Malkolm Iks
| Malkolm Iks | |
|---|---|
 Malkolm Iks u martu 1964. godine | |
| Ime po rođenju | Malkolm Litl |
| Druga imena | El-Hadž Malik El-Šabaz |
| Datum rođenja | 19. maj 1925. |
| Mesto rođenja | Omaha Nebraska, SAD |
| Datum smrti | 21. februar 1965. (39 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Menhetn, Njujork SAD |
| Uzrok smrti | Ustrelina |
| Zanimanje | aktivista za ljudska prava |
| Supružnik | Beti Šabaz |
| Deca | Atala Šabaz Kubila Šabaz Ilijasa Šabaz Gamila Lumumba Šabaz Malika Šabaz Malak Šabaz |
| Potpis | |
 | |
Malkolm Litl (engl. Malcolm Little) ili Malkolm Iks (engl. Malcolm X; Omaha, Nebraska, 19. maj 1925 — Menhetn, Njujork, 21. februar 1965) je bio borac za prava Afroamerikanaca u Americi.
Biografija
[уреди | уреди извор]
Malkolm Iks ili pravim imenom Malkolm Litl (engl. Malcolm Little) rođen je u mjestu Omaha u saveznoj državi Nebraska 1925. godine.[1] U Malkolmovom ranom djetinjstvu porodica se seli u Lensing u saveznu državu Mičigen. Još dok je Malkolm bio dijete oca mu je usmrtio vozač ličnog automobila dok je Malkolmov otac pretrčavao ulicu. Kako Malkolmova majka, nakon što joj je muž poginuo, nije mogla puno da učini za sina, o njemu su se brinuli stariji brat i sestra. Malkolm je započeo život sitnog kriminalca. Kada je imao 12 godina postao je štićenik Doma za nezbrinutu djecu države Mičigen. Kada je napunio 17 godina pušten je iz doma. Potom se zaposlio u putničkom vozu kao perač posuđa na putničkoj liniji iz Mičigena ka Vašingtonu do Njujorka i nazad u Mičigen. Kada je stekao dovoljno novca preselio se u Njujork kod rođaka. Uskoro je postao nasilnik, svodnik i diler drogom - a kasnije i zavisnik. Postao je jedan od najopasnijih nasilnika na ulicama harlemskog podzemlja. Godine 1946. uhapšen je i osuđen na deset godina zatvora zbog provale. Krađom se bavio kako bi mogao da nabavi novac za drogu. Godine 1952. pušten je iz zatvora i nešto kasnije pridružio se pokretu Nacija Islama (engl. Nation of Islam).[2]
Nedugo nakon što je postao član Nacije Islama promijenio je svoje prezime u Iks (engl. X). To je učinio u znak poštovanja prema svojim nepoznatim afričkim precima koji su dovedeni u Sjedinjene Američke Države kao robovska radna snaga. Poslije toga je otputovao na hodočašće u muslimanski sveti grad Meku. Nakon povratka u Sjedinjene Države odbacio je ideju da su svi bijeli ljudi đavoli, a što je ranije tvrdio. Potom je osnovao sopstvenu organizaciju nazvanu Organizacija afroameričkog jedinstva, nakon čega je promijenio svoje ime u El-Hadž Malik El-Šabaz (engl. El-Hajj Malik El-Shabbazz).
Godine 1965. Malkolm je smrtno ranjen dok je držao govor u Njujorku u kojem je kritikovao Elajdžu Muhamada (engl. Elijah Muhammad). Malkolma su ubila tri muškarca za koje se ispostavilo da su članovi Nacije Islama. Sva trojica su osuđena i zatvorena.
Malkolm X je takođe poznat po knjizi Autobiografija Malkolma Iksa, koju je nedugo prije smrti napisao zajedno s Aleksom Hejlijem (engl. Alex Haley), a koja je, između ostalog, prevedena i na srpskohrvatski. Po njenim motivima je godine 1992. znameniti afroamerički režiser Spajk Li (engl. Spike Lee) snimio film Malcolm X u kome je njegov lik tumačio Denzel Vošington (engl. Denzel Washington).
Reference
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Watson & Akhtar 2012, стр. 120.
- ^ „Malcolm X | Biography, Nation of Islam, Assassination, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). 2024-01-01. Приступљено 2024-01-27.
Literatura
[уреди | уреди извор]- Watson, Clarence; Akhtar, Salman (2012). „Ideology and Identity: Malcolm X”. Ур.: Akhtar, Salman. The African American Experience: Psychoanalytic Perspectives. Lanham, Md.: Jason Aronson. стр. 120. ISBN 978-0-7657-0835-9.
- Ali, Muhammad (2004). The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey. with Hana Yasmeen Ali. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5569-1.
- Barboza, Steven (1994). American Jihad: Islam After Malcolm X. New York: Image Books. ISBN 978-0-385-47694-2.
- Carson, Clayborne (1991). Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-758-1.
- Clarke, John Henrik, ур. (1990) [1969]. Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7.
- Clegg III, Claude Andrew (1997). An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-18153-6.
- Cone, James H. (1991). Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-0-88344-721-5.
- DeCaro Jr., Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1864-3.
- Dyson, Michael Eric (1995). Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509235-6.
- Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-049-4.
- Friedly, Michael (1992). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-40010-9.
- Karim, Benjamin; with Peter Skutches and David Gallen (1992). Remembering Malcolm. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-881-6.
- Kondo, Zak A. (1993). Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press. OCLC 28837295.
- Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580.
- Lomax, Louis E. (1987) [1968]. To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Los Angeles: Holloway House. ISBN 978-0-87067-731-1.
- Lomax, Louis E. (1963). When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing. OCLC 1071204.
- Malcolm, X.; with the assistance of Alex Haley (1992) [1965]. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-37671-8. Citations in this article refer to this edition, of the many that have been published.
- Malcolm, X. (1989) [1970]. By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-150-2.
- Malcolm, X. (1989) [1971]. The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-55970-006-1.
- Malcolm, X. (1989). The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-543-2.
- Malcolm, X. (1990) [1965]. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. ISBN 978-0-8021-3213-0.
- Malcolm, X. (1991) [1968]. The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-479-7.
- Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
- Marable, Manning (2009). „Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History”. Ур.: Marable, Manning; Aidi, Hishaam D. Black Routes to Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8400-5.
- Marsh, Clifton E. (2000) [1996]. The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-57886-008-1.
- Natambu, Kofi (2002). The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 978-0-02-864218-5.
- Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, N.Y.: Station Hill. ISBN 978-0-88268-103-0.
- Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1-4022-0171-4.
- Sales Jr., William W. (1994). From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-480-3.
- Terrill, Robert (2004). Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment. Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-730-3.
- Wood, Joe, ур. (1992). Malcolm X: In Our Image. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06609-3.
- Abernethy, Graeme (2013). The Iconography of Malcolm X. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1920-7.
- Baldwin, James (2007) [1973]. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-307-27594-3.
- Bailey, A. Peter (2013). Witnessing Brother Malcolm X: The Master Teacher. Plantation, Fla.: Llumina Press. ISBN 978-1-62550-039-7.
- Breitman, George (1967). The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-004-8.
- Breitman, George; Porter, Herman; Smith, Baxter (1991) [1976]. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-632-3.
- Cleage, Albert B.; Breitman, George (1968). Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit. OCLC 615819.
- Collins, Rodnell P.; with A. Peter Bailey (1998). Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X. Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-491-3.
- Conyers Jr., James L.; Smallwood, Andrew P., ур. (2008). Malcolm X: A Historical Reader. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-228-2.
- DeCaro, Louis A. (1998). Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1932-9.
- Gallen, David, ур. (1992). Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-850-2.
- Goldman, Peter (1979). The Death and Life of Malcolm X (2nd изд.). Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00774-3.
- Jamal, Hakim A. (1972). From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-46234-9.
- Jenkins, Robert L. (2002). The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29264-4.
- Kly, Yussuf Naim, ур. (1986). The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-932863-03-4.
- Leader, Edward Roland (1993). Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0-533-09520-9.
- Lee, Spike; with Ralph Wiley (1992). By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm X. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-56282-913-1.
- Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett, ур. (2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-310694-4.
- Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Kim McLarin (2002). Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0.
- Sherwood, Marika (2011). Malcolm X Visits Abroad. Hollywood, Calif.: Tsehai Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59907-050-6.
- Strickland, William; et al. (1994). Malcolm X: Make It Plain. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017713-8.
- Terrill, Robert, ур. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73157-7.
- T'Shaka, Oba (1983). The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications. ISBN 978-1-878557-01-8.
- Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta (2012). Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3723-3.
- Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor (1989). The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. London: Free Association Books. ISBN 978-1-85343-111-1.
Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]
- Official website of the Estate of Malcolm X
- The Malcolm X Project at Columbia University
- Malcolm, website on the life and legacy of Malcolm X
- Malcolm Little (Malcolm X) file at Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Malkolm Iks на сајту IMDb (језик: енглески)
- Malcolm X (Character) на сајту IMDb (језик: енглески)
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