeira and Canary Is. | |||||
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L. m. michahellis | Naumann, JF, 1840 | w and s Europe, nw Africa, Mediterranean | |||||
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Armenian Gull | Larus armenicus | Buturlin, 1934 | EU : Armenia to e Turkey and nw Iran | ||||
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Slaty-backed Gull | Larus schistisagus | Stejneger, 1884 | EU : coastal ne and e Siberia, n Japan | ||||
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Lesser Black-backed Gull | Larus fuscus | Linnaeus, 1758 | EU : w Europe to c Northern Siberia; also Greenland and Iceland | TAX | Lesser Black-backed Gull includes Heuglin's Gull L. heuglini as subspecies following Collinson, J.M., Parkin, D.T., Knox, A.G., Sangster, G., and L. Svensson. 2008. Species boundaries in the Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gull complex. British Birds 101(7):340-363. | ||
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L. f. graellsii | Brehm, AE, 1857 | Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Is., w Europe | |||||
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L. f. intermedius | Schiøler, 1922 | Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, sw Sweden and w Norway | |||||
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L. f. fuscus | Linnaeus, 1758 | n Norway, Sweden and Finland to the White Sea | |||||
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L. f. heuglini | Bree, 1876 | n Russia to nc Siberia | |||||
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L. f. barabensis | Johansen, HC, 1960 | c Asia | |||||
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Gelochelidon | Brehm, CL, 1830 | ||||||
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Gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon nilotica | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Worldwide : widespread | ||||
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G. n. nilotica | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Europe, n Africa through the Middle East and sc Asia to w China and Thailand | |||||
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G. n. affinis | (Horsfield, 1821) | Japan, s and e China through se Asia to Philippines, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Borneo | |||||
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G. n. macrotarsa | (Gould, 1837) | Australia | |||||
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G. n. aranea | (Wilson, A, 1814) | e and s USA through Greater Antilles | |||||
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G. n. vanrossemi | Bancroft, 1929 | s California (USA) to nw Mexico | |||||
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G. n. gronvoldi | (Mathews, 1912) | French Guiana to ne Argentina | |||||
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Hydroprogne | Kaup, 1829 | ||||||
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Caspian Tern | Hydroprogne caspia | (Pallas, 1770) | Worldwide : widespread except SA | ||||
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Thalasseus | Boie, F, 1822 | ||||||
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Royal Tern | Thalasseus maximus | (Boddaert, 1783) | NA, LA, AF : coasts | ||||
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T. m. maximus | (Boddaert, 1783) | s California (USA) to Peru, Florida and West Indies to Argentina | |||||
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T. m. albididorsalis | (Hartert, 1921) | Mauritania to Guinea | |||||
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Greater Crested Tern | Thalasseus bergii | (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823) | AU, OR, AF : coasts of e AF to the s Pacific | ENG | Change English name of Thalasseus bergii to preferred Greater Crested Tern (2.9) | ||
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T. b. bergii | (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823) | Namibia, South Africa | |||||
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T. b. enigma | (Clancey, 1979) | Zambezi Delta (Mozambique) | |||||
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T. b. thalassinus | (Stresemann, 1914) | Tanzania, Madagascar to Mascarenes and Chagos Arch. | |||||
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T. b. velox | (Cretzschmar, 1827) | Red Sea and nw Somalia to Burma and w Sumatra | |||||
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T. b. cristatus | (Stephens, 1826) | e China to w, n and e Australia, Ryukyu and Tuamotu Is. | |||||
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Elegant Tern | Thalasseus elegans | (Gambel, 1849) | NA, LA : coastal sw USA and nw Mexico | ||||
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Lesser Crested Tern | Thalasseus bengalensis | (Lesson, 1831) | AF, OR, AU : widespread coasts | ||||
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T. b. bengalensis | (Lesson, 1831) | Red Sea and Indian Ocean | |||||
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T. b. emigratus | (Neumann, 1934) | Libya and Persian Gulf | |||||
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T. b. torresii | Gould, 1843 | Australasia | |||||
. |
Chinese Crested Tern | Thalasseus bernsteini | (Schlegel, 1863) | EU : islands off China's e coast | ||||
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Sandwich Tern | Thalasseus sandvicensis | (Latham, 1787) | EU, AF : northern Europe to Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas | ||||
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Cabot's Tern | Thalasseus acuflavidus | (Cabot, S, 1847) | NA, LA : widespread coasts from Virginia to French Guiana, Argentina | TAX | New World Cabot's Tern including Cayenne Tern T. eurygnatha is sister to Elegant Tern, not Sandwich Tern of Europe (AOU, Efe et al. 2009); acuflavida (Cabot 1847) has priority over eurygnatha (Sanders 1876) | ||
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T. a. acuflavidus | (Cabot, S, 1847) | e North America to s Caribbean | |||||
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T. a. eurygnathus | (Saunders, H, 1876) | islands off Venezuela and the Guianas, n and e South America | |||||
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Sternula | Boie, F, 1822 | TAX | See Bridge et al 2005 for revision of tern genera | ||||
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Little Tern | Sternula albifrons | (Pallas, 1764) | AF, EU, OR, AU : widespread | ||||
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S. a. albifrons | (Pallas, 1764) | Europe and n Africa to c Asia, | |||||
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S. a. guineae | (Bannerman, 1931) | Mauritania to Gabon | |||||
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S. a. sinensis | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | India and the Indian Ocean through e and se Asia to Australia | |||||
. |
Saunders's Tern | Sternula saundersi | (Hume, 1877) | AF, EU : Middle East | ||||
. |
Least Tern | Sternula antillarum | Lesson, 1847 | NA, MA : widespread | ||||
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S. a. athalassos | (Burleigh & Lowery, 1942) | c and sc North America | |||||
. |
S. a. antillarum | Lesson, 1847 | e and s USA to Honduras, Caribbean, n South America | |||||
. |
S. a. browni | (Mearns, 1916) | c California (USA) to w Mexico | |||||
. |
Yellow-billed Tern | Sternula superciliaris | (Vieillot, 1819) | SA : e Peru, c Colombia and n Venezuela to ne Argentina | ||||
. |
Peruvian Tern | Sternula lorata | (Philippi & Landbeck, 1861) | SA : coasts Ecuador to Chile | ||||
. |
Fairy Tern | Sternula nereis | Gould, 1843 | AU : s, sw, w coasts | ||||
. |
S. n. exsul | Mathews, 1912 | New Caledonia | |||||
. |
S. n. davisae | Mathews & Iredale, 1913 | n North I. (New Zealand) | |||||
. |
S. n. nereis | Gould, 1843 | w and s Australia | |||||
. |
Damara Tern | Sternula balaenarum | Strickland, 1853 | AF : coastal Angola, Namibia and South Africa | ||||
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Onychoprion | Wagler, 1832 | ||||||
. |
Aleutian Tern | Onychoprion aleuticus | (Baird, SF, 1869) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Spectacled Tern | Onychoprion lunatus | (Peale, 1848) | PO : islands of the sw Pacific Ocean | ||||
. |
Bridled Tern | Onychoprion anaethetus | (Scopoli, 1786) | TrO : widespread | ||||
. |
O. a. melanopterus | (Swainson, 1837) | Caribbean Sea and w Africa | |||||
. |
O. a. antarcticus | (Lesson, 1831) | Red Sea, Persian Gulf and w Indian Ocean | |||||
. |
O. a. anaethetus | (Scopoli, 1786) | e Indian Ocean and w Pacific | |||||
. |
O. a. nelsoni | (Ridgway, 1919) | w coast of Mexico and Central America | |||||
. |
Sooty Tern | Onychoprion fuscatus | (Linnaeus, 1766) | TrO : widespread | ||||
. |
O. f. fuscatus | (Linnaeus, 1766) | Gulf of Mexico and West Indies, Gulf of Guinea, s Atlantic | |||||
. |
O. f. nubilosus | (Sparrman, 1788) | Red Sea and Indian Ocean to Ryukyu Is., Philippines and Greater Sundas | |||||
. |
O. f. serratus | (Wagler, 1830) | w and n Australia and New Guinea through the s Pacific to Easter I. | |||||
. |
O. f. kermadeci | Mathews, 1916 | Kermadec, Lord Howe and Norfolk Is. | |||||
. |
O. f. oahuensis | (Bloxam, A, 1827) | Bonin Is. (Japan) to the Hawaiian Is. south to Kiritimati (Line Is.) | |||||
. |
O. f. crissalis | (Lawrence, 1872) | islands off w Mexico to the Galapagos | |||||
. |
O. f. luctuosus | (Philippi & Landbeck, 1866) | Juan Fernández Is. (Chile) | |||||
. |
Sterna | Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||
. |
River Tern | Sterna aurantia | Gray, JE, 1831 | OR : e Pakistan through India to s Vietnam | ||||
. |
Roseate Tern | Sterna dougallii | Montagu, 1813 | Worldwide : widespread coasts | ||||
. |
S. d. dougallii | Montagu, 1813 | e North America, West Indies, Azores, Europe, Africa | |||||
. |
S. d. arideensis | Mathews, 1912 | Seychelles to Madagascar and Rodrigues I. | |||||
. |
S. d. korustes | (Hume, 1874) | Sri Lanka, Andaman Is. and Mergui Arch. (sw Burma) | |||||
. |
S. d. bangsi | Mathews, 1912 | Ryukyu Is. and e China to New Guinea, ne Australia and islands of the sw Pacific | |||||
. |
S. d. gracilis | Gould, 1845 | Moluccas, w and n Australia | |||||
. |
White-fronted Tern | Sterna striata | Gmelin, JF, 1789 | AU : New Zealand | ||||
. |
Black-naped Tern | Sterna sumatrana | Raffles, 1822 | AF, OR, AU : coasts | ||||
. |
S. s. mathewsi | Stresemann, 1914 | islands of the w Indian Ocean | |||||
. |
S. s. sumatrana | Raffles, 1822 | islands of e Indian Ocean to islands of w Pacific and Australasia | |||||
. |
South American Tern | Sterna hirundinacea | Lesson, 1831 | SA : coastal Peru and se Brazil to Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Is. | ||||
. |
Common Tern | Sterna hirundo | Linnaeus, 1758 | EU, NA : widespread | ||||
. |
S. h. hirundo | Linnaeus, 1758 | North America to n South America, n and w Africa, Europe to nw Siberia and w China | |||||
. |
S. h. tibetana | Saunders, H, 1876 | w Himalayas to w Mongolia and Tibet | |||||
. |
S. h. minussensis | Sushkin, 1925 | c Siberia to n Mongolia | |||||
. |
S. h. longipennis | Nordmann, 1835 | ne Siberia to ne China | |||||
. |
White-cheeked Tern | Sterna repressa | Hartert, 1916 | AF, EU : coastal Kenya to coastal Pakistan | ||||
. |
Arctic Tern | Sterna paradisaea | Pontoppidan, 1763 | EU, NA : widespread through the north | ||||
. |
Antarctic Tern | Sterna vittata | Gmelin, JF, 1789 | SO : widespread | ||||
. |
S. v. tristanensis | Murphy, 1938 | Tristan da Cunha, Gough, St. Paul and Amsterdam Is. | |||||
. |
S. v. georgiae | Reichenow, 1904 | South Georgia, South Orkney and South Sandwich Is. | |||||
. |
S. v. gaini | Murphy, 1938 | South Shetland Is., Antarctic Pen. and islands | |||||
. |
S. v. vittata | Gmelin, JF, 1789 | Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Bouvet and Heard Is. | |||||
. |
S. v. bethunei | Buller, 1896 | Stewart, Snares, Auckland, Bounty, Antipodes, Campbell and Macquarie Is. | |||||
. |
Kerguelen Tern | Sterna virgata | Cabanis, 1875 | IO : s islands | ||||
. |
S. v. mercuri | Voisin, 1971 | Crozet and Prince Edward Is. | |||||
. |
S. v. virgata | Cabanis, 1875 | Kerguelen Is. | |||||
. |
Forster's Tern | Sterna forsteri | Nuttall, 1834 | NA, MA : sc Canada through the USA to ne Mexico | ||||
. |
Snowy-crowned Tern | Sterna trudeaui | Audubon, 1838 | SA : se Brazil to e Argentina, c Chile | ||||
. |
Black-bellied Tern | Sterna acuticauda | Gray, JE, 1831 | OR : India through Southeast Asia | ||||
. |
Chlidonias | Rafinesque, 1822 | ||||||
. |
Black-fronted Tern | Chlidonias albostriatus | (Gray, GR, 1845) | AU : New Zealand | ||||
. |
Whiskered Tern | Chlidonias hybrida | (Pallas, 1811) | AF, EU, OR, AU : widespread | ||||
. |
C. h. hybrida | (Pallas, 1811) | n Africa and sw Europe to c Asia, se Siberia, China and se Asia | TAX | Includes ssps swinhoei and indicus. Dickinson, 2003. | |||
. |
C. h. delalandii | (Mathews, 1912) | s and e Africa, Madagascar | TAX | Includes C. h. sclateri. Dickinson, 2003. | |||
. |
C. h. javanicus | (Horsfield, 1821) | Australia | TAX | Synonymous with C. h. fluviatilis. Dickinson, 2003. | |||
. |
White-winged Tern | Chlidonias leucopterus | (Temminck, 1815) | EU : e Europe to e Siberia and ne China | ||||
. |
Black Tern | Chlidonias niger | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, EU : widespread | ||||
. |
C. n. niger | (Linnaeus, 1758) | Europe to c Asia | |||||
. |
C. n. surinamensis | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | Canada, n USA | |||||
. |
Phaetusa | Wagler, 1832 | ||||||
. |
Large-billed Tern | Phaetusa simplex | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | SA : widespread | ||||
. |
P. s. simplex | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | n, c and e | |||||
. |
P. s. chloropoda | (Vieillot, 1819) | sc and se | |||||
. |
Larosterna | Blyth, 1852 | ||||||
. |
Inca Tern | Larosterna inca | (Lesson & Garnot, 1827) | SA : coastal n Peru to c Chile | ||||
. |
||||||||
. |
7 | Skuas | Family Stercorariidae | |||||
. |
Stercorarius | Brisson, 1760 | ||||||
. |
Chilean Skua | Stercorarius chilensis | Bonaparte, 1857 | SA : s coasts and oceans | ||||
. |
South Polar Skua | Stercorarius maccormicki | Saunders, H, 1893 | AN : coasts | ||||
. |
Brown Skua | Stercorarius antarcticus | (Lesson, 1831) | SO : oceans and islands | ENG | Change English name of Stercorarius antarcticus from Subantarctic Skua to Brown Skua to follow SACC | ||
. |
S. a. antarcticus | (Lesson, 1831) | Falkland Is., se Argentina | |||||
. |
S. a. hamiltoni | (Hagen, 1952) | Tristan da Cunha and Gough Is. | |||||
. |
S. a. lonnbergi | (Mathews, 1912) | Antarctic Pen. and subantarctic Is. | |||||
. |
Great Skua | Stercorarius skua | (Brünnich, 1764) | EU : nw islands and coasts | ||||
. |
Pomarine Skua | Stercorarius pomarinus | (Temminck, 1815) | NA, EU : n | PHY | Stercorarius pomarinus is more closely related to the large skuas than to the traditional jaegers | ||
. |
Parasitic Jaeger | Stercorarius parasiticus | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, EU : n | ENG | Many prefer "skua" to German "jaeger" for Stercorarius parasiticus and S. longicaudus | ||
. |
Long-tailed Jaeger | Stercorarius longicaudus | Vieillot, 1819 | NA, EU : n | ||||
. |
S. l. longicaudus | Vieillot, 1819 | n Scandinavia and n Russia | |||||
. |
S. l. pallescens | Løppenthin, 1932 | e Siberia, arctic North America, Greenland | |||||
. |
||||||||
. |
25 | Auks | Family Alcidae | |||||
. |
Alle | Link, 1806 | ||||||
. |
Little Auk | Alle alle | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, EU : n coasts | ||||
. |
A. a. alle | (Linnaeus, 1758) | Baffin I. (Canada) to Novaya Zemlya (nw Russia) | |||||
. |
A. a. polaris | Stenhouse, 1930 | Frans Josef Land (Russia) to St. Lawrence I. (Alaska) | |||||
. |
Uria | Brisson, 1760 | ||||||
. |
Thick-billed Murre | Uria lomvia | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, EU : n coasts | ||||
. |
U. l. lomvia | (Linnaeus, 1758) | ne Canada to Novaya Zemlya (nw Russia) | |||||
. |
U. l. eleonorae | Portenko, 1937 | e Taymyr Pen. to New Siberia islands (nc Russia) | |||||
. |
U. l. heckeri | Portenko, 1944 | Wrangel and Herald Is., Chukotsk Pen. (ne Russia) | |||||
. |
U. l. arra | (Pallas, 1811) | n Japan to the Aleutian Is. and se Alaska | |||||
. |
Common Murre | Uria aalge | (Pontoppidan, 1763) | NA, EU : n coasts | ||||
. |
U. a. aalge | (Pontoppidan, 1763) | e Canada to Iceland, Scotland, s Norway and the Baltic Sea | |||||
. |
U. a. hyperborea | Salomonsen, 1932 | n Norway to Svalbard and nw Russia | |||||
. |
U. a. albionis | Witherby, 1923 | British Isles to w Iberian Pen. | |||||
. |
U. a. inornata | Salomonsen, 1932 | e Korea, Japan through the Bering Sea to w Alaska and sw Canada | |||||
. |
U. a. californica | (Bryant, H, 1861) | n Washington to California (USA) | |||||
. |
Alca | Linnaeus, 1758 | ||||||
. |
Razorbill | Alca torda | Linnaeus, 1758 | NA, EU : n Atlantic coasts | ||||
. |
A. t. torda | Linnaeus, 1758 | ne North America, Greenland to n Scandinavia and the White Sea | |||||
. |
A. t. islandica | Brehm, CL, 1831 | Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles to nw France | |||||
. |
Pinguinus | Bonnaterre, 1791 | ||||||
. |
† | Great Auk | Pinguinus impennis | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, EU : n North Atlantic | |||
. |
Cepphus | Pallas, 1769 | ||||||
. |
Black Guillemot | Cepphus grylle | (Linnaeus, 1758) | NA, EU : n coasts | ||||
. |
C. g. mandtii | (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1822) | ne Canada to Svalbard to n Siberia and n Alaska | |||||
. |
C. g. arcticus | (Brehm, CL, 1824) | ne USA, se Canada and s Greenland to the British Isles, s Scandinavia and the White Sea | |||||
. |
C. g. islandicus | Hørring, 1937 | Iceland | |||||
. |
C. g. faeroeensis | Brehm, CL, 1831 | Faroe Is. | |||||
. |
C. g. grylle | (Linnaeus, 1758) | Baltic Sea | |||||
. |
Pigeon Guillemot | Cepphus columba | Pallas, 1811 | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
C. c. columba | Pallas, 1811 | ne Siberia through the Bering Sea and the e Aleutian Is. to nw USA | |||||
. |
C. c. kaiurka | Portenko, 1937 | Commander Is.(se Russia) to wc Aleutian Is. | |||||
. |
C. c. snowi | Stejneger, 1897 | n and c Kuril Is. (se Russia) | |||||
. |
Spectacled Guillemot | Cepphus carbo | Pallas, 1811 | EU : ne coasts | ||||
. |
Brachyramphus | von Brandt, JF, 1837 | ||||||
. |
Marbled Murrelet | Brachyramphus marmoratus | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | NA : nw coasts | ||||
. |
Long-billed Murrelet | Brachyramphus perdix | (Pallas, 1811) | EU : ne coasts | ||||
. |
Kittlitz's Murrelet | Brachyramphus brevirostris | (Vigors, 1829) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Synthliboramphus | von Brandt, JF, 1837 | ||||||
. |
Guadalupe Murrelet | Synthliboramphus hypoleucus | (Xántus de Vésey, 1860) | MA : nw Baja California (Mexico) | ENG | Change English name of S. hypoleucus from Xantus's Murrelet to Guadalupe Murrelet (NACC 2011-C-14b) | ||
. |
Scripps's Murrelet | Synthliboramphus scrippsi | (Green & Arnold, 1939) | NA, MA : Channel Is. (California, USA) and islands off w Baja California (Mexico) | AS | Scripps's Murrelet is split from Guadalupe [Xantus's] Murrelet (Sibley and Monroe 1993, Nettleship 1996, Birt et al 2012, NACC 2011-14-C) | ||
. |
Craveri's Murrelet | Synthliboramphus craveri | (Salvadori, 1865) | NA, MA : w coasts | ||||
. |
Ancient Murrelet | Synthliboramphus antiquus | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
S. a. antiquus | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | ne Asia, the Aleutian Is. to s Alaska | |||||
. |
S. a. microrhynchos | Stepanyan, 1972 | Commander Is. (se Russia) | |||||
. |
Japanese Murrelet | Synthliboramphus wumizusume | (Temminck, 1836) | EU : Japan, coasts | ||||
. |
Ptychoramphus | von Brandt, JF, 1837 | ||||||
. |
Cassin's Auklet | Ptychoramphus aleuticus | (Pallas, 1811) | NA : nw coasts | ||||
. |
P. a. aleuticus | (Pallas, 1811) | Aleutian Is. and s Alaska to n Baja California (Mexico) | |||||
. |
P. a. australis | van Rossem, 1939 | s Baja California (Mexico) | |||||
. |
Aethia | Merrem, 1788 | ||||||
. |
Parakeet Auklet | Aethia psittacula | (Pallas, 1769) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Least Auklet | Aethia pusilla | (Pallas, 1811) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Whiskered Auklet | Aethia pygmaea | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | EU, NA : nc, nw Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Crested Auklet | Aethia cristatella | (Pallas, 1769) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Cerorhinca | Bonaparte, 1828 | ||||||
. |
Rhinoceros Auklet | Cerorhinca monocerata | (Pallas, 1811) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Fratercula | Brisson, 1760 | ||||||
. |
Atlantic Puffin | Fratercula arctica | (Linnaeus, 1758) | EU, NA : n Atlantic coasts | ||||
. |
F. a. arctica | (Linnaeus, 1758) | e Canada and ne USA to Iceland, c and s Norway to s Novaya Zemlya (nw Russia) | |||||
. |
F. a. grabae | (Brehm, CL, 1831) | Faroe Is. to s Norway, British Isles and nw France | |||||
. |
F. a. naumanni | Norton, AH, 1901 | n Canada and Greenland to n Novaya Zemlya (nw Russia) | |||||
. |
Horned Puffin | Fratercula corniculata | (Naumann, JF, 1821) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
Tufted Puffin | Fratercula cirrhata | (Pallas, 1769) | EU, NA : n Pacific coasts | ||||
. |
||||||||
. |
ORDER PTEROCLIFORMES | PHY,TAX | The sandgrouse are treated as a separate Order Pterocliformes because their relationships to other modern birds remain uncertain. | |||||
. |
16 | Sandgrouse | Family Pteroclidae | |||||
. |
Syrrhaptes | Illiger, 1811 | ||||||
. |
Tibetan Sandgrouse | Syrrhaptes tibetanus | Gould, 1850 | EU : Tajikistan through Tibet to wc China | ||||
. |
Pallas's Sandgrouse | Syrrhaptes paradoxus | (Pallas, 1773) | EU : w Kazahkstan to ne and ec China | ||||
. |
Pterocles | Temminck, 1815 | ||||||
. |
Pin-tailed Sandgrouse | Pterocles alchata | (Linnaeus, 1766) | EU, AF : sw EU, n AF | ||||
. |
P. a. alchata | (Linnaeus, 1766) | Iberian Pen., se France | |||||
. |
P. a. caudacutus | (Gmelin, SG, 1774) | n Africa through the Middle East to s Kazakhstan and Pakistan | |||||
. |
Namaqua Sandgrouse | Pterocles namaqua | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | AF : Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa | ||||
. |
Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse | Pterocles exustus | Temminck, 1825 | AF, EU, OR : w AF to India | ||||
. |
P. e. floweri | Nicoll, 1921 | Egypt | |||||
. |
P. e. exustus | Temminck, 1825 | Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to c Sudan | |||||
. |
P. e. ellioti | Bogdanov, 1881 | se Sudan, Eritrea, n Ethiopia, Somalia | |||||
. |
P. e. olivascens | (Hartert, 1909) | sw Ethiopia, Kenya, n Tanzania | |||||
. |
P. e. erlangeri | (Neumann, 1909) | w and s Arabian Pen. | |||||
. |
P. e. hindustan | Meinertzhagen, R, 1923 | se Iran, Pakistan, India | |||||
. |
Spotted Sandgrouse | Pterocles senegallus | (Linnaeus, 1771) | AF, EU : nw AF to nw India | ||||
. |
Black-bellied Sandgrouse | Pterocles orientalis | (Linnaeus, 1758) | EU : sw, also n AF | ||||
. |
P. o. orientalis | (Linnaeus, 1758) | Canary Is., Iberian Pen., Morocco to w Iran | |||||
. |
P. o. arenarius | (Pallas, 1775) | Kazakhstan to s Iran and Afghanistan, east to nw China | |||||
. |
Yellow-throated Sandgrouse | Pterocles gutturalis | Smith, A, 1836 | AF : e, sc | ||||
. |
P. g. saturatior | Hartert, 1900 | Ethiopia to n Zambia | |||||
. |
P. g. gutturalis | Smith, A, 1836 | s Zambia to South Africa | |||||
. |
Crowned Sandgrouse | Pterocles coronatus | Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823 | AF, EU : w AF to Pakistan | ||||
. |
P. c. coronatus | Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823 | w and c Sahara to e Egypt and n Sudan | |||||
. |
P. c. vastitas | Meinertzhagen, R, 1928 | Sinai Pen. (ne Egypt) to Israel and Jordan | |||||
. |
P. c. saturatus | Kinnear, 1927 | n Oman | |||||
. |
P. c. atratus | Hartert, 1902 | Arabian Pen. to s Afghanistan | |||||
. |
P. c. ladas | Koelz, 1954 | Pakistan | |||||
. |
Black-faced Sandgrouse | Pterocles decoratus | Cabanis, 1868 | AF : e | ||||
. |
P. d. ellenbecki | Erlanger, 1905 | s Ethiopia and s Somalia to n Kenya and ne Uganda | |||||
. |
P. d. decoratus | Cabanis, 1868 | se Kenya, e Tanzania | |||||
. |
P. d. loveridgei | (Friedmann, 1928) | sw Kenya, c Tanzania | |||||
. |
Madagascan Sandgrouse | Pterocles personatus | Gould, 1843 | AF : Madagascar | ||||
. |
Lichtenstein's Sandgrouse | Pterocles lichtensteinii | Temminck, 1825 | AF, EU : nw AF to Pakistan | ||||
. |
P. l. targius | Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916 | Morocco and Mauritania to Chad | |||||
. |
P. l. lichtensteinii | Temminck, 1825 | ne Chad, n Sudan to Eritrea and n Somalia, e and ne Egypt to Jordan | |||||
. |
P. l. sukensis | Neumann, 1909 | se Sudan, s Ethiopia to c Kenya | |||||
. |
P. l. arabicus | Neumann, 1909 | s Arabian Pen. through s Iran and Afghanistan to Pakistan | |||||
. |
P. l. ingramsi | Bates & Kinnear, 1937 | Hadhramaut (s Yemen) | |||||
. |
Painted Sandgrouse | Pterocles indicus | (Gmelin, JF, 1789) | OR : India | ||||
. |
Four-banded Sandgrouse | Pterocles quadricinctus | Temminck, 1815 | AF : Senegal and Gambia to Eritrea, Ethiopia and w Kenya | ||||
. |
Double-banded Sandgrouse | Pterocles bicinctus | Temminck, 1815 | AF : s | ||||
. |
P. b. ansorgei | (Benson, 1947) | sw Angola | |||||
. |
P. b. bicinctus | Temminck, 1815 | Namibia, Botswana, nw South Africa | |||||
. |
P. b. multicolor | Hartert, 1908 | Zambia and Malawi to w Mozambique and ne South Africa | |||||
. |
Burchell's Sandgrouse | Pterocles burchelli | Sclater, WL, 1922 | AF : s Angola and Namibia through Botswana to Zimbabwe and South Africa |