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. 2020 Jun 10;15(6):e0234197.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234197. eCollection 2020.

Trends in illegal wildlife trade: Analyzing personal baggage seizure data in the Pacific Northwest

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Trends in illegal wildlife trade: Analyzing personal baggage seizure data in the Pacific Northwest

Rosemary T Hitchens et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

The illegal import of wildlife and wildlife products is a growing concern, and the U.S. is one of the world's leading countries in the consumption and transit of illegal wildlife and their derivatives. Yet, few U.S. studies have analyzed the illegal wildlife trade (IWT) on a national or local scale. Moreover, to our knowledge, no studies have specifically examined the trends associated with IWT moving through personal baggage. This work aimed to better understand the magnitude of illegal wildlife importation into U.S. ports of entry by determining trends associated with illegal wildlife products from personal baggage seizures, using the Pacific Northwest (PNW) as a specific case study. To identify the most influential factors determining the numbers and types of personal baggage seizures into PNW, we analyzed 1,731 records between 1999 and 2016 from the Fish and Wildlife Service's (FWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) database. We found five significant contributors: taxonomic classification of wildlife, categorical import date, wildlife product, source region, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) status. While wildlife seizures across taxonomic categories have generally decreased in the PNW since 2008, other findings provide a reason for concern. More specifically, mammals were identified as the largest animal group of seized wildlife, and temporal trends indicate increases in seizures for this and several other taxonomic groups. Many of the seizures originated from overseas, with East Asia serving as the largest source. Our PNW case study can be a model for how large-scale geographical seizure data can be used to inform about the major factors that have historically and presently contribute to IWT, with conservation implications globally.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Factors identified as influential to personal baggage wildlife seizures in the PNW in the top model.
Panel A demonstrates the taxonomic Class of organisms that were seized from personal baggage in the PNW (ACTI = Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), ANTH = Anthozoa (corals), AVES = Aves (birds), BIVA = Bivalvia (bivalves), GAST = Gastropoda (snails/slugs), MAMM = Mammalia (mammals), REPT = Reptilia (Reptiles). Panel B refers to the categorical date (3-year periods) of the seizures, including 1999–2001, 2002–2004, 2005–2007, 2008–2010, 2011–2013, and 2014–2016.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Three other factors identified as potentially influential in explaining patterns of personal baggage wildlife seizures in the PNW.
Panel A represents the continent of origin into the PNW, including Africa, Asia, Eurasia, North America, South America. UNKN refers to unknown origin. Panel B demonstrates IUCN status (CR = critically endangered, EN = endangered, VU = vulnerable; NT = near threatened, and LC = least concern). Panel C demonstrates different wildlife product groupings among the seizures (BONE = bones and bone products; BO/PA = whole bodies and various body parts; CO/SH = coral and shells; IVORY = ivory products; LIVE = live organisms; LEATH = leather products; FOOD = food items; MEDI = medicinal items; FEATH = feathers; JEWEL = jewelry; CLOTH = clothing; OTHER = miscellaneous items; HORN = whole horns or horn products; RUG = items made into a rug).
Fig 3
Fig 3. Seizures in the PNW by taxa across time.
The figure includes the number of seizures in the PNW by taxonomic classes analyzed throughout the study period (1999–2016).

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Grants and funding

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.