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[[File:Karte Kulturhauptstadt Europas.png|thumb|300px]]
The '''European Capital of Culture''' is a [[city]] (or multiple cities) chosen by the [[European Union]] for a period of one [[calendar year]]. The city is given a chance to show its [[Culture|cultural]] life and cultural development. Most of the cities are very popular and are known internationally (by people around the world).

The idea to have a European Capital of Culture came from [[Melina Mercouri]] who was the Minster for Culture in [[Greece]]. It began in 1985. It was originally known as the 'European City of Culture' until 1999, when it was re-named 'European Capital of Culture'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What it Means to be the European Capital of Culture|url=https://www.europeantoursandvacations.com/blog/what-it-means-to-be-the-european-capital-of-culture/}}</ref>

The European Capitals of Culture for 2025 are [[Chemnitz]] in Germany, and [[Nova Gorica]] in Slovenia (with [[Gorizia]] in Italy).<ref>{{Cite web|title=From division to unity: European Capitals of Culture 2025|url=https://www.dw.com/en/from-division-to-unity-european-capitals-of-culture-2025/a-71046533}}</ref>

== List of by year ==
=== Past years ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of capitals chosen by year
! Year !! Cities !! Image !! Details
|-
| 1985 || {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]] ||[[File:Attica 06-13 Athens 18 View from Acropolis Hill.jpg|100px|alt=|Athens]] || 
|-
| 1986 || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]]  || [[File:From the campanile.jpg|100px|alt=|Florence]] || 
|-
| 1987 || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]] || [[File:Dampaleis.jpg|100px|alt=|Amsterdam]] || 
|-
| 1988 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[West Berlin]] || [[File:Potsdamer Platz with Site of Potsdamer Bahnhof 2005.jpg|100px|alt=|Berlin]] || 
|-
| 1989 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]] [[Lyon]] || [[File:Flickr - Whiternoise - Eiffel Tower lit up with the beacon.jpg|100px|alt=|Paris]] || 
|-
| 1990 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Glasgow]]|| [[File:Glasgow City Chambers and War Memorial.JPG|100px|alt=|Glasgow]] || 
|-
| 1991 || {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]]   || [[File:Dublin The Convention Centre 01.JPG|100px|alt=|Dublin]] ||
|-
| 1992 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]] || [[File:Plaza de Cibeles (Madrid) 12.jpg|100px|alt=|Madrid]] || 
|-
| 1993 || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Antwerp]]|| [[File:Antwerp riverfront, april 2012.jpg|100px|alt=|Antwerp]] || 
|-
| 1994 || {{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]] || [[File:Lisbon 10064 Lisboa Praça Luís de Camões 2006 Luca Galuzzi.jpg|100px|alt=|Lisbon]] || 
|-
| 1995 || {{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]] || [[File:Luxembourg station winter.jpg|100px|alt=|Luxembourg]] || 
|-
| 1996 || {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Copenhagen]] || [[File:Kopenhagen stadhuis.jpg|100px|alt=|Copenhagen]] || 
|-
| 1997 || {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Thessaloniki]] || [[File:Thessaloniki White Tower and promenade.png|100px|alt=|Thessaloniki]] || 
|-
| 1998 || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Stockholm]] || [[File:Stockholm-Altstadt-(gamla-stan).jpg|100px|alt=|Stockholm]] || 
|-
| 1999 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Weimar]] || [[File:Weimar City hall.jpg|100px|alt=|Weimar]] || 
|-
| 2000 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Avignon]]<br>{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]]<br>{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bologna]]<br>{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]]<br>{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Helsinki]]<br>{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krakow]]<br>{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]]<br>{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Reykjavík]]<br>{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Zaragoza]] || [[File:Krakow-_Kosciol_Mariacki.jpg|100px|alt=|Krakow]] || 
|-
| 2001 || {{flagicon|POR}} [[Porto]]<br>{{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam]] || [[File:HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940 2007 edit1.jpg|100px|alt=|Rotterdam]] || 
|-
| 2002 || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Bruges]]<br>{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Salamanca]] || [[File:Salamanca 2008.jpg|100px|alt=|Salamanca]] || 
|-
| 2003 || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Graz]] || [[File:Graz Kunsthaus vom Schlossberg 20061126.jpg|100px|alt=|Graz]] || 
|-
| 2004 || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Genoa]]<br>{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]] || [[File:Genua - Piazza De Ferrari.jpg|100px|alt=|Genoa]] || 
|-
| 2005 || {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Limerick]] || [[File:Uccquadrangle.jpg|100px|alt=|Cork]] || 
|-
| 2006 || {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Patras]] || [[File:Patras from the fortress.jpg|100px|alt=|Patras]] || 
|-
| 2007 || {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Sibiu]]<br>{{flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]]<br>[[Greater Region]] || [[File:Sibiu Pan2.jpg|100px|alt=|Sibiu]] || [http://www.sibiu2007.ro/ Sibiu 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830211751/http://www.sibiu2007.ro/ |date=2004-08-30 }}
|-
| 2008 || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Liverpool]]<br>{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Stavanger]]<br>{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Sandnes]] || [[File:Liverpool Pier Head.jpg|100px|alt=|Liverpool]] || [http://www.liverpool08.com/ Liverpool 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405123257/http://www.liverpool08.com/ |date=2007-04-05 }}<br>[http://www.stavanger2008.no/ Stavanger 2008]
|-
| 2009 || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Linz]]<br>{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]] || [[File:Lithuania Vilnius Cathedral.jpg|100px|alt=|Vilnius]] || [http://www.culturelive09.lt/ Vilnius 2009]<br>[http://www.linz09.at/ Linz 2009]
|-
| 2010 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Essen]]<br>{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]] <br>{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]] || [[File:Sarajevo (2673214613).jpg|100px|alt=|Istanbul]] || <br>[http://en.kulturhauptstadt-europas.de/ Essen 2010]<br>[http://www.pecs2010.hu/ Pecs 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104754/http://www.pecs2010.hu/ |date=2018-10-01 }}
|-
| 2011 || {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Turku]]<br>{{flagicon|EST}} [[Tallinn]] || [[File:Tallinn cityview.jpg|100px|alt=|Tallinn]] || [http://www.turku2011.fi/ Turku 2011]<br>[http://www.tallinn2011.ee/ Tallinn 2011]
|-
| 2012 || {{flagicon|POR}} [[Guimarães]]<br>{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Maribor]] || [[File:Guimaraes.jpg|100px|alt=|Guimaraes]] || [http://guimaraes2012.com/ Guimarães 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216030923/http://guimaraes2012.com/ |date=2008-12-16 }}<br>[http://www.maribor2012.si/ Maribor 2012]
|-
| 2013 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]]<br>{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Košice]] || [http://www.marseille-provence2013.fr/index.php?lang=english Marseille Provence 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826004257/http://www.marseille-provence2013.fr/index.php?lang=english |date=2010-08-26 }}<br>[http://www.kosice13.sk/en/ Košice 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216105227/http://www.kosice13.sk/en/ |date=2008-02-16 }}
|-
| 2014 || {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Riga]]<br>{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Umeå]] 
|-
| 2015 || {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Mons]] <br>{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Plzeň]]
|-
| 2016 || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[San Sebastián]] <br>{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wrocław]]
|-
| 2017 || {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Aarhus]] <br>{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Paphos]]
|-
| 2018 || {{flagicon|NED}} [[Leeuwarden]] <br>{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Valletta]]
|-
| 2019 || {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Matera]] <br>{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Plovdiv]]
|-
| 2020-2021 || {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Galway]]<br>{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Rijeka]]
|-
| 2022 || {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Esch-sur-Alzette]]<br>{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Kaunus]]<br>{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Novi Sad]] 
|-
| 2023 || {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Eleusis]]<br>{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Timișoara]]<br> {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Veszprém]]
|-
| 2024 || {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Bad Ischl]]<br>{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Bodø]]<br>{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tartu]]
|-
| 2025 || {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Chemnitz]]<br>{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Nova Gorica]] with {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gorizia]]

|}

=== Future years ===
<span class="small">These are the planned European Capitals of Culture, according to the official [[European Union|EU]] website.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/other_actions/cap_europ/cap_futur_en.html |title=Official EU website |access-date=2009-01-01 |archive-date=2006-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019101251/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/other_actions/cap_europ/cap_futur_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></span> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Future years
! Year !! City !! Details
|-
| 2026 || {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Oulu]]<br>{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Trenčín]] 
|-
| 2027 || {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Évora]] <br>{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Liepāja]]
|-
| 2028 || {{flagicon|France}} [[Bourges]] <br>{{flagicon|Czechia}} [[České Budějovice]]<br>{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Skopje]]
|-
| 2029 || {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Kiruna]] <br>{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Lublin]]
|-
| 2030 || {{flagicon|Belgium}}<br>{{flagicon|Cyprus}}<br>TBA
|-
| 2031 || {{flagicon|Malta}}<br>{{flagicon|Spain}}
|-
| 2032 || {{flagicon|Bulgaria}}<br>{{flagicon|Denmark}}
|-
|}

== References ==
<references/>
* García, B. (2005) “''De-constructing the City of Culture: The long term cultural legacies of Glasgow 1990''” in: ''Review Issue of Urban Studies'' (vol 42, n5/6) (pp.&nbsp;1–28)
* García, B. (2004) “''Cultural Policy in European Cities: Lessons from Experience, Prospects for the Future''” in: ''Special edition on Cultural Policy and Regeneration, Local Economy'' (vol 19, n4) (pp.&nbsp;312–326)
* García, B. (2004) “''Urban Regeneration, Arts Programming and Major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004''” in: Gibson, L. & Stevenson, D. (Eds) ''Special Issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy: Urban Space and the Uses of Culture'' (vol 10, n 1) (pp.&nbsp;103–118)

== Other websites ==
* [http://www.eccm-cultural-capitals.org/ European Cultural Capitals and Months]


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