Tazama chanzo cha Deuterokanoni

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'''Vitabu vya deuterokanoni''' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]] "deuteros" = ya pili na "kanon" = orodha<ref>{{Cite book |publisher= Cambridge University Press |editor1= Richard Marsden |editor2=E. Ann Matter |last=Bogaert |first=Pierre Maurice |title= New Cambridge History of the Bible; Vol II |contribution= The Latin Bible. c 600 to c. 900 |pages= 69–92 |year=2012 }}</ref>) ni [[maandiko]] yanayotazamwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]], na baadhi ya [[Waorthodoksi]] na ya [[Makanisa ya Kale ya Mashariki]] kama sehemu kamili ya [[Agano la Kale]] katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version: An Ecumenical Study Bible|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-027605-8|editor-last=Michael D.|editor-first=Coogan|edition=5th|location=New York|pages=1839, 1841|chapter=The Canons of the Bible|oclc=1032375119|display-editors=etal}}</ref>. 

Vitabu hivyo viliandikwa miaka [[300 KK|300]] - [[50 KK]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Livingstone |first1=E. A. |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-107896-5 |pages=28–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMdQCgAAQBAJ&q=They+date+from+the+period+300+BC%E2%80%93AD+100+approximately%2C+and+mostly+from+200+BC%E2%80%93AD+70%2C+i.e.+before+the+definite+separation+of+the+Church+from+Judaism.&pg=PA29 |access-date=17 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|title=Apocrypha|url=https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/A/apocrypha.html|access-date=7 October 2019|website=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gleason L. Jr. |first1=Archer |title=A Survey of Old Testament Introduction |date=1974 |publisher=Moody Press |location=Chicago, IL |page=68 |isbn=9780802484468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8PYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Sinaiticus+(Aleph)+omits+Baruch+%22A+Survey+of+Old+Testament+Introduction |access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>.

[[Uyahudi|Wayahudi]] na [[Waprotestanti]] wengi huviita [[apokrifa]] na kuvitazama kama [[vitabu]] vinavyostahili kuheshimiwa lakini si sawa na [[Biblia]] yenyewe<ref name="Fallows1910">''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC05742122&id=rl3lcbLkHV0C&pg=PA521&lpg=PA521&dq=luther+%22are+useful+and+good+to+read%22 The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes]'', p.521, edited by [[Samuel Fallows]] et al., The Howard-Severance company, 1901,1910. – [[Google Books]]</ref>.

== Vitabu vya deuterokanoni vya Agano la Kale ==
Katika Biblia zinazotolewa na Kanisa Katoliki ni vitabu saba vifuatavyo (pamoja na sehemu za vitabu vya [[Kitabu cha Esta]] na [[Kitabu cha Danieli]]):
* [[Kitabu cha Tobiti|Tobiti]] 
* [[Kitabu cha Yudith|Yudith]] 
* [[Kitabu cha Wamakabayo I]] 
* [[Kitabu cha Wamakabayo II]] 
* [[Kitabu cha Hekima|Hekima]] 
* [[Kitabu cha Yoshua bin Sira|Yoshua bin Sira]] 
* [[Kitabu cha Baruk]] 

Baadhi ya Waorthodoksi wana vitabu vingine pia kama vile [[Kitabu cha kwanza cha Ezra]] ([[Ezra]] ya Kiebrania huhesabiwa kama Ezra 2), [[Kitabu cha tatu cha Wamakabayo]] na [[Zaburi]] ya 151; kama nyongeza [[Kitabu cha nne cha Wamakabayo]]; [[Ufunuo wa Ezra]] na hata vingine.

Vitabu hivyo vyote ama havikuandikwa (Bar, 2 Mak, Hek) ama havikupatikana mapema kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiebrania]] (asili kwa Sir, Judt, 1Mak) wala ya [[Kiaramu]] (asili kwa Tob), bali kwa [[Kigiriki]] tu.

== Historia ya orodha ya vitabu vya deuterokanoni ==
Hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]] orodha ya vitabu vya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ilikuwa haijaamuliwa, ingawa ilikuwa wazi ya kwamba vitabu vya [[Torati]] ni maandiko matakatifu kamili; katika suala la vitabu vingine Wayahudi bado walitofautiana, k.mf. [[Masadukayo]] walikataa hata vile vya [[Manabii]] vilivyokubaliwa na [[Mafarisayo]]. 

Sehemu kubwa ya Wayahudi nje ya [[Israeli]] na [[Mesopotamia]] walitumia toleo la Kigiriki lililoitwa [[Septuaginta]] ambalo lilitafsiriwa na [[wataalamu]] Wayahudi huko [[Misri]] katika [[Karne ya 2 KK|karne ya 2]] na [[Karne ya 3 KK|ya 3 KK]].

Kabla ya kukamilika kwa orodha ya vitabu vya [[Agano Jipya]] Septuaginta ilikuwa ndiyo Biblia ya Wakristo wa kwanza (ambao wengi wao hawakujua Kiebrania)<ref>J.N. D. Kelly, ''Early Christian Doctrines'', p.53</ref><ref>Stuart G. Hall, ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church'', p. 28</ref>. 

Baada ya maangamizi ya [[Hekalu la Yerusalemu]] ([[70]]) na hasa katika [[karne ya 2]] wataalamu Wayahudi, walipopatana juu ya mapokeo yao ili kujiimarisha dhidi ya [[Ukristo]] na [[ustaarabu]] wa kigeni, waliamua kutovikubali kama sehemu za [[Tanakh]] vitabu visivyopatikana kwa lugha ya Kiebrania.

Wakristo hawakufuata maazimio hayo ya Wayahudi, hivyo mwishoni mwa karne ya 2 Wakristo [[magharibi]] mwa [[Mediteranea]] walianza kutafsiri Septuaginta kwa [[Kilatini]] kilichokuwa lugha kuu kwao.

== Matamko ya Kanisa Katoliki ==
Vitabu vya Deuterokanoni vilihesabiwa rasmi kuwa sehemu ya Biblia hasa kuanzia [[Hati ya Damasi]] au ''De explanatione fidei'', iliyotolewa na [[Papa Damasus I]] [[mwaka]] [[382]] <ref>[http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxk#a4j kwa Kilatini]</ref>. 

[[Tafsiri]] ya Kilatini ya [[Hieronimo]] iliyoitwa [[Vulgata]] ilipata kuwa toleo muhimu katika Kanisa Katoliki. Hieronimo mwenyewe alipotafsiri Biblia upya katika Kilatini alisema vitabu vya Septuaginta kama Hekima, Yoshua bin Sira, Yudith na Tobiti havistahili kuwemo katika Biblia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233 |website=Biblicalia |date=14 August 2006 |first=Kevin P. |last=Edgecomb |title=Jerome's Prologue to Jeremiah |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archivedate=2013-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002043/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/?p=233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=J. N. D.|title=Early Christian Doctrines|url=https://archive.org/details/earlychristiando0000kell_z2m4|date=1960|publisher=Harper|location=San Francisco|page=[https://archive.org/details/earlychristiando0000kell_z2m4/page/55 55]}}</ref> lakini alivitafsiri ndani ya Vulgata kufuatana na maelekezo wa Papa Damaso I aliyemuagiza kazi 
<ref>"Hic prologus Scripturarum quasi galeatum principium omnibus libris, quos de hebraeo vertimus in latinum, convenire potest, ut scire valeamus, quicquid extra hos est, inter apocrifa seponendum. Igitur Sapientia, quae vulgo Salomonis inscribitur, et Iesu filii Sirach liber et Iudith et Tobias et Pastor non sunt canone. Macchabeorum primum librum hebraicum repperi, secundus graecus est, quod et ex ipsa φράσιν probari potest." (Hieronimo katika "Prologus Galeatus" au utangulizi kwa vitabu vya Samueli na Wafalme katika Vulgata)</ref>

Orodha hiyo ya Papa Damaso I ilipata nguvu [[Afrika Kaskazini]] kutokana na [[Agostino wa Hippo]]<ref name=":2">Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon," in ''The Canon Debate''. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320.</ref><ref name=":3">F. F. Bruce (1988), ''The Canon of Scripture''. Intervarsity Press, p. 230.</ref><ref name=":4">Augustine, ''De Civitate Dei'' 22.8</ref> kuifanya ipitishwe na [[Mtaguso wa Hippo]] ([[393]]), [[Mtaguso wa tatu wa Karthago]] ([[397]]) na [[Mtaguso wa nne wa Karthago]] ([[419]])<ref name=":1">McDonald & Sanders, editors of ''The Canon Debate'', 2002, chapter 5: ''The Septuagint: The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism'' by Albert C. Sundberg Jr., p. 72, Appendix D-2, note 19.</ref>.

Wakati huohuo [[Papa Inosenti I]] aliituma kwa [[askofu]] [[Esuperi wa Toulouse]] ([[405]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Westcott|first1=Brooke Foss|title=A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament |date=2005|publisher=Wipf & Stock|page=570|location=Eugene, OR|isbn=1597522392|edition=6th}}</ref>.

Baadaye [[Mtaguso wa Firenze]] ([[1442]])<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM|title=Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel|website=ewtn.com|access-date=2019-02-08|accessdate=2021-07-11|archivedate=2016-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220115924/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM}}</ref> na [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] ([[1546]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm|title=Paul III&nbsp; Council of Trent-4|website=ewtn.com|access-date=2019-02-08|accessdate=2021-07-11|archivedate=2015-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323195835/http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/TRENT4.htm}}</ref> ilivitambua rasmi kuwa sehemu za Biblia kamili kwa Kanisa Katoliki<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecounciloftrent.com/ch4.htm|title=~The Council of Trent - Session 4~|website=thecounciloftrent.com|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>.

== Misimamo ya Waprotestanti ==
Wakati wa [[Matengenezo ya kiprotestanti]] katika [[karne ya 16]] [[Martin Luther]] na wengineo walishika msimamo mkali kuhusu [[kanuni]] ya [[Biblia]] akafuata azimio la Wayahudi na shauri la Hieronimo kuhusu vitabu hivyo.

Pamoja na hivyo waliweza kuweka pembeni hata baadhi ya vitabu vya [[Agano Jipya]] ambavyo zamani ulitokea wasiwasi juu yake na kwa sababu hiyo pengine vinaitwa pia deuterokanoni<ref name="Akin">{{citation |url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/DEUTEROS.HTM |title=Defending the Deuterocanonicals |author=James Akin |author-link=Jimmy Akin |publisher=[[EWTN]] |access-date=2021-07-11 |archive-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716045551/http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/DEUTEROS.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>: 
* [[Waraka kwa Waebrania]],
* [[Waraka wa Yakobo]]
* [[Waraka wa pili wa Petro]]
* [[Waraka wa pili wa Yohane]]
* [[Waraka wa tatu wa Yohane]]
* [[Waraka wa Yuda]]
* [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]]

Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Martin Luther, [[Waprotestanti]] kwa jumla walikubali tena vitabu vyote vya Agano Jipya<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibelcenter.de/bibel/lu1545/ |title=Lutherbibel 1545 |website=Bibelarbeit |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20010514151557/http://www.bibelcenter.de/bibel/lu1545/ |archive-date=14 May 2001 |accessdate=2021-07-11 |archivedate=2010-04-19 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20100419071230/http://www.bibelcenter.de/bibel/lu1545/ }} note order: "...Hebräer, Jakobus, Judas, Offenbarung"; see also {{cite web |url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/links10.html |title=German Bible Versions |website=bible-researcher.com }}</ref> na kurudisha umoja katika jambo hilo la msingi kwa [[Ukristo]].

== Marejeo ==
<references/>

==Marejeo mengine==
* Harrington, Daniel J. ''Invitation to the Apocrypha''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999. ISBN 978-0-8028-4633-4
* Roach, Corwin C. ''The Apocrypha: the Hidden Books of the Bible''. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Forward Movement Publications, 1966. ''N.B''.: Concerns the Deuterocanonical writings (Apocrypha), according to Anglican usage.

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://archive.today/20130411150518/http://www.petersvoice.com/scriptures/deuterocanonical-books.htm Prophecies in the Deuterocanonical books]
*[http://www.godrules.net/articles/deutero.htm Protestants defending the Deuterocanonical books]
*[http://www.ewtn.com/library/answers/deuteros.htm Defending the Deuterocanonicals] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/answers/deuteros.htm |date=20190716045551 }} by Jimmy Akin
*[http://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0120.html Five common arguments Protestants give for rejecting the Deuterocanonicals] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120225151009/https://catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0120.html webarchive link])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140801214700/http://scripturecatholic.com/deuterocanon.html Deuterocanon Use in New Testament]
*[http://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__0-index.html Deuterocanonical books] – Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website (also available, the full text in Arabic)
*[https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god The Apocrypha: Inspired of God?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god |date=20210309164733 }}
{{Biblia AK}}
{{mbegu-Biblia}}
[[Jamii:Biblia]]
[[Jamii:Ukristo]]
[[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]]
Rudia Deuterokanoni.
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