Tazama chanzo cha Mpira wa miguu

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Unaweza kutazama na kunakili chanzo cha ukurasa huu.
[[Picha:Angola vs Morocco 2013 AFCON.jpg|thumbnail|Mechi ya kandanda ya [[Angola]] dhidi ya [[Moroko]] mwaka [[2013]].]]
'''Mpira wa miguu''' (pia '''soka''' au '''kandanda''') ni [[mchezo]] unaochezwa na jumla ya wachezaji ishirini na wawili katika [[timu]] mbili, kila timu ikiwa na wachezaji kumi na mmoja. 

Lengo hasa la mchezo huu ni wachezaji kuumiliki [[mpira]] kwa kutumia [[miguu]] na kufunga goli, yaani kuuingiza mpira katika [[wavu]] wa wapinzani mara nyingi zaidi.

Matumizi ya [[mikono]] ni marufuku isipokuwa kwa [[mlinda mlango]] katika eneo maalumu na wakati wa kurudisha mpira baada ya kutoka nje ya uwanja.

== Historia ==
[[Picha:Ancient Greek Football Player.jpg|thumbnail|Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu, [[Ugiriki ya Kale]].]]
Michezo mbalimbali ya kuchezea mpira inaweza kupatikana katika kila uwanja wa [[jiografia]] na [[historia]]. [[Wachina]], [[Wajapani]], [[Wakorea]] na [[Waitalia]], wote hao walikuwa wakicheza mpira zamani kabla ya enzi zetu. [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waromania]] walitumia michezo hiyo kuwaandaa wapiganaji kabla ya [[vita]]. 

Hata hivyo, ni nchini [[Uingereza]] ambapo umbo la soka la kisasa lilianza kulipuka.

Ilianza wakati mashirikisho mawili (Shirikisho la Mpira wa miguu na Mpira wa [[Ragbi]]) yalipotawanyika. Shirikisho la kwanza lilibakia [[Uingereza]]. Mnamo [[Oktoba]] 1963, Vilabu 11 vya [[London]] vilituma wawakilishi katika mkutano wa [[Freemasons]] ili kujadili na kuweka kanuni zilizokubalika kusimamia [[mechi]] zilizochezwa kati yao.

Mkutano huu ulipelekea kuanzisha kwa [[Shirikisho la Kandanda]] (''Football Association'').

Miongoni mwa kanuni zilizowekwa ni zile za kukataa utumiaji wa mikono kushika mpira na kunyang'anyana kwa [[nguvu]]. Soka na Ragbi zilifarakana tarehe hiyo.

Miaka minane baada ya kuanzishwa, Shirikisho la Kandanda ([[FA]]) lilikuwa na wanachama 50. Shindano la kwanza la kandanda - [[Kombe la FA]] - lilianza mwaka huo, likifuatiwa na lile la [[Ligi ya Ubingwa]] miaka 17 baadaye. 

Wachezaji wawili wa Klabu ya Darwin, [[John Dove]] na [[Fergus Suter]] walikuwa wa kwanza kulipwa kwa mchezo wao. Kitendo hiki kilikuwa mwanzo wa [[soka ya kulipwa|soka la kulipwa]] iliyohalalishwa mwaka wa [[1885]]. 

Mwamko huu ulipelekea kuanzishwa kwa Mashirikisho ya kitaifa nje ya Uingereza (Great Britain). Baada ya Shirikisho la Kandanda la Uingereza, Mashirikisho yaliyofuatia ni ya [[Uskoti]] ([[1873]]), [[Wales]] ([[1875]]) na [[Eire]] ([[1880]]).

Kutokana na ushawishi mkuu wa Uingereza katika [[Taifa|mataifa]] ya [[dunia]], soka ilisambaa kote [[duniani]].

Mataifa mengine mengi yalianzisha Mashirikisho ya Kandanda kufikia [[1904]] wakati [[Shirikisho la Soka Duniani]] ([[FIFA]]) lilipoanzishwa. Tangu hapo, kandanda ya kimataifa imekuwa ikikua licha ya vikwazo mbalimbali. 

Kufikia [[1912]], [[FIFA]] ilikuwa na uanachama wa mashirikisho 21, [[idadi]] iliyoongezeka na kufikia 36 mwaka [[1925]]. 

Kufikia 1930 - mwaka ambapo kwa mara ya kwanza kulikuwa na mashindano ya [[Kombe La Dunia]], [[FIFA]] ilikuwa na wanachama 41. Idadi hii ilizidi kuongezeka na kufika 51 mnamo [[1938]] na 76 kufikia [[1950]]. 

Baada ya Kongamano la [[FIFA]] la mwaka [[2000]], kulikuwa na wanachama 204 na idadi hii inazidi kukua kila mwaka.

== Kanuni ==
Maagizo ya Kandanda hupitiwa na kufanyiwa mabadiliko kila mwaka (Mwezi Julai) na [[Shirikisho la Kandanda Duniani]] ([[FIFA]]).<ref>Kanuni za Soka, www.fifa.com [http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/81/42/36/lawsofthegameen.pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/81/42/36/lawsofthegameen.pdf |date=20140709040125 }}</ref>

== Uwanja ==
[[Picha:Uwanja wa mpira maelezo.png|300px|thumbnail|right|Vipimo vya uwanja wa soka.]]
Uwanja una umbo la [[mstatili]]. Hakuna [[kipimo]] kamili, ila kanuni zinasema [[urefu]] ni baina ya [[mita]] 90 na 120, [[upana]] baina ya mita 45 na 90. Kwa michezo ya kimataifa urefu uwe baina ya mita 100 - 110 na upana baina ya mita 64 na 75.

[[Goli]] ziko kwenye pande fupi zaidi. Kuna [[alama]] ya [[bendera]] kwenye kona za uwanja. Mwaka [[2008]] IFAB ilijaribu kusanifisha vipimo kuwa mita 105 kwa 68, lakini kanuni hii ilisimamishwa baadaye.

Mstari ni mpaka wa uwanja. Wakati mpira uko kwenye mstari hata kwa kiasi kidogo unahesabiwa bado uko ndani ya uwanja. Kwa goli kukubaliwa sharti mpira uwe umepita mstari wa goli kabisa. 

== Mpangilio wa wachezaji ==
<ref>Soccer Formations, www.soccerhelp.com [http://www.soccerhelp.com/Soccer_Formation_Basics.shtml]</ref>
<ref>Formations, www.expertfootball.com [http://www.expertfootball.com/coaching/formations.php] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/coaching/formations.php |date=20121122130743 }}</ref>
Kuna wachezaji wa aina tatu: [[beki]], [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] na [[Mshambuliaji|washambuliaji]] au straika na [[mlinda lango|golikipa]] .

Ni uamuzi wa [[kocha]] kuhusu idadi ya wachezaji wa kulinda lango, wa kiungo au wa mbele, ikitegemea mfumo uliotumika. Mfumo wa 4-4-2<ref>Mfumo wa 4-4-2, www.soccer-training-guide.com [http://www.soccer-training-guide.com/soccer-formations.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.soccer-training-guide.com/soccer-formations.html |date=20230531214821 }}</ref> umekuwa maarufu miongoni mwa timu nyingi. Mfumo huu hujumlisha walinzi wanne pamoja na mlinda lango, wachezaji wanne wa kiungo na wawili wa mbele.
mshambuluaji lazima akawa mtu mwenye ujuzi mkubwa na mwenye nguvu za kushambulia

== Utunukizi wa Alama ==
[[File:U20-WorldCup2007-Okotie-Onka edit2.jpg|thumb|left|Golikipa akiokoa mpira uliopigwa shuti ndani ya eneo la penati]]
Katika [[ligi]] za kitaifa na kimataifa, alama hutunukiwa kwa timu baada ya mchezo. Timu iliyoshinda hupewa alama [[tatu]] huku timu zilizotoka sare hupewa alama [[moja]] kila moja.

Ikiwa ni lazima mshindi apatikane, hasa kwenye mechi za [[finali|fainali]], mchezo huwa na [[muda wa ziada]] kama timu hizo ziko [[sare]]. Iwapo sare hiyo huendelea mchezo huamuliwa kwa [[mikwaju]] ya [[penalty]].

== Shirikisho la Kandanda Duniani ==
<ref>Kuhusu FIFA, www.fifa.com [http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/index.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/index.html |date=20140707214724 }}</ref>
[[Shirikisho la Soka Duniani]] ([[FIFA]]) ndilo shirikisho kuu linalosimamia kandanda duniani. Wanachama wake ni mashirikisho ya kandanda ya nchi mbalimbali. Kufikia mwaka wa 2000, lilikuwa na wanachama 204 kutoka pembe zote za dunia. Shirikisho hili huandaa mashindano mbalimbali ya soka kama vile [[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] na pia huwatunuku wachezaji.

== Orodha ya Wachezaji Maarufu Duniani ==
Orodha ifuatayo inaonyesha baadhi ya wanasoka maarufu duniani, lakini haiashirii usanjari huu kulingana na ubora. Wapo wengine wengi ambao hawajatajwa hapa.<ref>Orodha ya Wachezaji Maarufu wa Soka, www.soccer-fans-info.com [http://www.soccer-fans-info.com/famous-soccer-players.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.soccer-fans-info.com/famous-soccer-players.html |date=20140925234159 }}</ref>

*{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[David Beckham]] wa [[Uingereza]]
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Franz Beckenbauer]] wa [[Ujerumani]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Gabriel Batistuta]] wa [[Arjentina]]
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Ballack]] wa [[Ujerumani]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Pablo Aimar]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Carlos Tevez]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Lionel Messi]]  wa [[Arjentina]]
*{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Dennis Bergkamp]]
*{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Jared Borgetti]] wa [[Mexico]]
*{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Fabio Cannavaro]] wa [[Italia]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Carlos]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Ronaldinho]]
*{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Deco]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Hernan Crespo]]
*{{Flagicon|CIV}} [[Didier Drogba]]
*{{Flagicon|GHA}} [[Michael Essien]] wa [[Ghana]]
*{{Flagicon|CMR}} [[Samuel Eto'o]] wa [[Cameroon]]
*{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Luis Figo]]
*{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Steven Gerald]]
*{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Thierry Henry]] wa [[Ufaransa]]
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Oliver Kahn]], Kipa wa [[Ujerumani]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Ricardo Kaka]]
*{{Flagicon|IRL}} [[Roy Keane]]
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Jurgen Klinsmann]]
*{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Miroslav Klose]]
*{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Frank Lampard]]
*{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Diego Maradona]] wa [[Arjentina]]
*{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Owen]]
*{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandro Nesta]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Pele]] wa [[Brazil]]
*{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Robert Pires]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Rivaldo]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Robinho]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Romario]]
*{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Ronaldo]] wa [[Brazil]]
*{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] wa [[Ureno]]
*{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Wayne Rooney]]
*{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Ruud Van Nistelrooy]]
*{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Patrick Viera]]
*{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Zinedine Zidane]] wa [[Ufaransa]]
==Orodha ya wachezaji duniani waliofunga zaidi ya magoli 500==

{|class="wikitable"
!
!Mchezaji
!Magoli
!Michezo
!G/M
!Miaka
|-
|1
|{{Flagicon|POR}} '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]'''
|838
|1184
|0.71
|2001
|-
|2
|{{Flagicon|ARG}} '''[[Lionel Messi]]'''
|823
|1063
|0.77
|2003
|-
|3
|{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Josef Bican]]
|812
|522
|1.56
|1931-1957
|-
|4
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Romario]]
|772
|994
|0.78
|1985-2009
|-
|5
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Pelé]]
|767
|812
|0.94
|1956-1977
|-
|6
|{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Ferenc Puskas]]
|746
|754
|0.99
|1943-1966
|-
|7
|{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Gerd Muller]]
|735
|793
|0.93
|1962-1981
|-
|8
|{{Flagicon|NED}} [[Abe Lenstra]]
|676
|777
|0.87
|1936-1963
|-
|9
|{{Flagicon|POL}} '''[[Robert Lewandowski]]'''
|641
|913
|0.70
|2005
|-
|10
|{{Flagicon|SWE}} '''[[Zlatan Ibrahimovic]]'''
|579
|994
|0.58
|1999
|-
|11
|{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Ferenc Deak]]
|576
|510
|1.13
|1940-1957
|-
|12
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Tulio Maravilha]]
|575
|794
|0.72
|1988-2019
|-
|13
|{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Uwe Seeler]]
|575
|592
|0.97
|1953-1978
|-
|14
|{{Flagicon|ZAM}} [[Godfrey Chitalu]]
|569
|811
|0.70
|1964-1982
|-
|15
|{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Ernst Willimowski]]
|554
|474
|1.17
|1934-1955
|-
|16
|{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Eusebio]]
|552
|639
|0.86
|1957-1980
|-
|17
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Jimmy McGrory]]
|550
|547
|1.01
|1922-1938
|-
|18
|{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Franz Binder]]
|546
|430
|1.27
|1930-1949
|-
|19
|{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]]
|544
|354
|1.54
|1937-1950
|-
|20
|{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Hugo Sánchez]]
|541
|895
|0.60
|1976-1998
|-
|21
|{{Flagicon|URU}} '''[[Luis Suárez]]'''
|540
|896
|0.60
|2005
|-
|22
|{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Fritz Walter]]
|539
|572
|0.94
|1937-1959
|-
|23
|{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Jozsef Takacs]]
|523
|526
|0.99
|1917-1934
|-
|24
|{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Gyula Zsengeller]]
|522
|641
|0.81
|1935-1953
|-
|25
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Zico]]
|522
|788
|0.66
|1971-1994
|-
|26
|{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Alfredo Di Stefano]]
|514
|706
|0.73
|1945-1966
|-
|27
|{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Hans Krankl]]
|514
|655
|0.78
|1970-1989
|-
|28
|{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Gunnar Nordahl]]
|513
|561
|0.91
|1937-1958
|-
|29
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Roberto Dinamita]]
|512
|825
|0.62
|1971-1992
|-
|30
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Jimmy Greaves]]
|511
|812
|0.63
|1957-1971
|-
|31
|{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Ferenc Bene]]
|508
|946
|0.54
|1961-1979
|}

==Mpira wa miguu barani Afrika==
Mchezo ulipelekwa Afrika na Waingereza wakati wa ukoloni. Mechi za kwanza zilizorekodiwa mwaka 1862 huko [[Cape Town]] na [[Port Elizabeth]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/sports/soccer/10iht-SRHISTORY.html C. Clarey, Soccer Returns to Its Roots in Africa] New York Times 9-06-2010, iliangaliwa 6-12-2016</ref>. 

Ilhali ulikuwa mwanzoni mchezo wa kizungu ulienea haraka kati ya vijana Waafrika kupitia shule, jeshi na wafanyakazi wa reli. Kwa mfano kisiwani [[Unguja]] walikuwa wafanyakazi Wazungu na Wahindi waliocheza soka pamoja wakitazamiwa na wenyeji, halafu wanafunzi wa shule ya misioni St Andrew's ya [[UMCA]]. Khamis Fereji alikumbuka jinsi gani mnamo 1910 soka ilichezewa na watoto na vijana kote Zanzibar mjini wakitumia mipira ya tennis mtaani au mwambanoni wakati wa jioni ilhali wazee walitazama. Vivyi hivyo aliandika Dr. Nmandi Azikiwe katika kumbukumbu ya maisha yake ya kwamba alipokuwa mtoto Calabar (Nigeria) kabla ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza walicheza mpira kila mahali kwa kutumia maembe, machungwa au mipira ya tennis<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=NrW50yHkr0EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=African+Soccerscapes:+How+a+Continent+Changed+the+World%27s+Game&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=African%20Soccerscapes%3A%20How%20a%20Continent%20Changed%20the%20World%27s%20Game&f=false Peter Alegi, African Soccerscapes: How a Continent Changed the World’s Game ] uk. 6. ilitazamiwa kupitia google books tarehe 9-12-2016</ref>

Mchezo ukaendelea kupanuka na kuendeshwa na wenyeji katika klabu zilizoundwa wakati miji ilikua na kuwa na wakazi wengi Waafrika<ref>.Alegi u. 18</ref>. 

Tangu uhuru soka ilipanuka sana katika nchi huru za Afrika. Baada ya kujiunga na [[FIFA]] wawakilishi wa nchi huru za Afrika waliweza kuhakikisha ya kwamba Afrika Kusini ilitengwa kwa sababu ya siasa yake ya [[apartheid]] (ubaguzi wa rangi). 

Tangu 1970 mpango wa kombe la dunia ulibadilishwa kuhakikisha nafasi kwa kila bara na Afrika ilipewa nafasi 1 ya hakika. 1986 zilikuwa nafasi 2, 1998 nafasi 4 na tangu kombe la 2002 kuna nafasi 5 kwa timu kutoka Afrika. <ref>[http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/football-soccer-in-africa Soccer in Africa], iliangaliwa 9-12-2016</ref>

Kwa [[Tanzania]] na nchi nyingi za [[Afrika]] kuna uhaba wa [[wafadhili]]ː hiyo husababisha [[timu]] ambazo hazina uwezo wa kiuchumi kukata tamaa. Tatizo kubwa ni uhamisho wa wachezaji vijana wenye uwezo kuhamia nje ya Afrika. Wakati wa kombe la dunia idadi kubwa wachezaji wa timu za kitaifa kutoka Afrika wanaajiriwa na klabu huko Ulaya; wakati wa kombe la dunia dunia 2010 walikuwa asilimia 80 za wachezaji Waafrika kwenye kombe la dunia waliocheza kwa klabu za Ulaya. Hali hii inashusha uwiano wa soka katika ligi za kitaifa kwa sababu wachezaji bora wako ng'ambo wakipatikana tu kwa mechi za kimataifa wakishiriki katika timu ya kitaifa.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127600200 Mahojiano na profesa Peter Alegi], npr.org tar.  9-06-2010, ikiangaliwa tarehe 9-12-2016</ref>

==Mpira wa miguu nje ya kanuni za kawaida==
[[File:O Jogo Bonito (The Beautiful Game).webm|thumb|Video inaonyesha namna nyingi jinsi gani mpira unachezewa duniani.]]
[[File:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|thumb|Katika mpira wa miguu, madhumuni ya msingi ya mashabiki ni kuhamasisha timu yao wakati wa mechi.]]

Hali halisi kuna namna nyingi kucheza soka hata pasipo na wachezaji 22 au uwanja kamili. Kila mahali dunaini watu hasa vijana hucheza barabarani au shambani kwa kila idadi ya wachezaji, ilhali fimbo au mawe mawili hudokeza goli. Pasipo na mpira kamili vijana hujitengenezea kifaa kwa karatasi au plastiki iliyoshikwa kwa kamba katika umbo la kufanana na tufe.

Kwa mazingira ya pekee kuna pia mapatano juu ya kanuni maalumu kwa timu ndogo (kwa mfano wachezaji 5/5) au mahali kama mchanga wa mwabaoni (''beach soccer''), katika ukumbi (indoor soccer) au kwa wachezaji walemavu.

== Tanbihi ==
{{reflist}}

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Shirikisho la Soka Duniani]]

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_history_mediterran.php Historia ya Soka (Mediterran)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_history_mediterran.php |date=20120510213930 }}
* [http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_derby.php Historia ya Soka (Derby)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_derby.php |date=20120510210121 }}
* [http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_gaming.php Historia ya Mchezo wa Soka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_gaming.php |date=20120510210900 }}
* [http://www.expertfootball.com/history/ajax_1970.php Historia ya Soka (Ajax, 1970)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/history/ajax_1970.php |date=20120510210925 }}
* [http://www.expertfootball.com/history/bul_1994.php Historia ya Soka(1994)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/history/bul_1994.php |date=20120510212153 }}
* [http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_history_far_east.php Historia ya Soka katika nchi za Mashariki ya Mbali] {{Wayback|url=http://www.expertfootball.com/history/soccer_history_far_east.php |date=20120510210657 }}
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIpyzKKMsgQ Soccer Tactics and Formations (Video)]

{{michezo}}

[[Jamii:Mpira wa Miguu|!]]
Vigezo vinavyotumiwa kwenye ukurasa huu:
Rudia Mpira wa miguu.
Rudishwa kutoka "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpira_wa_miguu"