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{{italic title}}
{{Infobox SCOTUS case
  |Litigants=Brown v. Board of Education
  |ArgueDate=December 9{{ndash}}11
  |ArgueYear=1952
  |ReargueDate=December 7{{ndash}}9
  |ReargueYear=1953
  |DecideDate=May 17
  |DecideYear=1954
  |FullName=Oliver Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, et al.
  |USVol=347
  |USPage=483
  |Prior=
  |Subsequent=Parties were ordered to return to determine how the ruling should be applied in ''Brown II,'' {{ussc|349|294|1955}}
  |Holding=Separate but equal educational facilities for racial minorities is inherently unequal, violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
  |SCOTUS=1953-1954
  |Majority=Warren
  |JoinMajority=all other Justices
  |LawsApplied=[[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]
  |Overturned previous case=''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', 163 U.S. 537 (1896) ''(in part)''
}}
'''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka''', 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (full name '''''George Brown, et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas''''') was a [[Landmark decision]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref name=bv.betOYEZ>{{cite web |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483 |title=Brown v. Board of Education Topeka (1) |author= |website= |publisher=Oyez |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

In 1950 in [[Topeka, Kansas]], a [[African American|black]] third-grade girl named [[Linda Carol Brown]] had to run more than a [[mile]] through a [[railroad]] switchyard to get to her [[Racial segregation|segregated school]] for black children.<ref name="brownBIO">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/linda-brown-21134187#early-life-and-historic-case|title=Linda Brown Biography |author= |website= |publisher=Bio/A&E Television Networks, LLC|accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref> However, there was an [[elementary school]] for [[White people|white]] children less than seven blocks away.<ref name="lc">{{cite web |url=http://www.civilrights.org/education/brown/brown.html |title=Brown v. Board of Education (Kansas) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=The Leadership Conference |publisher=The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights / The Leadership Conference Education Fund |accessdate=March 15, 2016 |quote= |archive-date=March 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325194202/http://www.civilrights.org/education/brown/brown.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>  At that time, many schools in the United States were [[segregation|segregated]].  Black children and white children were not allowed to go to the same schools.<ref name="finkelman">{{cite book|editor=Finkelman, Paul |title=Encyclopedia of African American History: 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century (Volume IV) |url=|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=199–200 |isbn=978-0195167795}}</ref>

Her father, [[Oliver Brown]], tried to get Linda into the white school, but the principal of the school refused.<ref name=lc/><ref name=bios>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/bios.html |title=Teaching with Documents: Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Teachers’ Resources |publisher=United States National Archives and Records Administration |accessdate=March 15, 2016 |quote=}}</ref>  Twelve more black parents joined Oliver Brown in trying to get their children into the white [[elementary school]].<ref name=bios/><ref name=browntimeline>{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/timeline.html |title=Timeline of Events Leading to the ''Brown v. Board of Education'' Decision, 1954 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Teachers’ Resources |publisher=United States National Archives and Records Administration |accessdate=March 2, 2016 |quote=}}</ref>  The two schools were supposed to be "[[separate but equal]]."  However, they were not.<ref name=lc/>

In 1951, the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) helped the parents file a [[class action]] [[lawsuit]].<ref name=bios/><ref name=browntimeline/> There were five lawsuits in Kansas, [[South Carolina]], Virginia, Delaware, and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] about having black students going to legally segregated schools. In 1896, the Supreme Court had ruled in ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' that segregation was legal, as long as separate places for blacks and whites were "separate but equal."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/163/537 |title=Plessy v. Ferguson |last1=Brown |first1=Supreme Court Justice Henry B. |date=May 18, 1896 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell University Law School |accessdate=March 15, 2016 |quote=}}</ref>  The NAACP's [[lawyer]]s argued that the white and black schools in Topeka were not "separate but equal."<ref name="scbrown">{{cite web|author=United States Supreme Court|date=May 17, 195|title=United States Supreme Court: BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, (1954), No. 10; Argued: December 9, 1952; Decided: May 17, 1954|url=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html|accessdate=March 2, 2016|website=FindLaw.com|publisher=|quote=}}</ref>

Kenneth Clark is a psychologist that gave young African-American children black and white dolls to see how they felt about segregation and integration. The children liked the white dolls.<ref name="Strauss">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2014/04/24/how-after-60-years-brown-v-board-of-education-succeeded-and-didnt/|title=How, after 60 years, Brown v. Board of Education succeeded — and didn't|last=Strauss|first=Valerie|date=2014-04-24|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-03-13|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> After the doll test, Clark also gave the black children drawings of a kid and asked them to color it like themselves. Some of the children colored themselves with a white or yellow crayon, which was also used in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-brown.html|title=Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas - Brown v. Board at Fifty: "With an Even Hand" {{!}} Exhibitions - Library of Congress|last1=Oliver|first1=Brown|last2=B.|first2=Clark, Dr. Kenneth|date=2004-11-13|website=www.loc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-13|last3=Robert|first3=Carter|last4=Louis|first4=Redding|last5=Thurgood|first5=Marshall|last6=Jack|first6=Greenburg|last7=E.C.|first7=Hayes, George|last8=M.|first8=Nabrit, James|last9=Felix|first9=Frankfurter}}</ref>

The [[Legal case|case]] eventually went all the way to the Supreme Court.  After years of work, in 1954, [[Thurgood Marshall]] and a team of other NAACP lawyers won the case.<ref name="browntimeline" /> It was named "Brown" because she was [[Alphabetical order|alphabetically]] the first name on the list of [[plaintiff]]s.<ref name="brownBIO" /> After the lawsuit many of the plaintiffs lost their jobs and respect in society.

== The ruling ==
[[File:Educational separation in the US prior to Brown Map.svg|alt=Canada|left|thumb|230x230px|map of ruling]]
The Supreme Court has nine [[Judge|justices]]. The vote on Brown ''v. Board of Education'' was unanimous, meaning that all nine justices voted the same way.  One of the judges, Robert Jackson, had recently had a [[heart attack]] and was not supposed to come back to court until the next month.  However, he came to the court when the judges read their decision, possibly to show that every one of the judges agreed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0517.html#article|title=High Court Bans School Segregation; 9-to-0 Decision Grants Time to Comply |author=Luther A. Huston |date=May 18, 1954 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

The ruling in the case was written by [[Earl Warren]], who was Chief Justice. He said ''“separate educational facilities are [[wikt:inherent|inherently]] unequal."'' <ref name=scbrown/>  This decision made the [[racial segregation]] of schools against the law in every US state.<ref name=scbrown/>

Some states did not obey this court decision at first.<ref name=pro>{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/special/timeline-from-brown-v.-board-to-segregation-now#27 |title=Timeline: From Brown v. Board to Segregation Now |author=Hannah-Jones, Nikole; Zamora, Amanda; & Thompson, Christie |date=April 15, 2014 |website=ProPublica |publisher=ProPublica Inc |accessdate=March 15, 2016 |quote= |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314143855/https://www.propublica.org/special/timeline-from-brown-v.-board-to-segregation-now#27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The supreme Court ruled the schools had up to 5 years to desegregate.<ref name="Strauss"/> It was not until the early 1970s that all United States [[public school]]s were [[integration|integrated]] (the [[wikt:opposite|opposite]] of segregated).  Integrating America's schools required many state and Supreme Court decisions to force schools to integrate.<ref name=pro/>

==Related pages==
* ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]''
* [[Segregation]]
* [[Civil Rights Movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=347&invol=483 The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision from FindLaw]
* [http://www.nps.gov/brvb/ United States National Park Service Historic Site: Monroe Elementary School, one of the segregated elementary schools in Topeka]
* [http://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-should-know-about-brown-v-board-of-education Ten Things You Should Know About ''Brown v. Board of Education'']

{{African American topics}}

[[Category:1954 in the United States]]
[[Category:American civil rights]]
[[Category:Topeka, Kansas]]
[[Category:United States law]]
[[Category:United States Supreme Court cases]]
[[Category:1950s in law]]

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