උපග්‍රන්ථය:ජපන් ගැටපද විවරණය සඳහා මුලාශ්‍රය නරඹන්න

පහත හේතුව නිසා, ඔබ හට මෙම පිටුව සංස්කරණය කරන්න සඳහා අවසර නොමැත:
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මෙම පිටුවෙහි මූලාශ්‍රය නැරඹීමට හා පිටපත් කිරීමට ඔබ හට හැකිය.
'''A glossary of Japanese linguistic terms used in the body of this dictionary.''' ''see also'' [[Appendix:Glossary]] for terms not specific to [[Japanese]]. This page can be linked to using {{template|ja-glossary}} or {{template|glink/ja}}.

{{compactTOC}}

==A==
* {{anchor|ateji}}'''[[w:Ateji|Ateji]]''' ({{m|ja|当て字}}) – kanji representing a sound that is not from the original phoneme associated with the kanji's used reading. Example: {{ja-r|寿%司|す%し|rom=-}} (on’yomi is associated with Sinitic phoneme, but the word is non-Sinitic), {{ja-r|rom=-|時%計|と%けい}} (originally unrelated kanji {{ja-r|linkto=|rom=-|土%圭|と%けい}}). In some ateji, kanji is chosen to make it a phono-semantic matching, e.g. {{ja-r|rom=-|大%喜%利|おお%ぎ%り}}.

==B==
* {{anchor|bound form}} '''Bound form''' ({{ja-r|被%覆%形|ひ%ふく%けい}}) – a unit of language that can only be used as part of a word, not as a word on its own; in Japanese, these manifest in a special way in certain words which have both free and bound forms: {{ll|ja|神}} can be used freely as {{ja-r|かみ|linkto=-}}, or in forms compounds (e.g. {{ja-r|神さぶ|かむさぶ|linkto=-}}) as {{ja-r|かむ|linkto=-}}. Other examples of free-bound pairs include 雨 (あめ/あま), 稲 (いね/いな), 酒 (さけ/さか), 木 (き/こ).

==C==
* {{anchor|commonly used kanji}}'''Commonly used kanji''' – English translation of '''Jōyō kanji'''.

==D==
* {{anchor|daiyōji|daiyouji}}'''Daiyōji''' ({{m|ja|代用字}}) – a kanji in the [[w:jōyō kanji|jōyō kanji]] or [[w:tōyō kanji|tōyō kanji]] list that is used to replace another kanji not in the list. The two kanji are usually homophonic or semi-homophonic.

==G==
* {{anchor|gikun}} '''[[gikun|Gikun]]''' ({{m|ja|義訓}}) has two meanings:
*# Synonym of [[#jukujikun|jukujikun]].
*# The use of a kanji for its meaning, i.e. [[#kun'yomi|kun'yomi]]. Sometimes used when a new kanji with a narrower meaning replaces (possibly several) previously-used kanji in a term, e.g. 蔑 in [[蔑ろ]].
* {{anchor|goon}}'''[[w:Go-on|Goon]]''' ({{m|ja|呉音}}) – the kanji pronunciation before the arrival of '''Kan’on'''. One of the '''on’yomi''' categories. Goon is the earliest of all borrowed pronunciations, mostly used in Buddhist terms.
* {{anchor|grade n kanji}}'''Grade ''n'' kanji''' – one of the grade divisions of the kyōiku kanji (educational kanji) ranging from 1 through 6. "Grade ''S''" refers to kanji taught in secondary school.

==H==
* {{anchor|hyōgaiji}}'''[[w:Hyōgaiji|Hyōgaiji]]''' ({{m|ja|表外字}}) – kanji outside the jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji lists; most (but not all) such kanji are written in kyūjitai (traditional characters). Also known as {{m|ja|表外漢字|tr=hyōgai kanji}}.

==J==
* {{anchor|jinmeiyō kanji}}'''[[w:Jinmeiyō kanji|Jinmeiyō kanji]]''' ({{m|ja|人名用漢字}}) – kanji used for names per the official list, supplement to jōyō kanji. May mean either just the jinmeiyō kanji, or jōyō kanji ''and'' jinmeiyō kanji, meaning “all kanji on official lists”. Opposite of [[Appendix:Japanese_glossary#hyōgaiji|hyōgaiji]].
* {{anchor|jōyō kanji}}'''[[w:Jōyō kanji|Jōyō kanji]]''' ({{m|ja|常用漢字}}) – commonly used kanji, per official list.
* {{anchor|jūbakoyomi}}'''[[w:Kanji#jūbako|Jūbakoyomi]]''' ({{m|ja|重箱読み}}) – pronunciation of a two-kanji compound, with the first kanji on’yomi and the second kun’yomi.
* {{anchor|jukujikun}}'''[[w:Jukujikun|Jukujikun]]''' ({{m|ja|熟字訓}}) – an inseparable reading of a multi-kanji term, e.g. {{ja-r|rom=-|今日|きょう}}. Also known as {{m|ja|義訓|tr=gikun}}.

==K==
* {{anchor|kanji}}'''[[w:Kanji|Kanji]]''' ({{m|ja|漢字}}) – Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system.
* {{anchor|kan'on}}'''[[w:Kan-on|Kan’on]]''' ({{m|ja|漢音}}) – the kanji pronunciation brought to Japan during the {{w|Japanese missions to Tang China}}. One of the '''on’yomi''' categories. Kan’on resembles the contemporary {{w|Chang'an}} Chinese dialect, and is more systematic compared to other borrowings.
* {{anchor|kan'yōon}}'''[[w:Kanji#kan'yōon|Kan’yōon]]''' ({{m|ja|慣用音}}) – the kanji pronunciation derived from a corrupted or changed form of other regular on’yomi. One of the '''on’yomi''' categories.
* {{anchor|kateikei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Kateikei]]''' ({{m|ja|仮定形}}) – A ''katsuyōkei'' used for conditional and subjunctive forms, using the -ba ending.
*: Termed '''Izenkei''' ({{m|ja|已然形}}) in the Classical and Old Japanese, where this form was also used as the main verb in an exclamatory sentence.
* {{anchor|katsuyōkei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Katsuyōkei]]''' ({{m|ja|活用形}}) – In traditional Japanese grammar, the 6 "stem forms", [[#mizenkei|''mizenkei'']], [[#ren'yōkei|''ren’yōkei'']], [[#shūshikei|''shūshikei'']], [[#rentaikei|''rentaikei'']], [[#kateikei|''kateikei'']] and [[#meireikei|''meireikei'']], from which all the others may be derived in a similar fashion to the {{w|principal parts}} used for Latin and other languages.
*: Originated in the Edo period, the ''katsuyōkei'' system more closely reflects the vowels of the Classical Japanese verbs than the modern ones. It fails to address some euphonic sound shift in Modern Japanese such as the -a/-o split in ''mizenkei''. Moreover, this system has been criticized because the six forms are not equivalent, with one being solely a combinatory stem, three solely word forms, and two being both. It also fails to capture some inflected forms. However, five of the forms are basic inflected verb forms, and the system also describes almost all extended forms consistently.
* {{anchor|kun'yomi}}'''[[w:Kun'yomi|Kun’yomi]]''' ({{m|ja|訓読み}}) – a reading of a kanji that is not derived from the kanji's original pronunciation borrowed from Chinese.
** Most ''kun'yomi'' are of native Japonic origin, with a few exceptions:
**# Borrowed from Chinese, but attributed to a different kanji, e.g. {{ja-r|酷い|ひどい}} from Chinese-derived  {{ja-r|非%道|ひ%どう}}.
**# Borrowed from languages other than Chinese, e.g. {{ja-r|哩|マイル}}.
**#* Most of this kind of ''kun'yomi'' are dated, and are now replaced by pure [[katakana]], e.g. {{ja-r|マイル|rom=-}}.
** ''Kun’yomi'' is limited to single-kanji readings. For similar readings of inseparable multi-kanji terms, see [[Appendix:Japanese_glossary#jukujikun|''jukujikun'']].
* {{anchor|kokuji}}'''[[w:Kokuji|Kokuji]]''' ({{m|ja|国字}}) – kanji made specifically for the Japanese language.  Some of these have been adopted into other languages that use Chinese characters.
* {{anchor|kyōiku kanji}}'''[[w:Kyōiku kanji|Kyōiku kanji]]''' ({{m|ja|教育漢字}}) – Elementary school kanji; literally, “educational kanji”. The elementary level of the jōyō kanji, divided into 6 grades.
* {{anchor|kyūjitai}}{{anchor|kyujitai}} '''[[w:Kyūjitai|Kyūjitai]]''' ({{m|ja|旧字体}}) – Japanese traditional characters; literally “old character forms”. Opposite to shinjitai. Virtually identical to Chinese traditional characters, with occasional differences. Used for hyōgaiji and in pre-shinjitai texts. Some jōyō kanji are kyujitai, e.g. [[籠]].

==M==
* {{anchor|meireikei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Meireikei]]''' ({{m|ja|命令形}}) – A ''katsuyōkei'' expressing the imperative mood.
* {{anchor|mizenkei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Mizenkei]]''' ({{m|ja|未然形}}) – A ''katsuyōkei'' used for plain negative (of verbs), causative and passive constructions. The most common use of this form is with the -nai auxiliary that turns verbs into their negative form. The -ō version is used for volitional expression and formed by a euphonic change.
*: This form never occurs in isolation but only as a stem to which several particles and auxiliaries are attached. This stem originated from resegmentation of an initial *a of several suffixes (auxiliary verbs) as part of the stem.

==N==
* {{anchor|nanori}}'''[[w:Nanori|Nanori]]''' ({{m|ja|名乗り}}) – special kanji readings used exclusively in Japanese names. The nanori reading of a kanji is often a pronunciation assumed from its synonym or near-synonym.

==O==
* {{anchor|on'yomi}}'''[[w:On'yomi|On’yomi]]''' ({{m|ja|音読み}}) – a reading of a kanji that is derived from the kanji's original pronunciation borrowed from Chinese, or rarely as in ''kan’yōon'', misunderstood as being so. ''On’yomi'' readings are generally categorized into [[Appendix:Japanese glossary#goon|'''''goon''''']], [[Appendix:Japanese glossary#kan'on|'''''kan’on''''']], [[Appendix:Japanese glossary#tōon|'''''tōon''''']] and [[Appendix:Japanese glossary#kan'yōon|'''''kan’yōon''''']].
** ''On'yomi'' is a "closed" category, i.e, it does not acquire new members. New borrowings of Chinese characters' pronunciations after the 20th century are generally not considered to be ''on'yomi''.
* {{anchor|okurigana}}'''[[w:Okurigana|Okurigana]]''' ({{m|ja|送り仮名}}) – kana suffixes following kanji stems. For example, in {{m|ja|見る}}, {{lang|ja|る}} is okurigana.

==R==
* {{anchor|rendaku}}'''[[w:Rendaku|Rendaku]]''' ({{m|ja|連濁}}) – [[voicing]] of an [[unvoiced]] initial consonant in a non-initial component of a word. Usually seen when joining words or morphemes together and in reduplication.
* {{anchor|renjō}}'''[[w:Japanese_phonology#Renjō|Renjō]]''' ({{m|ja|連声}}) – [[sandhi]], a kind of sound fusion between morphemes, such as {{ja-r|天%皇|てん%のう|rom=-}} whose pronunciation is not ''ten’ō'' (''ten + ō''), but ''ten'''n'''ō''. Compare {{cog|enm|nekename}} (whence {{cog|en|nickname}}), from reinterpreting ''an ekename'' as ''a nekename''; see also earlier {{cog|enm|ekename||nickname}}.
* {{anchor|rentaikei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Rentaikei]]''' ({{m|ja|連体形}}) – A ''katsuyōkei'' prefixed to nominals and is used to define or classify the noun, similar to a relative clause in English. In modern Japanese it is practically identical to [[#shūshikei|''shūshikei'']], except that verbs are generally not inflected for politeness; in old Japanese these forms differed. Further, na-nominals behave differently in ''shūshikei'' and ''rentaikei'' positions.
*: This form was also used independently as verbal nouns in the Classical and Old Japanese. Such usage is obsolete in the Modern Japanese, only remaining in some set phrases.
* {{anchor|ren'yōkei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Ren’yōkei]]''' ({{m|ja|連用形}}) – A ''katsuyōkei'' used in a linking role (a kind of {{w|serial verb construction}}). This is the most productive stem form, taking on a variety of endings and auxiliaries, and can even occur independently in a sense similar to the -te ending. This form is also used as verbal nouns, which can mean any of the action, the agent, or the result of a verb.
*: This form is believed to have been derived from the verb stem + {{m+|jpx-pro|*-i}}.

==S==
* {{anchor|shinjitai}}'''[[w:Shinjitai|Shinjitai]]''' ({{m|ja|新字体}}) – Japanese simplified characters; literally “new character forms”. Opposite to kyūjitai. Used for all regulated kanji, meaning jinmeiyō kanji, including jōyō kanji.
* {{anchor|shūshikei}}'''[[w:Japanese_grammar#Stem_forms|Shūshikei]]''' ({{m|ja|終止形}}) – A ''katsuyōkei'' used at the ends of clauses in predicate positions. This form is also variously known as plain form ({{m|ja|基本形}}) or dictionary form ({{m|ja|辞書形}}) – it is the form that verbs are listed under in a dictionary. It was used also before modal extensions, final particles, and some conjunctional particles.
*: ''Shūshikei'' merged with [[#rentaikei|''rentaikei'']] by about 1600, but the distinction is preserved in the Ryukyuan languages and the Hachijōjima dialects.

==T==
* {{anchor|tōon|sōon|tōsōon}}'''[[w:Tō-on|Tōon]]''' ({{m|ja|唐音}}), also called '''sōon''' ({{m|ja|宋音}}) or '''tōsōon''' ({{m|ja|唐宋音}}) – the kanji pronunciation brought to Japan since the {{w|Kamakura period}}, with some as late as in the {{w|Qing dynasty}}. One of the '''on’yomi''' categories. Tōon is relatively rare and irregular, as they were introduced piecemeal from China, often along with very specialized terminology. Tōon's distinctive features include:
** Chinese coda /ŋ/ is transcribed as nasal /N/, instead of close vowels (usually /u/).
** Chinese entering tone codas -p, -t, -k are dropped completely.

==U==
* {{anchor|uncommon kanji}}'''Uncommon kanji''' – English translation of '''Hyōgaiji'''.

==W==
* {{anchor|wasei eigo}} '''[[wasei eigo|Wasei eigo]]''' ({{m|ja|和製英語}}) – Japanese-made pseudo-anglicisms: Japanese coinages which derive their roots from English, but which are otherwise not real English words, for example {{ja-r|カッターナイフ|t=boxcutter|lit=cutter knife}}, from English {{m|en|cutter}} + {{m|en|knife}}. Some ''wasei eigo'' are further re-imported into English, such as (perhaps) {{ja-r|サラリーマン}}. (See also {{pedia|Wasei eigo}})
* {{anchor|wasei kango}} '''[[wasei kango|Wasei kango]]''' ({{m|ja|和製漢語}}) – Japanese-made Chinese words: Japanese coinages which derive their roots from Chinese, or are created from individual characters' [[#on'yomi|on'yomi]] readings concatenated together. Such words are formed in Japan, do not originally exist in Chinese, and are not used by Chinese speakers (unless such words are re-borrowed back into Chinese).

==Y==
* {{anchor|yojijukugo}} '''[[w:Yojijukugo|Yoji jukugo]]''' ({{m|ja|四字熟語}}) – a four-[[#kanji|kanji]] compound word, often of Chinese origin; many ''yojijukugo'' express an idiom or proverb.
** In its broad sense, this term encompasses virtually all lexemes that are written using four Chinese characters in a row, regardless of their usage or meaning.
** In its narrow sense, it traditionally only refers to specific subsets, such as those expressing idiomatic meanings that cannot be inferred from the constituent kanji.
** A term is more likely to be agreed to be a ''yojijukugo'' if it has seen long-standing use, as many originally borrowed from Chinese have.
* {{anchor|yutōyomi}}'''[[w:Kanji#yutō|Yutōyomi]]''' ({{m|ja|湯桶読み}}) – pronunciation of a two-kanji compound, with the first kanji kun’yomi and the second on’yomi.

[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ජපන් උපග්‍රන්ථ|glossary]]
[[Category:Language-specific Wiktionary glossary pages]]

[[en:Appendix:Japanese glossary]]
මෙම පිටුවෙහි භාවිත සැකිලි:
උපග්‍රන්ථය:ජපන් ගැටපද විවරණය වෙත නැවත යන්න.
"https://si.wiktionary.org/wiki/උපග්‍රන්ථය:ජපන්_ගැටපද_විවරණය" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය ��ෙරිණි