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'''Biblický rukopis''' je akýkoľvek [[Rukopis (starý dokument)]] obsahujúci nejakú časť textu [[Biblia|Biblie]]. Biblické rukopisy sa líšia veľkosťou od drobných zvitkov obsahujúcich jednotlivé verše [[Hebrejská biblia|Hebrejskej biblie]] (pozri [[Tfilin|Tefillin]]) až po veľké mnohojazyčné kódexy (viacjazyčné knihy) obsahujúce hebrejskú Bibliu ([[Tanach]]) a Nový zákon, ako aj mimo-kanonické diela.

Štúdium biblických rukopisov je dôležité, pretože rukopisy napísané rukou môžu obsahovať chyby. Veda o textovej kritike sa pokúša zrekonštruovať pôvodný text kníh, najmä tých, ktoré boli uverejnené pred vynálezom tlačiarenského stroja.

== Rukopisy Hebrejskej Biblie ==
[[Súbor:Aleppo_Codex_(Deut).jpg|náhľad|Strana z Aleppského kódexu, kniha Deuteronómium]]

Aleppský kódex (cca 920 po Kr.) a Leningradský kódex (cca 1008 po Kr.) boli kedysi najstaršími známymi hebrejskými rukopismi Tanachu. Nájdenie [[Rukopisy Mŕtveho mora|zvitkov od Mŕtveho mora]] v [[Chirba Kumrán|Kumráne]] posunulo históriu rukopisu Tanachu o celé tisícročie od prvých dvoch kódexov. Pred týmto objavom boli najstaršie rukopisy Starého zákona iba v gréčtine v rukopisoch ako [[Vatikánsky kódex]] a [[Sinajský kódex]]. Z približne 800 rukopisov nájdených v Kumráne je 220 z Tanachu. Je v nich zastúpená každá kniha Tanachu okrem Knihy Ester, hoci väčšina z nich je však len v útržkoch. Je pozoruhodné, že v nich existujú dva zvitky [[Kniha proroka Izaiáša|Knihy proroka Izaiáša]], jedna úplná (1QIsa) a z druhej približne 75% (1QIsb). Tieto rukopisy sa všeobecne datujú od roku 150 pred Kr. do roku 70 po Kr.

=== Dochované rukopisy ===

{| border="0" align="center" width=""
|
|- bgcolor="#FFE4C4" align="center"
! width="" |Verzia
!Príklady
! width="" |Jazyk
!Čas vzniku
!Najstaršia kópia
|-
|Strieborné zvitky
|
|[[Hebrejčina]] písaná Paleo-hebrejským písmom
|cca 650–587 pred Kr.
|cca 650–587 pred Kr.
(Amulet s Kňažským požehnaním z knihy [[Numeri]])
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|[[Rukopisy Mŕtveho mora|Zvitky od Mŕtveho mora]]
|
|[[Hebrejčina]], [[Aramejčina]], a [[Gréčtina]]
|cca 150 pred Kr. – 70 po Kr.
|cca 150 pred Kr. – 70 po Kr. (útržky)
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|[[Septuaginta]]
|[[Codex Vaticanus]], [[Codex Sinaiticus]] and other earlier papyri
|[[Gréčtina]]
|300–100 pred Kr.
|2nd century BCE (útržky)<br />4th century CE (útržky)
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|Pešita
|
|[[Sýrčina]]
|
|začiatok 5. storočia po Kr.
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|[[Vulgáta]]
|[[Codex Amiatinus]]
|[[Latinčina]]
|
|začiatok 5. storočia po Kr.<br />začiatok 8. storočia po Kr. (úplný text)
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|Masoretský text
|[[Aleppo Codex]], [[Leningrad Codex]] and other, incomplete MSS
|[[Hebrejčina]]
|cca 100 po Kr.
|10. storočie po Kr. (úplný text)
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|Samaritánsky Pentateuch
|
|[[Hebrejčina]]
|200–100 pred Kr.
|Najstarší existujúci rukopis, 11. storočie po Kr.
Najstarší dostupný rukopis, 16. storočie po Kr.
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|[[Targúm]]
|
|[[Aramejčina]]
|500–1000 po Kr.
|5. storočie po Kr.
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|-
|Koptské verzie Biblie
|[[List of the Coptic New Testament manuscripts|Crosby-Schøyen Codex]], [[British Library MS. Oriental 7594]]
|[[Koptské písmo|Koptčina]]
|
|3. alebo 4. storočie po Kr.
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#FFE4C4;" |
|}

== Rukopisy nového zákona ==
[[Súbor:Codex_Alexandrinus_f41v_-_Luke.jpg|vpravo|náhľad|List 41v z [[Alexandrijský kódex|Alexandrijského kódexu]] obsahujúca [[Evanjelium podľa Lukáša]] so záverečnou ozdobou.]]
{{see also|Zoznam rukopisov Nového zákona}}
The [[New Testament]] has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work of literature, with over 5,800 complete or fragmented [[Greek language|Greek]] manuscripts catalogued, 10,000 [[Latin]] manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Gothic language|Gothic]], [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], [[Coptic language|Coptic]] and [[Armenian language|Armenian]]. The dates of these manuscripts range from c. 125 (the {{Papyrus link|52}} papyrus, oldest copy of John fragments) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.{{cite source|date=January 2019}}

Often, especially in monasteries, a manuscript [[Hoard|cache]] was little more than a former manuscript recycling centre, where imperfect and incomplete copies of manuscripts were stored while the monastery or scriptorium decided what to do with them.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005}} There were several options. The first was to simply "wash" the manuscript and reuse it. Such reused manuscripts were called [[Palimpsest|palimpsests]] and were very common in the ancient world until the [[Middle Ages]]. One notable palimpsest is the [[Archimedes Palimpsest]].  When washing was no longer an option, the second choice was burning. Since the manuscripts contained the words of Christ, they were thought to have had a level of sanctity;{{sfn|Ehrman|2005}} burning them was considered more reverent than simply throwing them into a garbage pit, which occasionally happened (as in the case of [[Oxyrhynchus 840]]). The third option was to leave them in what has become known as a manuscript gravesite. When scholars come across manuscript caches, such as at [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] (the source of the [[Codex Sinaiticus]]), or Saint Sabbas Monastery outside [[Bethlehem]], they are finding not libraries but storehouses of rejected texts{{sfn|Ehrman|2005}} sometimes kept in boxes or back shelves in libraries due to space constraints. The texts were unacceptable because of their scribal errors and contain corrections inside the lines,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/|title=Codex Sinaiticus|accessdate=2008-12-31|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231104440/http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/|archivedate=2008-12-31|website=Codex Sinaiticus Website}}</ref> possibly evidence that monastery scribes compared them to a master text. In addition, texts thought to be complete and correct but that had deteriorated from heavy usage or had missing [[wikt:folio|folios]] would also be placed in the caches. Once in a cache, insects and humidity would often contribute to the continued deterioration of the documents.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005}}

Complete and correctly-copied texts would usually be immediately placed in use and so wore out fairly quickly, which required frequent recopying. Manuscript copying was very costly when it required a scribe's attention for extended periods so a [[manuscript]] might be made only when it was commissioned. The size of the [[parchment]], [[Writing system|script]] used, any illustrations (thus raising the effective cost) and whether it was one book or a collection of several would be determined by the one commissioning the work. Stocking extra copies would likely have been considered wasteful and unnecessary since the form and the presentation of a manuscript were typically customized to the aesthetic tastes of the buyer.

Due to the prevalence of manuscript caches, scholars today are more likely to find incomplete and sometimes conflicting segments of manuscripts rather than complete and largely consistent works.{{sfn|Ehrman|2005}}

=== Transmission ===
The task of copying manuscripts was generally done by [[Scribe|scribes]] who were trained professionals in the arts of writing and bookmaking. Some manuscripts were also proofread, and scholars closely examining a text can sometimes find the original and corrections found in certain manuscripts. In the 6th century, a special room devoted to the practice of manuscript writing and [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]] called the [[scriptorium]] came into use, typically inside medieval European monasteries. Sometimes a group of scribes would make copies at the same time as one individual read from the text.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/mss_trans.html|title=Seid|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Manuscript construction ===

An important issue with manuscripts is preservation. The earliest New Testament manuscripts were written on [[papyrus]], made from a reed that grew abundantly in the [[Nile Delta]]. This tradition continued as late as the 8th century.{{sfn|Metzger|Ehrman|2005|p=3f}} Papyrus eventually becomes brittle and deteriorates with age. The dry climate of Egypt allowed some papyrus manuscripts to be partially preserved, but, with the exception of {{Papyrus link|66}}, no New Testament papyrus manuscript is complete; many consist only of a single fragmented page.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/intro.html#MSTypes|title=Waltz|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> Beginning in the fourth century, [[parchment]] (also called [[vellum]]) began to be a common medium for New Testament manuscripts.{{sfn|Metzger|Ehrman|2005|pp=3-10}} It wasn't until the twelfth century that [[paper]] (made from cotton or plant fibers) began to gain popularity in biblical manuscripts.<ref>Aland 1995, p. 77</ref>

Of the 476 non-Christian manuscripts dated to the second century, 97% of the manuscripts are in the form of [[Scroll|scrolls]]; however, eight Christian manuscripts are [[Codex|codices]]. In fact, most New Testament manuscripts are codices. The adaptation of the codex form in non-Christian text did not become dominant until the fourth and fifth centuries, showing a preference for that form amongst early Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/codex.html|title=Seid|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> The considerable length of some New Testament books (such as the [[Pauline epistles]]), and the New Testament itself, was not suited to the limited space available on a single scroll; in contrast a codex could be expanded to hundreds of pages.  On its own, however, length alone is an insufficient reason - after all, the Jewish scriptures would continue to be transmitted on scrolls for centuries to come.{{sfn|Kruger|2012|p=249}} Scholars have argued that the codex was adopted as a product of the formation of the New Testament canon, allowing for a specific collections of documents like the Gospels and the Pauline Epistles.{{sfn|Kruger|2012|p=250}} "Canon and codex go hand in hand in the sense that the adoption of a fixed canon could be more easily controlled and promulgated when the codex was the means of gathering together originally separate compositions."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elliott|first1=J.K.|title=Manuscripts, the Codex, and the Canon|journal=Journal for the Study of the New Testament|date=1996|issue=63|page=111}}</ref>

=== Script and other features ===
[[Súbor:BookOfDurrowBeginMarkGospel.jpg|náhľad|The beginning of the [[Gospel of Mark]] from the [[Book of Durrow]].]]
The handwriting found in New Testament manuscripts varies. One way of classifying handwriting is by formality: book-hand vs. cursive. More formal, literary Greek works were often written in a distinctive style of even, capital letters called book-hand. Less formal writing consisted of cursive letters which could be written quickly. Another way of dividing handwriting is between [[uncial script]] (or majuscule) and [[Roman cursive#New Roman cursive|minuscule]]. The uncial letters were a consistent height between the [[Baseline (typography)|baseline]] and the cap height, while the minuscule letters had [[Ascender (typography)|ascenders]] and [[Descender|descenders]] that moved past the baseline and cap height. Generally speaking, the majuscules are earlier than the minuscules, with a dividing line roughly in the 11th century.{{sfn|Metzger|Ehrman|2005|pp=17-18, 20}}

The earliest manuscripts had negligible punctuation and breathing marks. The manuscripts also lacked word spacing, so words, sentences, and paragraphs would be a continuous string of letters ([[scriptio continua]]), often with line breaks in the middle of words. Bookmaking was an expensive endeavor, and one way to reduce the number of pages used was to save space. Another method employed was to abbreviate frequent words, such as the ''[[nomina sacra]]''. Yet another method involved the [[palimpsest]], a manuscript which recycled an older manuscript. Scholars using careful examination can sometimes determine what was originally written on the material of a document before it was erased to make way for a new text (for example ''[[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]]'' and the ''[[Syriac Sinaiticus]]'').

The original New Testament books did not have titles, section headings, or [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|verse and chapter divisions]]. These were developed over the years as "helps for readers". The [[Eusebian Canons]] were an early system of division written in the margin of many manuscripts. The Eusebian Canons are a series of tables that grouped parallel stories among the gospels. Starting in the fifth century, subject headings ([[wikt:κεφαλαία|κεφαλαία]]) were used.

Manuscripts became more ornate over the centuries, which developed into a rich [[illuminated manuscript]] tradition, including the famous Irish [[Gospel Book|Gospel Books]], the ''[[Book of Kells]]'' and the ''[[Book of Durrow]]''.

=== Cataloging ===
[[Súbor:SinopeGospelsFolio29rChristHealingBlind.jpg|vľavo|náhľad|A page from the [[Sinope Gospels]]. The miniature at the bottom shows [[Jesus]] healing the blind.]]

[[Desiderius Erasmus]] compiled the first printed edition of the Greek New Testament in 1516, basing his work on several manuscripts because he did not have a single complete work and because each manuscript had small errors. In the 18th century, [[Johann Jakob Wettstein]] was one of the first biblical scholars to start cataloging biblical manuscripts. He divided the manuscripts based on the writing used ([[uncial]], minuscule) or format ([[Lectionary|lectionaries]]) and based on content ([[Gospel|Gospels]], [[Pauline epistles|Pauline letters]], [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] + [[General epistles]], and [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]). He assigned the uncials letters and minuscules and lectionaries numbers for each grouping of content, which resulted in manuscripts being assigned the same letter or number.<ref>Aland 1995, p. 72</ref>

For manuscripts that contained the whole New Testament, such as [[Codex Alexandrinus]] (A) and [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]] (C), the letters corresponded across content groupings. For significant early manuscripts such as [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]] (B), which did not contain Revelation, the letter B was also assigned to a later 10th-century manuscript of Revelation, thus creating confusion. [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] found one of the earliest, nearly complete copies of the Bible, [[Codex Sinaiticus]], over a century after Wettstein's cataloging system was introduced. Because he felt the manuscript was so important, Von Tischendorf assigned it the Hebrew letter [[aleph]] (א). Eventually enough uncials were found that all the letters in the [[Latin alphabet]] had been used, and scholars moved on to first the [[Greek alphabet]], and eventually started reusing characters by adding a [[superscript]]. Confusion also existed in the minuscules, where up to seven different manuscripts could have the same number or a single manuscript of the complete New Testament could have 4 different numbers to describe the different content groupings.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 72-73</ref>

{{anchor|Von Soden}}


==== Von Soden ====
[[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden|Hermann von Soden]] published a complex cataloging system for manuscripts in 1902-10.<ref>Hermann von Soden, ''Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' 4 vols., Berlin: Glaue, 1902-1910.</ref> He grouped the manuscripts based on content, assigning them a Greek prefix: δ for the complete New Testament, ε for the Gospels, and α for the remaining parts. This grouping was flawed because some manuscripts grouped in δ did not contain Revelation, and many manuscripts grouped in α contained either the general epistles or the Pauline epistles, but not both. After the Greek prefix, von Soden assigned a numeral that roughly corresponded to a date (for example δ1-δ49 were from before the 10th century, δ150-δ249 for the 11th century). This system proved to be problematic when manuscripts were re-dated, or when more manuscripts were discovered than the number of spaces allocated to a certain century.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 40-41</ref>

{{anchor|Gregory-Aland}}

==== Gregory–Aland ====
[[Caspar René Gregory]] published another cataloging system in 1908 in ''Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments'', which is the system still in use today. Gregory divided the manuscripts into four groupings: papyri, uncials, minuscules, and [[Lectionary|lectionaries]]. This division is partially arbitrary. The first grouping is based on the physical material ([[papyrus]]) used in the manuscripts. The second two divisions are based on script: uncial and minuscule. The last grouping is based on content: lectionary. Most of the papyrus manuscripts and the lectionaries before the year 1000 are written in uncial script. There is some consistency in that the majority of the papyri are very early because parchment began to replace papyrus in the 4th century (although the latest papyri date to the 8th century). Similarly, the majority of the uncials date to before the 11th century, and the majority of the minuscules to after.<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 73-77</ref>

Gregory assigned the papyri a prefix of '''P''', often written in [[blackletter]] script ({{Papyrus|n}}), with a superscript numeral. The uncials were given a prefix of the number 0, and the established letters for the major manuscripts were retained for redundancy (''e.g.'' [[Codex Claromontanus]] is assigned both '''06''' and '''D'''). The minuscules were given plain numbers, and the lectionaries were prefixed with '''''l''''' often written in script ('''ℓ'''). [[Kurt Aland]] continued Gregory's cataloging work through the 1950s and beyond. Because of this, the numbering system is often referred to as "Gregory-Aland numbers". The most recent manuscripts added to each grouping are {{Papyrus link|131}}, [[Uncial 323|0323]], [[Minuscule 2928|2928]], and ''ℓ'' 2463.<ref>[http://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room] at the [[University of Münster]] website</ref> Due to the cataloging heritage and because some manuscripts which were initially numbered separately were discovered to be from the same codex, there is some redundancy in the list (i.e. the [[Magdalen papyrus]] has both the numbers of {{Papyrus|64}} and {{Papyrus|67}}).<ref>Aland 1995, pp. 73f</ref>

The majority of New Testament textual criticism deals with Greek manuscripts because the scholary opinion is that the original books of the New Testament were written in Greek. The text of the New Testament is also found both translated in manuscripts of many different languages (called ''versions'') and quoted in manuscripts of the writings of the [[Church Fathers]]. In the [[critical apparatus]] of the [[Novum Testamentum Graece]], a series of abbreviations and prefixes designate different language versions (it for Old Latin, lowercase letters for individual Old Latin manuscripts, vg for [[Vulgate]], lat for Latin, sy<sup>s</sup> for [[Sinaitic Palimpsest]], sy<sup>c</sup> for [[Curetonian Gospels]], sy<sup>p</sup> for the [[Peshitta]], co for Coptic, ac for Akhmimic, bo for Bohairic, sa for Sahidic, arm for Armenian, geo for Georgian, got for Gothic, aeth for Ethiopic, and slav for Old Church Slavonic).<ref>NA<sup>27</sup> 1996, pp. 64*–76*</ref>

=== Dating ===
{{additional citations|section|date=October 2018}}
[[Súbor:Escribano.jpg|vpravo|náhľad|An illustration of a European [[scribe]] at work]]

The original manuscripts of the New Testament books are not known to have survived. The [[Autograph|autographs]] are believed to have been lost or destroyed a long time ago. What survives are copies of the original. Generally speaking, these copies were made centuries after the originals from other copies rather than from the autograph. [[Paleography]], a science of dating manuscripts by typological analysis of their scripts, is the most precise and objective means known for determining the age of a manuscript. Script groups belong typologically to their generation; and changes can be noted with great accuracy over relatively short periods of time. Dating of manuscript material by a [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dating test]] requires that a small part of the material be destroyed in the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-73398/biblical-literature#597996.hook|title=Britannica Online: Types of manuscript errors|publisher=|accessdate=4 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Both radiocarbon and paleographical dating only give a range of possible dates, and it is still debated just how narrow this range might be. Dates established by radiocarbon dating can present a range of 10 to over 100 years. Similarly, dates established by paleography can present a range of 25 to over 125 years.<ref>F. V. Greifenhagen, ''Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map''.</ref>

==== Najstaršie dochované rukopisy ====
Najstarší rukopis textu Nového zákona je fragment veľkosti vizitky z [[Evanjelium podľa Jána|evanjelia podľa Jána]], Rylands Library Papyrus P52, ktorý by mohol byť už z prvej polovice 2. storočia. Prvé úplné kópie jednotlivých kníh Nového zákona sa objavujú okolo roku 200 a najskoršia úplná kópia Nového zákona, [[Sinajský kódex]], pochádza zo 4. storočia. Nasledujúca tabuľka obsahuje zoznam najstarších dochovaných rukopisov kníh [[Nový zákon|Nového zákona]].
{| class="wikitable"
|
'''Kniha'''
|
'''Najstaršie dochované rukopisy'''
|
'''Datovanie'''
|
'''Stav'''
|-
|[[Evanjelium podľa Matúša]]
|
[[Papyrus 1|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{1}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 19|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{19}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 21|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{21}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 25|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{25}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 37|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{37}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{45}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 53|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{53}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 64|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{64}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 67|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{67}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 70|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{70}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 77|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{77}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 101|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{101}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 103|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{103}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 104|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{104}</math>]]
|
c. 150–250 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Large fragments
|-
|
[[Evanjelium podľa Marka]]
|
[[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{45}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 137|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{137}</math>]]
|
c. 150–250 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Large fragments
|-
|
[[Evanjelium podľa Lukáša]]
|
[[Papyrus 4|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{4}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 69|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{69}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{75}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{45}</math>]]
|
c. 175–250 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Large fragments
|-
|
[[Evanjelium podľa Jána]]
|
[[Papyrus 5|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 6|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 22|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 28|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 39|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 52|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 66|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 80|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 90|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 95|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 106|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]]
|
c. 125–250 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Large fragments
|-
|
[[Skutky apoštolov]]
|
[[Papyrus 29|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{29}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 38|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{38}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{45}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 48|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{48}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 53|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{53}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 74|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{74}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 91|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{91}</math>]]
|
Early 3rd century<ref>Philip W. Comfort and David P. Barrett. The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers Incorporated, 2001, p. 65.</ref>
|
Large fragments
|-
|
[[List Rimanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 27|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{27}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 40|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{40}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Prvý list Korinťanom|1.List Korinťanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 14|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{14}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 15|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{15}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Druhý list Korinťanom|2.List Korinťanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}{46}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[List Galaťanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[List Efezanom|List Efežanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 49|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{0}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[List Filipanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 16|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{16}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[List Kolosanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Prvý list Solúnčanom|1.List Tesaloničanom]]
|
[[Papyrus 30|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{30}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 65|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{65}</math>]]
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Druhý list Solúnčanom|2.List Tesaloničanom]] 
|
[[Papyrus 30|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{30}</math>]]
|
Early 3rd century
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Prvý list Timotejovi|1.List Timotejovi]]
|
[[Sinajský kódex|א]]
|
c. 350 (4th century)
|
Complete
|-
|
[[Druhý list Timotejovi|2.List Timotejovi]]
|
[[Sinajský kódex|א]]
|
c. 350 (4th century)
|
Complete
|-
|
[[List Títovi]]
|
[[Papyrus 32|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{32}</math>]]
|
c. 200 (late 2nd – early 3rd century)
|
Fragment
|-
|
[[List Filemonovi]]
|
[[Papyrus 87|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{87}</math>]], 
|
3rd century
|
Fragment
|-
|
[[List Hebrejom]]
|
[[Papyrus 12|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{12}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 13|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{13}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 17|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{17}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{46}</math>]], 
|
c. 175–225 (2nd–3rd century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Jakubov list|List Jakubov]]
|
[[Papyrus 20|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{20}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 23|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{23}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 100|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{100}</math>]], 
|
3rd Century
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Prvý Petrov list|1.List Petrov]]
|
[[Papyrus 81|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{81}</math>]], 
|
c. 300 (late 3rd – early 4th century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Druhý Petrov list|2.List Petrov]]
|
[[Papyrus 72|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{72}</math>]], 
|
c. 300 (late 3rd – early 4th century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Prvý Jánov list|1.List Jánov]]
|
[[Papyrus 9|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{9}</math>]], 
|
3rd century
|
Fragment
|-
|
[[Druhý Jánov list|2.List Jánov]]
|
[[Sinajský kódex|א]]
|
c. 350 (4th century)
|
Complete
|-
|
[[Tretí Jánov list|3.List Jánov]]
|
[[Sinajský kódex|א]]
|
c. 350 (4th century)
|
Complete
|-
|
[[Júdov list|List Júdov]]
|
[[Papyrus 72|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{72}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 78|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{78}</math>]], 
|
c. 300 (late 3rd – early 4th century)
|
Fragments
|-
|
[[Zjavenie Jána]]
|
[[Papyrus 18|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{18}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 24|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{24}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 47|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{47}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 98|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{98}</math>]], 
[[Papyrus 115|<math>\mathfrak{P}^{115}</math>]], 
|
c. 150–250 (2nd-3rd century)
|
Fragment
|}

=== Textual criticism ===
{{main article|Textual Criticism}}
{{further|Textual variants in the New Testament|List of Bible verses not included in modern translations}}
[[Palaeography]] is the study of ancient writing, and [[textual criticism]] is the study of manuscripts in order to reconstruct a probable original text.

None of the original documents of the New Testament is known to scholars to be extant; and the existing manuscripts differ from one another. The textual critic seeks to ascertain from the divergent copies which form of the text should be regarded as most conforming to the original.{{sfn|Metzger|1992}} The [[New Testament]] has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th-century-CE [[Alexandrian text-type]], the [[Western text-type]], and the [[Byzantine text-type]], which includes over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition.

Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no ''a priori'' bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament. This is reflected in the [[Novum Testamentum Graece]], which since 2014 corresponds to both the United Bible Society, 5th edition and Nestle-Aland, 28th edition. In [[textual criticism]], eclecticism is the practice of examining a wide number of text witnesses and selecting the variant that seems best. The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence. Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the [[Alexandrian text-type]], are the most favored in these two publications; and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barbara|last=Aland|first2=Joël|last2=Delobel|year=1994|title=New Testament textual criticism, exegesis and church history: a discussion of methods|location=Kampen|publisher=Kok Pharos|p=138|isbn=9-03-900105-7}}</ref> Most English translations of the New Testament made in the 20th Century were based on these copies.

Textual scholar [[Bart D. Ehrman]] writes: "It is true, of course, that the New Testament is abundantly attested in the manuscripts produced through the ages, but most of these manuscripts are many centuries removed from the originals, and none of them perfectly accurate. They all contain mistakes - altogether many thousands of mistakes. It is not an easy task to reconstruct the original words of the New Testament...."{{sfn|Ehrman|2004|p=449}} In reference to the textual evidence for the New Testament, [[Bruce M. Metzger]] wrote,

{{quote|In evaluating the significance of these statistics...one should consider, by way of contrast, the number of manuscripts which preserve the text of the ancient classics. Homer's ''[[Iliad]]''...is preserved by 457 papyri, 2 uncial manuscripts, and 188 minuscule manuscripts. Among the tragedians the witnesses to [[Euripides]] are the most abundant; his extant works are preserved in 54 papyri and 276 parchment manuscripts, almost all of the later dating from the Byzantine period...the time between the composition of the books of the New Testament and the earliest extant copies is relatively brief. Instead of the lapse of a millennium or more, as is the case of not a few classical authors, several papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New Testament are extant which were copies within a century or so after the composition of the original documents.{{sfn|Metzger|1992|pp=33-35}}{{efn|1=As a footnote to his comments, [[Bruce Metzger|Metzger]] also said, "Lest, however, the wrong impression be conveyed from the statistics given above regarding the total number of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, it should be pointed out that most of the [[New Testament papyrus|papyri]] are relatively fragmentary and that only about fifty manuscripts (of which the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] is the only [[Uncial script|Uncial manuscript]]) contain the entire New Testament."{{sfn|Metzger|1992|p=34}} }}}}

Biblical scholar [[Gary Habermas]] adds, 

{{quote|What is usually meant is that the New Testament has far more manuscript evidence from a far earlier period than other classical works. There are just under 6000 NT manuscripts, with copies of most of the NT dating from just 100 years or so after its writing. Classical sources almost always have fewer than 20 copies each and usually date from 700-1400 years after the composition of the work. In this regard, the classics are not as well attested. While this doesn't guarantee truthfulness, it means that it is much easier to reconstruct the New Testament text. Regarding genre, the Gospels are usually taken today to be examples of Roman biographies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Reliability and Inspiration of the Bible  |website=Dr. Habermas Answers Important Questions |url=http://www.garyhabermas.com/qa/qa_index.htm}}</ref>}}

Every year, several New Testament manuscripts handwritten in the original Greek format are discovered. The latest substantial find was in 2008, when 47 new manuscripts were discovered in [[Albania]]; at least 17 of them unknown to Western scholars.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michelle A|last=Vu|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/nt.scholar.on.discovery.of.giant.trove.of.bible.manuscripts/18204.htm|title=NT scholar on discovery of giant trove of Bible manuscripts|work=[[Christianity Today]]|date=21 April 2008}}</ref> There has been an estimate of 400,000 variations among all these manuscripts (from the 2nd to 15th century).<ref>{{cite web|first=Daniel|last=Wallace|date=13 April 2009|title=The Number of Textual Variants: An Evangelical Miscalculation|url=https://bible.org/article/number-textual-variants-evangelical-miscalculation}}</ref> If you spread those 400,000 variations over 5,600 manuscripts, that comes out to only about 71 variations per manuscript, (400,000 divided by 5,600). And some of these manuscripts are the equivalent of several hundred pages of text, hand-written (see [[Codex Vaticanus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus]], et al.).  The number of variants is additionally less significant than may appear since it is a comparison across linguistic boundaries.  More important estimates focus on comparing texts within languages. Those variations are considerably fewer. The vast majority of these are accidental errors made by [[Scribe|scribes]], and are easily identified as such: [[Haplography|an omitted word]], [[Homoioteleuton|a duplicate line]], a misspelling, a rearrangement of words. Some variations involve apparently intentional changes, which often make more difficult a determination of whether they were corrections from better exemplars, [[Harmonization|harmonizations]] between readings, or ideologically motivated.{{sfn|Ehrman|2004}} Variants are listed in critical editions of the text, the most important of which is the [[Novum Testamentum Graece]], which is the basis for most modern translations. For over 250 years, Christian scholars have argued that no textual variant affects key Christian doctrine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Daniel|date=3 June 2004|url=https://bible.org/article/majority-text-and-original-text-are-they-identical|title=The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref><ref>c.f. Bruce, F.F. "Are the New Testament Documents Reliable?"</ref>

=== Listings ===

* [[List of New Testament papyri]]
* [[List of New Testament uncials]]
* [[List of New Testament minuscules]]
* [[List of New Testament lectionaries]]
* [[List of New Testament Latin manuscripts]]

== Galéria ==
{{Cleanup gallery|date=March 2017}}
<gallery>
 Image:Deadseascrolls.jpg|Fragments of the [[Dead Sea scrolls]] on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman
 Image:P52 recto.jpg|{{Papyrus link|52}} is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament, containing a portion of the [[Gospel of John]]
 Image:P46.jpg|{{Papyrus link|46}} is the earliest (nearly) complete manuscript of the [[Pauline epistles|Epistles written by Paul in the new testament]].
 Image:P. Chester Beatty I, folio 13-14, recto.jpg|{{Papyrus link|45}} is a manuscript of [[Gospel]]s and [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]]. It contains the earliest known text of [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]. Scholars find it hard to read it because of its fragmentary state.
 Image:Fragmento filemon.jpg|{{Papyrus link|87}} is the earliest known manuscript of [[Epistle to Philemon|Philemon]].
 Image:Papyrus 37 - verso.jpg|{{Papyrus link|37}} is a fragment of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] containing [[nomina sacra]].
 Image:Papyrus1.JPG|{{Papyrus link|1}} is an early third century fragment of the [[Gospel of Matthew]].
 Image:Sinaiticus text.jpg|[[Codex Sinaiticus]] (''c''. 350) contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament, as well as most of the Greek Old Testament, known as the [[Septuagint]]
 Image:Codex Vaticanus B, 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg|[[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209]] is one of the best available Greek manuscripts of almost the entire bible.
 Image:P. Chester Beatty VI fragments, recto.jpg|''[[Chester Beatty Papyri|P. Chester Beatty]]'' VI showing portions of [[Deuteronomy]]
 Image:Uncial 0308 POxy 4500 recto.jpg| [[Uncial 0308]] is a fragment of the [[Book of Revelation]].
Image:Codex Argenteus.jpg|The first page of the [[Gothic language]] [[Codex Argenteus]]
 Image:CodxAmiatinusFolio5rEzra.jpg|Folio 5r of the [[Codex Amiatinus]], manuscript of [[Vulgate]]
</gallery>

== Pozri tiež ==
{{Portal|Bible}}

* [[Apographa]]
* [[Dating the Bible]]
* [[Biblical criticism]]
* [[Textual criticism]]
* [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts]]
** [[Alexandrian text-type]]
** [[Byzantine text-type]]
** [[Caesarean text-type]]
** [[Western text-type]]
* [[List of major textual variants in the New Testament]]
* [[Higher Criticism]]
* [[Manuscript culture]]
* [[Nag Hammadi library]]
* [[Fifty Bibles of Constantine]]
* [[List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts]]
* [[List of illuminated manuscripts]]

== Poznámky ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Aland|first=Kurt|authorlink=Kurt Aland|first2=Barbara|last2=Aland|translator=Erroll F. Rhodes|title=The Text of The New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism|edition=2nd|year=1995|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]|location=Grand Rapids, MI|isbn=0-8028-4098-1|pages=40f, 72f}}
* Barkay, G., A.G. Vaughn, M.J. Lundberg and B. Zuckerman (2004). "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation," ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'' 334: 41-71. (An innovation in the report was the simultaneous publication of an accompanying "digital article," a CD version of the article and the images).
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author-link=F. F. Bruce|year=1964|chapter-url=http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/kenyon/storyofbible/2ck11.htm|chapter=The Last Thirty Years|title=Story of the Bible|editor=[[Frederic G. Kenyon]]|last=Bruce|first=F. F.|access-date=June 19, 2007}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|authorlink=Bart D. Ehrman|title=The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings|year=2004|publisher=Oxford|location=New York|isbn=0-19-515462-2|pages=480f}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Kruger|first1=Michael J.|title=Canon revisited : establishing the origins and authority of the New Testament books|date=2012|publisher=Crossway|location=Wheaton, Ill.|isbn=9781433505003|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author-link=Bruce Metzger|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|year=1992|isbn=0-19-507297-9}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author-link=Bruce Metzger|last=Metzger|first=Bruce M.|author2-link=Bart D. Ehrman|last2=Ehrman|first2=Bart D.|title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=4th|year=2005|isbn=0-19-516667-1}}
* ''Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece'' rv. 27 (2006) Hendrickson Publishers, {{ISBN|1-59856-172-3}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/index.html|author=Seid, Timothy W.|title=Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts|accessdate=2007-06-19|work=Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts Web - Earlham School of Religion}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/intro.html|title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism|accessdate=2007-06-19|author=Waltz, Robert|work=A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618171708/http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/intro.html|archivedate=18 June 2007|url-status=live}}
* Wilson, Robert Dick. (1929) 'The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament', ''The Princeton Theological Review'' '''27''': pp.&nbsp;40f.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bible manuscripts}}
{{Wiktionary|manuscript}}

* [http://www.CSNTM.org Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts]
* Michael D. Marlowe's [http://www.bible-researcher.com/index.html Bible Research] site
* Micheal W. Palmer's [http://www.greek-language.com/Manuscripts.html Greek-Language.com] Manuscripts page
* TextCrit.com: [http://www.textcrit.com/tc001/eusebian.htm Eusebian Canon in Codex A]
* [http://alpha.reltech.org/BibleMSS.html Biblical Manuscripts Project]{{Dead link|date=June 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* [http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~gv0/Papyri/VBP_V/130/VBP_V_130_R_(150).html Fragment of Psalms] at the Heidelberger Papyrus-Sammlung
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Manuscripts of the Bible}}
* [http://www.philologus.gr/2008-08-02-10-20-04/37/280-oldest-manuscript-of-the-bible Contantinus Siamakis, Oldest Manuscript of the Bible]

{{Books of the Bible}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biblical Manuscript}}
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[[Kategória:Scribes]]
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