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. 2017 Jan 26:5:e2949.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2949. eCollection 2017.

Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals

Affiliations

Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals

Andrew L Rhyne et al. PeerJ. .

Abstract

The trade of live marine animals for home and public aquaria has grown into a major global industry. Millions of marine fishes and invertebrates are removed from coral reefs and associated habitats each year. The majority are imported into the United States, with the remainder sent to Europe, Japan, and a handful of other countries. Despite the recent growth and diversification of the aquarium trade, to date, data collection is not mandatory, and hence comprehensive information on species volume and diversity is lacking. This lack of information makes it impossible to study trade pathways. Without species-specific volume and diversity data, it is unclear how importing and exporting governments can oversee this industry effectively or how sustainability should be encouraged. To expand our knowledge and understanding of the trade, and to effectively communicate this new understanding, we introduce the publically-available Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow online database (https://www.aquariumtradedata.org/). This tool was created to communicate the volume and diversity of marine fishes and/or invertebrates imported into the US over three complete years (2008, 2009, and 2011) and three partial years (2000, 2004, 2005). To create this tool, invoices pertaining to shipments of live marine fishes and invertebrates were scanned and analyzed for species name, species quantities, country of origin, port of entry, and city of import destination. Here we focus on the analysis of the later three years of data and also produce an estimate for the entirety of 2000, 2004, and 2005. The three-year aggregate totals (2008, 2009, 2011) indicate that just under 2,300 fish and 725 invertebrate species were imported into the US cumulatively, although just under 1,800 fish and 550 invertebrate species were traded annually. Overall, the total number of live marine animals decreased between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, 2009, and 2011, the total number of individual fish (8.2, 7.3, and 6.9 million individuals) and invertebrates (4.2, 3.7, and 3.6 million individuals) assessed by analyzing the invoice data are roughly 60% of the total volumes recorded through the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) dataset. Using these complete years, we back-calculated the number of individuals of both fishes and invertebrates imported in 2000, 2004, and 2005. These estimates (9.3, 10.8, and 11.2 million individual fish per year) were consistent with the three years of complete data. We also use these data to understand the global trade in two species (Banggai cardinalfish, Pterapogon kauderni, and orange clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris / percula) recently considered for Endangered Species Act listing. Aquariumtradedata.org can help create more effective management plans for the traded species, and ideally could be implemented at key trade ports to better assess the global trade of aquatic wildlife.

Keywords: Coral reef; Data visualization; Marine aquarium trade; Wildlife trade.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. FlexiCapture 9.0 verification screen used to capture shipping data for the www.aquariumtradedata.org database.
(A) Shipping declaration; (B) shipping invoice; (C) invoice table produced from Optimal Character Recognition (OCR) software. Note: grey shaded cells indicate autocorrected fields and red flags within cells indicate errors for user to correct manually.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Main dashboard page of www.aquariumtradedata.org.
(A) Interactive trade flow map depicting exporting countries (blue circles) and ports of entry in the US (green circles); (B) Timeline chart of fishes and invertebrates imported into the US based on user-selected dates.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Drop down menus for user-generated queries in www.aquariumtradedata.org.
(A) Main tab with Exporting Countries/Ocean and Ports of Entry inputs; (B) Species tab with taxa selection displaying “Top 20 Species” chart; (C) “Countries of Origin” and “Ports of Entry” charts generated by the query.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Exported chart from user-generated query: countries of origin for A. percula and A. ocellaris in www.aquariumtradedata.org.
Export header includes query details and export footer includes data attributes and date of last database update.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Trade flow of marine aquarium fishes and invertebrates from source nations into the US during 2008, 2009 and 2011.
Numbers within circles denote percent contribution to total imports. Pie chart within US represents Ports of Entry (with the Midwest starting at 0 degrees, and clockwise, NE, SE, SW and NW).
Figure 6
Figure 6. The cumulative summation of the number of (A) fishes and (B) invertebrates exported per country by rank order of species.
The most-exported species represents a significant proportion of the total individuals exported per country, and this importance decreases as a country exports a greater number of species.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Comparison of total number of marine aquarium fish imports into the US.
Comparison of total number of marine aquarium fish imports into the US according to the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) and The Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow (MABTF) online database across 4 years. Data from 2008, 2009, and 2011 is from the dataset presented here, and data from 2005 was presented in Rhyne et al. (2012).
Figure 8
Figure 8. Annual volume of Bangaii cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) into the US by top export countries.
Exports from Sri Lanka (2009, 2011) and Thailand (2013) illustrate the likely prevalence of previously unrecognized captive-bred P. kauderni in the trade.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Temporal variability of the volume of captive-bred Bangaii cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) imported into the US.
Temporal variability of the volume of assumed captive-bred Bangaii cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) imported into Los Angeles, California, US. This seasonal variability is consistent with the import of wild fish.
Figure 10
Figure 10. Imports of orange clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris/A. percula) into the US aggregated over 2008, 2009, and 2011.
Export countries were grouped based on the documented geographic range of each species. All non-native individuals are either actually native (but of an unknown distribution), captive-bred, or misidentified as to origin on the shipping invoice.

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Grants and funding

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Conservation Program and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation provided funding for this work. NOAA provided the data in the form of invoices acquired from USFWS.

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