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Space cooperation between the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) and Pakistan's [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission]] (SUPARCO) began shortly after both agencies were founded in 1958 and 1961 respectively.{{efn|From 1961 to 1964, SUPARCO was under the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) as the Space Sciences Research Wing.<ref name="SUPARCO">{{cite web|url=http://suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp|title=History|work=Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref>}} 

==1960s: Sounding rocket experiments==
===''Rehbar'' rocket tests===
{{Further|Rehbar-I}}
[[File:Nike-cajun.jpg|150px|thumb|A [[Nike-Cajun]] rocket similar to the Rehbar-I launched in Sonmiani.]]
In September 1961, theoretical physicist [[Abdus Salam]] became SUPARCO's founding director and traveled to the [[United States]], where he signed a space cooperation agreement with NASA.<ref name="TFT">{{cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109021617/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120330&page=22|archivedate=9 November 2013|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20120330&page=22|title=SUPARCO – The formative years (1961–1967)|work=The Friday Times|first=Tariq|last=Mustafa|date=30 March 2012|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref>{{efn|Abdus Salam accompanied President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] and his delegation, who were on a [[List of foreign trips of Presidents of Pakistan|state visit]] to the United States.<ref name="TFT"/>}} The agreement came at a time when NASA was developing the [[Apollo program]], which aimed to land the first astronauts on the [[Moon]].<ref name="TFT"/> For this project, NASA needed to map the wind conditions of the [[Earth]]'s entire upper atmosphere – as its rockets would initially [[Geocentric orbit|orbit the Earth]] before being propelled to the Moon.<ref name="TFT"/> The [[Indian Ocean]] region was regarded as a "black hole" of data, due to the lack of scientific information available on its [[Near space|upper atmosphere]].<ref name="TFT"/>

Pakistan took up the offer of setting up a [[Spaceport|rocket range]], and carrying out scientific experiments mapping the atmosphere above the Indian Ocean.<ref name="TFT"/><ref name="Mughal">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1134488|title=Metro Bus or Mars: The problem with our priorities|work=Dawn|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=16 March 2017|first=Bilal Karim|last=Mughal}}</ref> A meeting was held at the [[NASA Headquarters]] in Washington, D.C., presided by Abdus Salam, project lead [[Tariq Mustafa]],{{efn|Mustafa was a mechanical engineer at PAEC who at the time was stationed at the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] as a [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] fellow. He was selected by Salam to lead the Rehbar project team.<ref name="TFT"/>}} and NASA's director of international programs, [[Arnold Frutkin]].<ref name="TFT"/> NASA offered to work with Pakistan in developing its [[sounding rocket]]s, named ''Rehbar'', in addition to procuring the launching equipment. The raw data obtained from these experiments was to be jointly shared between SUPARCO and NASA.<ref name="TFT"/>

In the weeks that followed, a team of Pakistani scientists was dispatched to undergo training at NASA's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] and [[Goddard Space Flight Center]].<ref name="Khan"/><ref name="Moltz"/> In [[Karachi]], designs and layouts were finalised for establishing a [[Sonmiani (space facility)|space facility at Sonmiani]], located 85 km northwest of the city. Construction of the rocket range was undertaken by the [[Military Engineering Service]] (MES), after receiving approval from President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].<ref name="TFT"/> NASA personnel from Wallops traveled to Sonmiani to personally observe the set up of the launch site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4311/ch4.htm|title=Chapter 4: Space Science Research|work=NASA History|date=1997|accessdate=16 March 2017|quote=Not only did foreign researchers come to Wallops, but Station personnel traveled abroad to assist in establishing ranges, and launching rockets... Wallops people travelled to Sonmiani Beach, Pakistan, to help set up that launch site.}}</ref> The Pakistani rockets were to be propelled using [[Nike-Cajun]] launch vehicles, and were based on the [[MIM-3 Nike Ajax|Nike Ajax]] booster system.<ref name="Khan">{{cite book|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|first=Feroz|last=Khan|publisher=Stanford University Press|date=2012|isbn=9780804784801|page=236|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&pg=PA236}}</ref> The rocket components along with the control instrumentation were procured and shipped to Karachi, and were installed, commissioned and tested at the site. The entire project, funded by the government, was completed by SUPARCO scientists within a span of nine months.<ref name="TFT"/> 

{{Rquote|right|A program of continuing cooperation in space research of mutual interest....|NASA hailing the launch of the Rehbar-I sounding rocket (1962).<ref name="Wisconsin">{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906141819/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/pakistan/hatf.html|title=Pakistan Derives its First "Hatf" Missiles from Foreign Space Rockets|work=The Risk Report, Volume 1 Number 8|publisher=[[Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control]]|page=4|date=October 1995|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref>}}

On 7 June 1962 (7:53pm [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]), ''[[Rehbar-I]]'' was launched from Sonmiani into [[outer space]] at an altitude of 130 km (80 miles).<ref name="Moltz">{{cite book|title=Asia's Space Race: National Motivations, Regional Rivalries, and International Risks|page=174|publisher=Columbia University Press|date=2012|first=James|last=Moltz|isbn=9780231527576|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h16AnwvpSQwC&pg=PA174}}</ref> The rocket carried a [[payload]] of {{convert|80|lb|kg|1}} of [[sodium]], releasing a trail of orange vapour visible on the night sky.<ref name="Dawn2">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/724785|title=Pakistan’s first rocket soars 80 miles high|work=Dawn|date=8 June 2012|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> Ground-based photography of the sodium vapour was used to measure atmospheric winds, as part of the experiment.<ref name="COSPAR">{{cite book|title=United States Space Science Program: Report to COSPAR|author=National Research Council|author2=Space Science Board (Committee on Space Research)|date=1966|publisher=National Academies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aT4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292|page=292}}</ref> It was followed by the identical [[Multistage rocket|second-stage]] launch of ''Rehbar-II'' on 11 June (approx. 7.50pm PST).<ref name="Moltz"/><ref name="Burle">{{cite book|title=Space Programs Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country|first=Daphne|last=Burleson|publisher=McFarland|date=2005|isbn=9780786418527|page=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpBTAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The successful takeoffs, hailed by NASA,<ref name="Wisconsin"/> made Pakistan the third country in [[Asia]] and the tenth in the world to launch a rocket into space.<ref name="SUPARCO"/><ref name="Dawn2"/> From these tests, scientists were able to collect data on the [[wind shear]], [[Wind speed|speed]], [[Wind direction|direction]], and structure of the Indian Ocean's upper atmosphere, extending beyond the [[stratosphere]] at an altitude of 50 to 80 miles (80 to 130 km). The rockets also aided studies on cloud formations, cyclones and meteorological patterns over the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="SUPARCO"/><ref name="Burle"/>

===Ongoing cooperative projects===
Over the following years, SUPARCO and NASA continued collaborating on a wide range of rocket-borne experiments studying the upper atmosphere.<ref name="TFT"/> The types of rockets used included the Nike-Cajun, [[Nike-Apache]] and [[Judi-Dart]].<ref name="TFT"/> The Judi-Dart was notably used from 1964 onward, in meteorological experiments involving a payload of radar-reflective aluminium [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]]. The chaff was ejected at an altitude of 65 km, gradually descending and moving with the wind in the stratosphere. It was tracked and recorded by special ground-based [[radar]] and computer equipment, and from this plot, the velocity and direction of the upper wind were computed.<ref name="AV7">{{cite book|title=Action, Volume 7|author=Economic Affairs Division (Pakistan)|author2=[[United States Agency for International Development]]|date=1969|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj4EAAAAMAAJ|quote=In the Judi-dart system, chaff is ejected at an altitude of about 65 km. It gradually descends, moving with the wind in the stratosphere. It is tracked by radar, and from the radar plot the direction and velocity of the upper wind are computed.}}</ref><ref name="IIDT">{{cite book|title=Proceedings of International Conference on Defence and the Muslim World, 8-12 Rabi-al-Awwal, 1399 (5-9 February, 1979)|author=Islamic Institute of Defence Technology|date=1979|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYxAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> The experiments, supported by NASA, were also a supplementary part of the [[International Indian Ocean Expedition]]'s research.<ref name="AV7"/><ref name="COSPAR"/> For Pakistan, acquiring the radar-tracking technology was a first.<ref name="TFT"/> 

Likewise, the Nike Cajun and Apache were supplemented with [[grenade]]-based payloads in 1965. Under these experiments, grenades were ejected from the rockets at a predetermined time and altitude. Their [[Explosion|burst]] generated [[sound wave]]s and flash, which were recorded by low-[[frequency response]] microphones and [[photomultiplier]] detectors stationed on the ground. Based on the time taken by a sound wave to travel to a microphone, the atmospheric temperature, pressure, density, wind speed and direction were measured.<ref name="IIDT"/><ref name="COSPAR"/> The table below provides a chronology of the joint sounding rocket projects between SUPARCO and NASA. The experiments, which lasted until December 1967, were all conducted from Sonmiani.<ref name="Astronautix">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/sonmiani.html|title=Sonmiani|first=Mark|last=Wade|date=2016|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/644/|title=Sonmiani Flight Test Range|work=Nuclear Threat Initiative|date=27 September 2011|accessdate=10 April 2017|quote=The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and SUPARCO collaboratively use the FTR as the launch site for sounding rockets.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date and time !! Rocket !! Mission !! Country<sup>1</sup> !! Agency !! Launch vehicle !! Altitude
|-
| 7 June 1962 (14:53 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]) || [[Rehbar-1]] || [[Aeronomy]] (sodium release) || Pakistan || SUPARCO || [[Nike-Cajun]] || {{convert|130|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 11 June 1962 (14:50 GMT) || Rehbar-2 || Aeronomy (sodium release) || Pakistan || SUPARCO || Nike-Cajun || {{convert|116|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 16 May 1963 (14:38 GMT) || Rehbar-3 || Aeronomy || United States || NASA || Nike-Cajun || {{convert|146|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 9 April 1964 (14:22 GMT) || Rehbar-4 || Aeronomy || United States || NASA || [[Nike-Apache]] || {{convert|160|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 21 October 1964 (13:58 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || [[Judi-Dart]] || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 30 November 1964 (13:11 GMT) || Rehbar-5 || Aeronomy || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|207|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 1 December 1964 (1:20 GMT) || Rehbar-6 || Aeronomy || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|200|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 16 December 1964 (13:03 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 13 January 1965 (14:10 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 17 February 1965 (13:25 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 17 March 1965 (17:32 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 29 April 1965 (17:32 GMT) || Rehbar-7 || Aeronomy (grenades) || United States || NASA || Nike-Cajun || {{convert|100|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 30 April 1965 (18:37 GMT) || Rehbar-8 || Aeronomy (grenades) || United States || NASA || Nike-Cajun || {{convert|40|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 20 October 1965 (12:58 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 17 November 1965 (12:10 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|65|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 25 February 1966 (13:59 GMT) || Rehbar-9 || Aeronomy || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|200|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 26 February 1966 (13:59 GMT) || Rehbar-10 || Aeronomy || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|200|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 16 March 1966 (15:10 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|62|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 24 March 1966 (15:31 GMT) || Rehbar-11 || Aeronomy (grenades) || United States || NASA || Nike-Cajun || {{convert|135|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 25 March 1966 (5:39 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|66|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 27 March 1966 (17:12 GMT) || Rehbar-12 || Aeronomy (grenades) || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|190|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 13 April 1966 (12:57 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|62|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 26 April 1966 (00:12 GMT) || Rehbar-13 || Aeronomy (grenades) || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|190|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 18 May 1966 (14:15 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|62|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 15 June 1966 (14:05 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|64|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 13 July 1966 (7:30 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|60|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 17 August 1966 (14:30 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|62|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 12 October 1966 (14:20 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|69|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 16 November 1966 (14:01 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|64|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 29 November 1967 (1:06 GMT) || Rehbar-14 || Aeronomy (grenades) || United States || NASA || Nike-Apache || {{convert|175|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 29 November 1967 (2:10 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|60|km|mi|0}}
|-
| 12 December 1967 (9:13 GMT) || – || Aeronomy || United States || SUPARCO || Judi-Dart || {{convert|63|km|mi|0}}
|}
<small>'''Notes:'''<br>
<sup>1</sup> The list excludes rocket launches executed by Pakistan alone. For a full list, see [[Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests]].
</small>

By 1967, Pakistan was interested in localising the manufacturing of its rockets and rocket propellants. However, the feasibility of this was questioned by NASA, given it had been supplying rocket equipment to Pakistan free of cost under the existing partnership. A rocket production plant was eventually established in [[Maripur]], Karachi, that same year with French cooperation.<ref name="TFT"/> With this, Pakistan indigenised its rocketry program.<ref name="TFT"/> According to the [[Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control]], much of Pakistan's conventional [[Pakistani missile research and development program|missile research and development program]] was derived from the expertise its scientists gained from the sounding rocket experiments.<ref name="Wisconsin"/><ref name="Khan"/>

==1970s==
During 1976–77, NASA and SUPARCO jointly operated a transportable [[ground station]] in Islamabad. For a full year, the program yielded data pertaining to studies of Pakistan's agricultural, hydrological, geological and mineral resources, as well as [[desertification]] and environmental effects.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan & Gulf Economist, Volume 4, Part 2|first=S. Akhtar|last=Ali|date=1985|page=35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIgAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

1980s: Challenger disaster [https://web.archive.org/web/20070326034200/http://www.arrl.org/news/features/2003/07/10/1/]
2010s: [https://tribune.com.pk/story/943287/pakistani-boy-wins-second-prize-at-nasa-contest/] [https://www.dawn.com/news/1179349], Pakistan participates in SERVIR Himalayas [https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/servir/10-154.html] (mentioned in former NASA administrator Charles Bolden's interview to USAID Pakistan)

==Pakistani personnel at NASA==
Pakistani involvement at NASA began with the Rehbar mission in 1961, when SUPARCO personnel received training in rocketry at NASA facilities – [[Wallops Flight Facility |Wallops]] and [[Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard]]. Amongst them were [[Tariq Mustafa]], [[Salim Mehmud]], Sikandar Zaman, A.Z. Farooqi, and M. Rehmatullah.<ref name="SUPARCO"/><ref name="TFT"/> NASA also funded research associate programs and fellowships at American universities for Pakistani space scientists and technicians, providing them "advanced training and experience."<ref name="Wisconsin"/>

[[Abdul Majid (physicist)|Abdul Majid]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=uFZTAAAAYAAJ&q=1964+NASA+SUPARCO&dq=1964+NASA+SUPARCO&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZl5nmm_nUAhWIzLwKHSnZBng4ChDoAQgtMAI]
[https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4311/ch4.htm]

Bashir Syed [https://web.archive.org/web/20081006190439/https://www.dawn.com/weekly/science/archive/050108/science8.htm]
Sajjad Durrani

[https://www.dawn.com/news/1382259] [https://www.dawn.com/news/1315725] [https://tribune.com.pk/story/1911870/8-pakistani-student-goes-nasa-week-long-internship/] [https://www.parhlo.com/hibah-rahmani-the-pakistani-scientist-at-nasa/] [https://women.nasa.gov/hibah-rahmani/] [https://www.dawn.com/news/1382259/a-peek-into-the-life-and-work-of-pakistani-astrophysicist-at-nasa-mansoor-ahmed] [https://www.geo.tv/latest/250470-dr-nozair-khawaja-the-pakistani-astrobiologist-in-search-of-life-beyond-earth]

==See also==
* [[Chinese exclusion policy of NASA]]
* [[Pakistan–United States military relations]]
* [[Pakistan–United States relations]]

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

<!--
{{NASA space program}}
{{SUPARCO}}

* "In 1964, Dr. Abdus Salam, went to NASA and signed another agreement, under which, NASA launched a program to provide training to Pakistani Scientists and Engineers" https://www.quora.com/How-valuable-is-the-contribution-of-Pakistans-Nobel-Laureate-Dr-Abdus-Salam-to-the-field-of-Physics [https://www.google.com/search?q=1964+NASA+SUPARCO&rlz=1C1CHWA_enAU634AU634&source=lnms&tbm=bks&biw=1366&bih=662]
* [https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4401/ch7.htm]
* [[Rehbar-I]]
*..."study of the Indian Ocean by launching Meteorological Rockets under a cooperative agreement with NASA"
* "NASA and SUPARCO"
*"July 8, 1963 Memorandum of Understanding Between the Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Committee and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration"; quote: "... affirm their mutual interest in developing a meteorological sounding rocket system through a cooperative program contributing to the International Indian Ocean Expedition "
* quote: "A memorandum of understanding was signed between suparco and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (nasa) in March last. He said nasa had expressed its readiness to place as many Pakistani satellites in orbit" [https://books.google.com/books?id=jFk8AAAAMAAJ&q=%22(SUPARCO)+and+the+United+States+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+(NASA)%22&dq=%22(SUPARCO)+and+the+United+States+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration+(NASA)%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9h4WGsfnUAhVKQLwKHVHBBUcQ6AEIMTAC]
* 1960s, JudiDart etc [https://books.google.com/books?id=bqQsjc3BwZkC&pg=PA170&dq=1964+NASA+SUPARCO&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_wOjTl_nUAhUMWbwKHUH3BTMQ6AEIQDAG#v=onepage&q=1964%20NASA%20SUPARCO&f=false], [https://books.google.com/books?id=CoGoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81&dq=1964+NASA+SUPARCO&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_wOjTl_nUAhUMWbwKHUH3BTMQ6AEIUjAJ#v=onepage&q=1964%20NASA%20SUPARCO&f=false]
* https://archive.org/stream/astronauticalaer00unit/astronauticalaer00unit_djvu.txt
* [[Sonmiani (space facility)]], [[Abdus Salam]]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pakistan-started-space-programme-8-years-before-india-today-isro-is-galaxies-ahead/story-uZW0NQG5Qmxa1o2QM8M8SL.html]
* "Four days later on 11th June, 1962, Rehbar-II was launched. Rehbar I & II, measured the wind shear and velocities and the structure of the upper atmosphere beyond the stratosphere. In the decade of the 60s, SUPARCO launched approximately 200 rockets in to space." https://nustscienceblog.wordpress.com/2015/06/05/the-giant-that-dwarfs-all-others-dr-abdus-salaam/
* NASA Sonmiani radar
* [[SUPARCO]] main article
* "joint agreement with NASA and SUPARCO, two Nike-Cajun rockets (Rehbar 21 and Rehbar 22) were successfully launched in late March 1 970"
* "has gradually improved since the original sevenman team, aided by NASA technicians, fired the first Nike-Cajun Rehbar 1 and Rehbar 2 rockets in June, 1962."
* More info [https://www.google.com/search?q=NASA+radar+sonmiani&rlz=1C1CHWA_enAU634AU634&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK-r-C_-LSAhVEi5QKHXeRAIIQ_AUIDSgG&biw=1366&bih=662]
* [https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-data-used-to-track-groundwater-in-pakistan]
* [https://pk.usembassy.gov/u-s-nasa-engineer-inspires-pakistani-youth-to-study-science-and-technology/]
-->

{{NASA space program}}
{{SUPARCO}}
{{Pakistan–United States relations}}

[[:Category:NASA programs]]
[[:Category:SUPARCO missions]]
[[:Category:Pakistan–United States relations]]

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Module:Navbox (view source) (protected)
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