รัฐเอกราช

ในภูมิศาสตร์การเมือง รัฐเอกราช (อังกฤษ: sovereign state) เป็นองค์กรทางการเมืองที่มีการปกครองแบบรวมศูนย์ (centralized government, รัฐบาลส่วนกลาง) ที่มีอำนาจสูงสุดที่ชอบธรรมและเป็นอิสระเหนือพื้นที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์^[1] มีประชากรถาวร, รัฐบาล, และวิสัยที่จะเข้าไปสร้างความสัมพันธ์กับรัฐเอกราชอื่น^[2] นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นที่เข้าใจกันว่าเป็นรัฐที่ไม่ขึ้นอยู่กับอำนาจหรือรัฐอื่น^[3] การดำรงอยู่หรือการหายตัวไปของรัฐเป็นปัญหาข้อเท็จจริง^[4] ขณะที่ตามทฤษฎีปกครองของการรับรองรัฐ รัฐเอกราชสามารถดำรงอยู่ได้โดยไม่ได้รับการยอมรับจากรัฐเอกราชอื่น รัฐที่ไม่ได้การยอมรับมักพบว่าเป็นการยากที่จะใช้อำนาจทำสนธิสัญญาเต็มรูปแบบและมีส่วนร่วมในความสัมพันธ์ทางการทูตกับรัฐอธิปไตยอื่น ๆ

คำว่า "ประเทศ" เป็นภาษาพูดที่บ่อยครั้งมักหมายถึงรัฐเอกราช แม้ว่าต้นกำเนิดจะหมายถึงเพียงแค่ดินแดน และต่อมาความหมายได้ยื่นขยายกลายเป็นระบบการปกครองที่มีอำนาจซึ่งควบคุมพื้นที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์

อ้างอิง

↑ "The powers of external sovereignty on the part of the State do not depend on the affirmative grant of this in the Constitution. ... The State would not be completely sovereign if it did not have in common with other members of the family of nations the right and power in the field of international relations equal to the right and power of other states. These powers of the State include the power to declare war or to participate in a war, to conclude peace, to make treaties, and maintain diplomatic relations with other states." — Crotty v An Taoiseach (1987) IESC 4 (9 April 1987)
↑
See the following:
- Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). International law. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1933 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'
- Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, บ.ก. (1995). Perspectives on international law. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.
↑
See the following:
- Wheaton, Henry (1836). Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.
- "sovereign", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 February 2010, adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.
- "sovereign", The New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-517077-6, adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.
↑ Lalonde, Suzanne (2002). "Notes to pages". Determining boundaries in a conflicted world: the role of uti possidetis. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7735-2424-8.

อ่านเพิ่ม

Chen, Ti-chiang. The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States. London, 1951.
Crawford, James. The Creation of States in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-825402-4, pp. 15–24.
Lauterpacht, Sir Hersch. Recognition in International Law. Cambridge, U.K., 1947.
Raič, D. Statehood and the Law of Self-determination. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-90-411-1890-5. p 29 (with reference to Oppenheim in International Law Vol. 1 1905 p110)

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee at the European Journal of International Law
A Brief Primer on International Law เก็บถาวร 2016-11-10 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
What constitutes the sovereign state? by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck
Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com เก็บถาวร 2012-08-01 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment

[1] "The powers of external sovereignty on the part of the State do not depend on the affirmative grant of this in the Constitution. ... The State would not be completely sovereign if it did not have in common with other members of the family of nations the right and power in the field of international relations equal to the right and power of other states. These powers of the State include the power to declare war or to participate in a war, to conclude peace, to make treaties, and maintain diplomatic relations with other states." — Crotty v An Taoiseach (1987) IESC 4 (9 April 1987)

[2] See the following:
Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). International law. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1933 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'

Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, บ.ก. (1995). Perspectives on international law. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

[3] Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). International law. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, 1933 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'

[4] Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, บ.ก. (1995). Perspectives on international law. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

[3] See the following:
Wheaton, Henry (1836). Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

"sovereign", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 February 2010, adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

"sovereign", The New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-517077-6, adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

[6] Wheaton, Henry (1836). Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

[7] "sovereign", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 February 2010, adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

[8] "sovereign", The New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-517077-6, adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

[Lalonde2002-4] Lalonde, Suzanne (2002). "Notes to pages". Determining boundaries in a conflicted world: the role of uti possidetis. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7735-2424-8.

[1]